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{{short description|Native American tribe}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Hopi Tribe
| image            = [[File:Hopi woman with a traditional pot and traditional clothing.png|200px]]
| caption          = A Hopi girl with a customary Hopi squash blossom hairstyle, woven wearing blanket, jewelry, and an [[olla]].
| population       = 19,338 (2010)<ref name=census/>
| popplace         = United States (Arizona)
| langs            = [[Hopi language|Hopi]], [[English language|English]]
| related          = [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblo peoples]], [[Uto-Aztecan]] peoples
| native_name      = Hopisinom
| native_name_lang =
| religions        = [[Christianity]], [[Native American Church]], [[Native American religion|Hopi religion]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person= |people= [[Hopi]]|language= [[Hopi language|Hopilàvayi]],<br/>[[Plains Indian Sign Language|Hand Talk]]|country=[[Hopi Reservation|Hopitutskwa]]}}
The '''Hopi''' are [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who primarily live in northeastern Arizona. The majority are enrolled in the '''Hopi Tribe of Arizona'''<ref name="fr23">{{cite journal |last1=Newland |first1=Bryan |title=Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs |journal=Federal Register |date=January 2, 2023 |issue=88 FR 2112 |pages=2112–16 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/12/2023-00504/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of}}</ref> and live on the [[Hopi Reservation]] in northeastern [[Arizona]]; however, some Hopi people are enrolled in the [[Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation]]<ref name=fr23/> at the border of Arizona and California.
The [[United States Census, 2010|2010 U.S. census]] states that about 19,338 US citizens self-identify as being Hopi.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_AIAN_AIANDP1&prodType=table |title=American FactFinder - Results |first=U. S. Census |last=Bureau |website=factfinder.census.gov |access-date=July 23, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
The [[Hopi language]] belongs to the [[Uto-Aztecan language]] family.
The primary meaning of the word ''Hopi'' is "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way."<ref name="auto1">{{Citation | author = The Hopi Dictionary Project, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology | title = Hopi Dictionary / ''Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni'': A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect | place = Tucson | publisher = University of Arizona Press | year = 1998 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/hopidictionaryho0000unse/page/99 99–100] | isbn = 0-8165-1789-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/hopidictionaryho0000unse/page/99 }}</ref> Some sources contrast this to other warring tribes that subsist on plunder.<ref name="auto2">Connelly, John C., "Hopi Social Organization." In Alfonso Ortiz, vol. ed., ''Southwest'', vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, ed., ''Handbook of North American Indians'', Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 539–53, p. 551</ref> ''Hopi'' is a concept deeply rooted in the culture's religion, spirituality, and its view of morality and ethics. To be Hopi is to strive toward this concept, which involves a state of total reverence for all things, peace with these things, and life in accordance with the instructions of [[Maasaw]], the Creator or Caretaker of Earth. The Hopi observe their religious ceremonies for the benefit of the entire world.
Hopi organize themselves into [[matrilineal]] clans. Children are born into the clan of their mother. Clans extend across all villages. Children are named by the women of the father's clan. After the child is introduced to the Sun, the women of the paternal clan gather, and name the child in honor of the father's clan. Children can be given over 40 names.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopi-Tewa {{!}} Land Acknowledgment Toolkit |url=https://www.nmhealthcouncils.org/land-acknowledgment-toolkit/hopi-tewa |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=NMAHC |language=en-US}}</ref> The village members decide the common name. Current practice is to use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name. A person may also change the name upon initiation to traditional religious societies, or a major life event.
The Hopi understand their land to be sacred and understand their role as caretakers of the land that they inherited from their ancestors.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Agriculture is significant to their lifeways and economy. Precontact architecture reflects early Hopi society and perceptions of home and family. Many Hopi homes share traits of neighboring [[Pueblo]] tribes. Early communal structures, especially [[Pueblo Great House]]s, include living rooms, storage rooms, and religious sanctuaries, called [[kivas]]. Each of these rooms allowed for specific activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=E. Charles |date=January 1983 |title=The Architectural Analogue to Hopi Social Organization and Room Use, and Implications for Prehistoric Northern Southwestern Culture|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/279817|journal=American Antiquity |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=44–61 |doi=10.2307/279817 |jstor=279817 |s2cid=161329464 |issn=0002-7316|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The Hopi encountered Spaniards in the 16th century, and are historically referred to as [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblo people]], because they lived in villages (''pueblos'' in the Spanish language). The Hopi are thought to be descended from the [[Ancestral Pueblo people]] ([[Hopi language|Hopi]]: ''Hisatsinom''), who constructed large apartment-house complexes and had an advanced culture that spanned the present-day [[Four Corners]] region of the United States, comprising southeastern [[Utah]], northeastern [[Arizona]], northwestern [[New Mexico]], and southwestern [[Colorado]].<ref name="eb">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22804/Ancestral-Pueblo-culture "Ancestral Pueblo culture."] ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' Retrieved 4 June 2012.</ref> It is thought that Hopi people descend from those
Ancestral Puebloan settlements along the [[Mogollon Rim]] of northern Arizona.
Hopi villages are now located atop mesas in northern [[Arizona]]. The Hopi originally settled near the foot of the mesas but in the course of the 17th century moved to the mesa tops for protection from the Utes, Apaches, and Spanish.<ref>{{ Citation | last = Fewkes | first = Jesse Walter | author-link = Jesse Walter Fewkes | date = 1900 | title = Tusayan Migration Traditions | series = 19th Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | place = Washington, DC | pages = 580–1 }}</ref>
On December 16, 1882, [[Chester A. Arthur|President Chester A. Arthur]] passed an executive order creating an [[Indian reservation]] for the Hopi. It was smaller than the surrounding land that was annexed by the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo Reservation]], which is the largest reservation in the country.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />
As of 2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg22642/html/CHRG-109shrg22642.htm |title = Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement}}</ref> the Hopi Reservation is entirely surrounded by the much larger Navajo Reservation. As the result of land disputes from 1940 to 1970 or earlier, the two nations used to share the government designated ''[[Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area]]'', but this continued to be a source of conflict. The partition of this area, commonly known as [[Big Mountain, Arizona|Big Mountain]], by Acts of Congress in 1974 and 1996, but as of 2008  has also resulted in long-term controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/az/navhopi.html|title=NAVAJO - HOPI Land Dispute, history, maps, links|website=www.kstrom.net|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Navajo-Hopi Land Issue: A Chronology |url=http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/current/Chronology.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530212923/http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/current/Chronology.html |archive-date=2008-05-30}}</ref>
On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe ratified its constitution, creating a [[Unicameralism|unicameral government]] where all powers are vested in a [[Tribal council (United States)|Tribal Council]]. The powers of the executive branch (chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, are limited. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi Villages were preserved in the 1936 Constitution.<ref name="auto3">Justin B. Richland,  Arguing With Tradition, (University of Chicago Press, 2004) 35.</ref>
== Oraibi ==
Old [[Oraibi]] is one of four original Hopi villages. It was founded before A.D. 1100 and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages within the territory of the United States. In the 1540s the village was recorded as having 1,500– 3,000 residents.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988">Whiteley, Peter M. ''Deliberate Acts'', Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1988: 14–86.</ref>
==Early European contact, 1540–1680==
The first recorded European contact with the Hopi was by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] in 1540. Spanish General [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] went to North America to explore the land. While at the [[Zuni people|Zuni]] villages, he learned of the Hopi tribe. Coronado dispatched Pedro de Tovar and other members of their party to find the Hopi villages.<ref name="Brew, J.O. 1850">Brew, J.O. "Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., ''Southwest'', vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., ''Handbook of North American Indians'', Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 514–523.</ref> The Spanish wrote that the first Hopi village they visited was [[Awatovi Ruins|Awatovi]]. They noted that there were about 16,000 Hopi and Zuni people.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />  A few years later, the Spanish explorer [[García López de Cárdenas]] investigated the [[Rio Grande]] and met the Hopi. They warmly entertained Cardenas and his men and directed him on his journey.<ref name="Brew, J.O. 1850" />
In 1582–1583 the Hopi were visited by [[Antonio de Espejo]]’s expedition. He noted that there were five Hopi villages and around 12,000 Hopi people.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />  During that period the Spanish explored and colonized the southwestern region of the New World, but never sent many forces or settlers to the Hopi country.<ref name="Brew, J.O. 1850" />  Their visits to the Hopi were random and spread out over many years. Many times the visits were from military explorations.
The Spanish colonized near the Rio Grande and, because the Hopi did not live near rivers that gave access to the Rio Grande, the Spanish never left any troops on their land.<ref name="ReferenceA">Clemmer, Richard O. ''Roads in the Sky'', Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, Inc., 1995: 30–90.</ref> The Spanish were accompanied by [[missionaries]], [[Catholic]] friars. Beginning in 1629, with the arrival of 30 friars in Hopi country, the Franciscan Period started.  The Franciscans had missionaries assigned and built a church at Awatovi.
==Pueblo Revolt of 1680==
{{Main|Pueblo Revolt}}
Spanish Franciscan priests were only marginally successful in converting the Hopi and persecuted them for adhering to Hopi religious practices. The Spanish occupiers enslaved the Hopi populace, forcing them to labor and hand over goods and crops. Spanish oppression and attempts to convert the Hopi caused the Hopi over time to become increasingly intolerant towards their occupiers.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The documentary record shows evidence of Spanish abuses. In 1655, a Franciscan priest by the name of [[Salvador de Guerra]] beat to death a Hopi man named Juan Cuna. As punishment, Guerra was removed from his post on the Hopi mesas and sent to Mexico City.<ref>Scholes, France V. ''Troublous Times in New Mexico, 1659-1670''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1942.  1942</ref> In 1656, a young Hopi man by the name of Juan Suñi was sent to Santa Fe as an indentured servant because he impersonated the resident priest [[Alonso de Posada]] at Awatovi, an act believed to have been carried out in the spirit of Hopi clowning.<ref>Daughters, Anton. "A Seventeenth-Century Instance of Hopi Clowning?" ''Kiva'' 74:4 (Summer 2009) 2009</ref> During the period of Franciscan missionary presence (1629-1680), the only significant conversions took place at the pueblo of Awatovi.<ref name="Brew, J.O. 1850" /> In the 1670s, the Rio Grande [[Pueblo]] Indians put forward the suggestion to revolt in 1680 and garnered Hopi support.<ref name="ReferenceA" />
The Pueblo Revolt was the first time that diverse Pueblo groups had worked in unison to drive out the Spanish colonists. In the Burning of Awatovi, Spanish soldiers, local Catholic Church missionaries, friars, and priests were all put to death, and the churches and mission buildings were dismantled stone by stone. It took two decades for the Spanish to reassert their control over the Rio Grande Pueblos but the Catholic Inquisition never made it back to Hopiland. In 1700, the Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a smaller church at Awatovi. During the winter of 1700–01, teams of men from the other Hopi villages sacked Awatovi at the request of the village chief, killed all the men of the village, and removed the women and children to other Hopi villages, then completely destroyed the village and burned it to the ground. Thereafter, despite intermittent attempts during the 18th century, the Spanish never re-established a presence in Hopi country.<ref name="Brew, J.O. 1850" />
== Hopi-U.S. relations, 1849–1946 ==
[[File:Clevelandart 1923.1078.jpg|thumb|Hopi polychrome ceramic water canteen, ca. 1870, Cleveland Museum of Art]]
In 1849, [[James S. Calhoun]] was appointed official [[Indian agent]] of [[Indian Affairs]] for the Southwest Territory of the U.S. He had headquarters in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] and was responsible for all of the Indian residents of the area. The first formal meeting between the Hopi and the U.S. government occurred in 1850 when seven Hopi leaders made the trip to Santa Fe to meet with Calhoun. They wanted the government to provide protection against the [[Navajo people|Navajo]], a [[Southern Athabascan]]-speaking tribe who were distinct from Apaches. At this time, the Hopi leader was Nakwaiyamtewa.
The US established [[Fort Defiance, Arizona|Fort Defiance]] in 1851 in [[Arizona]], and placed troops in Navajo country to deal with their threats to the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with the assistance of [[Kit Carson]], was assigned to travel through the area. They "captured" the Navajo natives and forced them to the fort. As a result of the [[Long Walk of the Navajo]], the Hopi enjoyed a short period of peace.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940">Dockstader, Frederick J. "Hopi History, 1850–1940." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., ''Handbook of North American Indians''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 524–532.</ref>
In 1847, [[Mormons]] settled in [[Utah]] and tried to convert the Indians to Mormonism.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> [[Jacob Hamblin]], a Mormon missionary, first made a trip into Hopi country in 1858. He was on good terms with the Hopi Indians, and in 1875 an [[LDS Church]] was built on Hopi land.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940" />
===Education===
In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keam escorted Hopi leaders to meet President [[Chester A. Arthur]] in [[Washington D.C.]] ''Loololma,'' village chief of [[Oraibi]] at the time, was very impressed with Washington.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" /> In 1887, a federal boarding school was established at [[Keams Canyon]] for Hopi children.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940" />
The Oraibi people did not support the school and refused to send their children {{convert|35|mi|km}} from their villages. The Keams Canyon School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American civilization. It forced them to use English and give up their traditional ways.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" /> The children were made to abandon their tribal identity and completely take on European-American culture.<ref>Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. ''Neil David's Hopi World''. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-7643-3808-3}}</ref> Children were forced to give up their traditional names, clothing and language. Boys, who were also forced to cut their long hair, were taught European farming and carpentry skills. Girls were taught ironing, sewing, and "civilized" dining. The school also reinforced European-American religions. The [[American Baptist Home Mission Society]] made students attend services every morning and religious teachings during the week.<ref>Adams, David Wallace. "Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917", ''The Pacific Historical Review,'' Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.</ref> In 1890, Commissioner of [[Indian Affairs]] [[Thomas Jefferson Morgan]] arrived in Hopi country with other government officials to review the progress of the new school. Seeing that few students were enrolled, they returned with federal troops who threatened to arrest the Hopi parents who refused to send their children to school, with Morgan forcibly taking children to fill the school.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />
===Hopi land===
Agriculture is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882, [[President Chester A. Arthur]] issued an executive order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the [[Navajo Reservation]], which was the largest in the country.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />
The [[Hopi reservation]] was originally a rectangle 55 by 70 miles (88.5 by 110&nbsp;km) in the middle of the Navajo Reservation, with their village lands taking about half of the land.<ref name="Johansson, S. Ryan 1978">Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S. Census", ''Social Science History,'' Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.</ref> The reservation prevented encroachment by white settlers, but it did not protect the Hopis against the Navajos.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" />
The Hopi and the Navajo fought over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over approximately {{convert|1800000|acre|km2}} of land in northern Arizona.<ref>United States Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. ''Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974'', Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (1974): 1–3.</ref> In 1887 the U.S. government passed the [[Dawes Allotment Act]]. The purpose was to divide up communal tribal land into individual allotments by household, to encourage a model of European-American style subsistence farming on individually owned family plots of {{convert|640|acre|km2}} or less. The Department of Interior would declare remaining land "surplus" to the tribe's needs and make it available for purchase by U.S. citizens. For the Hopi, the Act would destroy their ability to farm, their main means of income{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}. The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] did not set up land allotments in the Southwest.<ref name="hopieducationfund.org">[http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html Hopi Education Endowment Fund] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011060917/http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html |date=2009-10-11 }}. Accessed: November 13, 2009.</ref>
===Oraibi split===
[[File:Oraibi1.jpg|thumb|Abandoned house and view from Oraibi village|alt=]]
The chief of the Oraibi, Lololoma, enthusiastically supported Hopi education, but his people were divided on this issue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talayesva|first1=Don. C.|title=Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian|date=1970|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-19103-5|page=93|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dg_AQAAQBAJ&q=978-0-300-19103-5&pg=PR4}}</ref> Most of the village was conservative and refused to allow their children to attend school. These natives were referred to as "hostiles" because they opposed the American government and its attempts to force assimilation. The rest of the Oraibi were called "friendlies" because of their acceptance of white people and culture. The "hostiles" refused to let their children attend school. In 1893, the Oraibi Day School was opened in the Oraibi village. Although the school was in the village, traditional parents still refused to allow their children to attend. Frustrated with this, the US Government often resorted to intimidation and force in the form of imprisonment as a means of punishment.
In November 1894, Captain Frank Robinson and a group of soldiers were dispatched to enter the village and arrested 18 of the Hopi resisters. Among those arrested were Habema (Heevi'ima) and Lomahongyoma. In the following days, they realized they had not captured all Hopi resisters and Sergeant Henry Henser was sent back to capture Potopa, a Hopi medicine man, known as "one of the most dangerous of resisters".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Matthew |title=Education beyond the Mesas |publisher=University of Nebraska |year=2010 |isbn=9780803216266}}</ref> Eager to rid Orayvi of all resisters, government officials sent 19 Hopi men who they saw as troublesome to [[Alcatraz Prison]], where they stayed for a year.<ref name="Whitely, Peter M. 1988" /> The US Government thought they undermined the Hopi resistance, however this only intensified ill feelings of bitterness and resistance towards the government. When the Hopi prisoners were sent home, they claimed that government officials told them that they did not have to send their children to school, but when they returned, Indian agents denied that this was promised to them.<ref name=":0" /> Another Oraibi leader, ''Lomahongyoma'', competed with ''Lololoma'' for village leadership. In 1906 the village split after a conflict between hostiles and friendlies. The conservative hostiles left and formed a new village, known as ''[[Hotevilla-Bacavi, Arizona|Hotevilla]]''.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940" />
==Federal recognition==
At the dawn of the 20th century, the U.S. government established day schools, missions, farming bureaus, and clinics on every Indian reservation. This policy required that every reservation set up its own police force and tribal courts and appointed a leader who would represent their tribe to the U.S. government. In 1910 in the Census for Indians, the Hopi Tribe had a total of 2,000 members, which was the highest in 20 years. The [[Navajo people|Navajo]] at this time had 22,500 members and have consistently increased in population. During the early years of this century, only about three percent of Hopis lived off the reservation.<ref name="Johansson, S. Ryan 1978" /> In 1924 Congress officially declared Native Americans to be U.S. citizens with the [[Indian Citizenship Act]].
Under the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934, the Hopi established a constitution to create their own tribal government, and in 1936 elected a Tribal Council.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940" /> The Preamble to the Hopi constitution states that they are a self-governing tribe, focused on working together for peace and agreements between villages in order to preserve the "good things of Hopi life." The constitution consists of 13 articles, addressing territory, membership, and organization of their government with [[legislative]], [[executive (government)|executive]] and [[judicial branch]]es.<ref>[http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm "Constitution of the Hopi Tribe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235011/http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm |date=2021-04-14 }}, National Tribal Justice Resource Center's Tribal Codes and Constitutions. November 28, 2009.</ref>
==Hopi–Navajo land disputes==
[[File:Hopi_reservation_partion_%26_Navajo_Reservation.JPG|thumb|Map of the [[Hopi reservation]] surrounded by the Navajo Nation, showing 1882 boundaries, 1936 District 6, and the 1962 Joint Use Area.]]
{{further|Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation}}
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Navajo moved their settlements closer to Hopi land, causing the Hopi to raise the issue with the U.S. government. This resulted in the establishment of "District 6" which placed a boundary around the Hopi villages on the first, second, and third mesas, thinning the reservation to {{convert|501501|acre|km2}}.<ref name="Dockstader, Frederick J. 1940" /> In 1962 the courts issued the "Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment," which stated that the U.S. government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to reside on the [[Hopi Reservation]] that was declared in 1882; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared with the Navajo, as the ''Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area''.<ref name="nau.edu">{{cite web |work=Hopi Cultural Preservation Office |url=http://www8.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/ |title=Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area |date=November 12, 2009 |access-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201183008/http://www8.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
From 1961 to 1964, the Hopi tribal council signed leases with the U.S. government that allowed companies to explore and drill for oil, gas, and minerals in Hopi country. This drilling brought over three million dollars to the Hopi Tribe.<ref name="Clemmer, Richard O. 1974">{{cite book |last=Clemmer |first=Richard O. |contribution=Hopi History, 1940–1974 |editor1-first=Alfonso |editor1-last=Ortiz |editor2-last=Sturtevant |editor2-first=William C. |title=Southwest |volume=9 |series=[[Handbook of North American Indians]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=1979 |pages=533–538 |oclc=26140053 }}</ref> In 1974, The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act was passed,(Public Law 93–531; 25 U.S.C. 640d et seq.), followed by the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, settling some issues not resolved in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ301/PLAW-104publ301.pdf |title=Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, PUBLIC LAW 104–301 |date=October 11, 1996 |access-date=January 30, 2021}}</ref> The 1974 Act created the [[Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation]], which forced the relocation of any Hopi or Navajo living on the other's land. In 1992, the Hopi Reservation was increased to {{convert|1500000|acre|km2}}.<ref name="nau.edu" />
Today's{{when|date=January 2021}} Hopi Reservation is traversed by [[Arizona State Route 264]], a paved road that links the numerous Hopi villages.
==Tribal government==
[[File:Flag of the Hopi Reservation.svg|thumb|Flag of the Hopi Tribe of Arizona]]
[[File:Tom O'Halleran with Hopi leadership.jpg |250px |thumb |Congressman [[Tom O'Halleran]] meeting with Hopi leadership in 2020]]
On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe of Arizona ratified a constitution. That constitution created a [[Unicameralism|unicameral government]] where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. While there is an executive branch (tribal chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, their powers are limited under the Hopi Constitution. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi villages was preserved in the 1936 constitution.<ref name="auto3" />
The Hopi tribe is federally recognized and headquartered in [[Kykotsmovi, Arizona]].
===Tribal officers===
The current tribal officers are:<ref name="hopi-nsn.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/tribal-government/|title=Tribal Government|work=The Hopi Tribe}}</ref>
* Chairman: [[Timothy L. Nuvangyaoma]]
* Vice Chairman: Clark W. Tenakhongva
* Tribal Secretary: Theresa Lomakema
* Treasurer: Wilfred Gaseoma
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Alfonso Sakeva
===Tribal council===
Representatives to the council are selected either by a community election or by an appointment from the village kikmongwi, or leader. Each representative serves a two-year term. Representation on the Tribal Council as of December 2017 is as follows:<ref name="hopi-nsn.gov" />
'''Village of Upper Moenkopi:''' Hubert Lewis Sr., Michael Elmer, Robert Charley, Philton Talahytewa Sr.
'''Village of Bacavi:''' Dwayne Secakuku, Clifford Quotsaquahu
'''Village of Kykotsmovi:''' David Talayumptewa, Phillip Quochytewa Sr., Danny Honanie, Herman G. Honanie
'''Village of Sipaulavi''': Rosa Honanie,
'''Village of Mishongnovi''': Emma Anderson, Craig Andrews, Pansy K. Edmo, Rolanda Yoyletsdewa
'''First Mesa Consolidated Villages:''' Albert T. Sinquah, Ivan Sidney Sr., Wallace Youvella Jr., Dale Sinquah
Currently, the villages of Shungopavi, Oraibi, Hotevilla, and Lower Moenkopi do not have a representative on council.<ref name="hopi-nsn.gov" /> The Hopi Villages select council representatives, and may decline to send any representative. The declination has been approved by the Hopi Courts.<ref>''In The Matter of Village Authority To Remove Tribal Council Representatives,'' Hopi Appellate Court, Appellate Court Case No. 2008-AP 0001</ref>
===Tribal courts===
The Hopi Tribal Government operates a Trial Court and Appellate Court in Keams Canyon. These courts operate under a Tribal Code, amended August 28, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Hopi-Code.pdf|title = Hopi Code|publisher = The Hopi Tribe|date = 28 August 2012}}</ref>
==Economic development==
[[File:Hopi, Watching the Dancers.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px |Hopi girls watching Pueblo dancers below, 1906]]
The Hopi tribe earns most of its income from natural resources. The tribe's 2010 operating budget was $21.8 million, and projected mining revenues for 2010 were $12.8 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berry |first=Carol |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/hopi-tribal-councils-new-structure-irks-some-critics |title=Hopi Tribal Council's new structure irks some critics |publisher=Indiancountrytoday.com |date=13 January 2010 |access-date= }}</ref> On the {{convert|1800000|acre|km2|adj=on}} Navajo Reservation, a significant amount of [[coal]] is mined yearly from which the Hopi Tribe shares mineral royalty income.<ref name="hopieducationfund.org" /> [[Peabody Western Coal Company]] is one of the largest coal operations on Hopi land, with long-time permits for continued mining.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berry |first=Carol |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/coal-permit-expansion-approved-as-hopi-chairman-resigns |title=Coal permit expansion approved as Hopi chairman resigns |publisher=Indiancountrytoday.com |date=14 January 2009 |access-date= }}</ref> Consequently, the closure of a large coal mine in 2019 has compounded existing unemployment. Combined with the [[economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]] and the lack of official help for those who have lost access to the coal they need to burn to heat their homes, Hopi have turned to nonprofits for help.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sevigny |first=Melissa |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/16/1149425598/grassroots-efforts-bring-firewood-to-hopi-people |title=Grassroots efforts bring firewood to Hopi people |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
The Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation (HTEDC) is the tribal enterprise charged with creating diverse, viable economic opportunities.<ref>[https://www.htedc.com/ Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation]</ref> The HEDC oversees the Hopi Cultural Center and Walpi Housing Management. Other HTEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow and the 26 Bar Ranch in [[Eagar, Arizona|Eagar]]; Hopi Travel Plaza in [[Holbrook, Arizona|Holbrook]]; three commercial properties in Flagstaff; and the Days Inn Kokopelli in [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=May |first=Tina |url=http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/News/tabid/169/EntryId/45/Hopi-Economic-Development-Corp-Transition-Team-Off-to-a-Fast-Start.aspx |title=Hopi Economic Development Corp. Transition Team Off to a Fast Start |publisher=Hopi-nsn.gov |date=6 January 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031856/http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/News/tabid/169/EntryId/45/Hopi-Economic-Development-Corp-Transition-Team-Off-to-a-Fast-Start.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref>[[File:Noqkwivi.jpg|alt=Noqkwivi and blue corn tortillas, a traditional Hopi dish. |left|thumb|233x233px|Noqkwivi and [[blue corn]] frybread]] Tourism is a source of income. The Moenkopi Developers Corporation, a non-profit entity owned by the Upper village of Moenkopi, opened the 100-room [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419040710/http://www.experiencehopi.com/hotel.html Moenkopi Legacy Inn and Suites] in [[Moenkopi, Arizona|Moenkopi]], Arizona, near [[Tuba City, Arizona|Tuba City]], Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.experiencehopi.com/ |title=New Hopi Hotel near Tuba City is Now Open! |publisher= Experiencehopi.com |access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref> It is the second hotel on the reservation. It provides non-Hopi a venue for entertainment, lectures, and educational demonstrations, as well as tours and lodging. The project is expected to support 400 jobs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fonseca |first=Felicia |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/hopi-hotel-showcases-arizona-tribes-culture |title=Hopi hotel showcases Arizona tribe's culture |publisher=Indiancountrytoday.com |date=9 December 2009 |access-date= }}</ref> The village also operates the Tuvvi Travel Center in Moenkopi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.experiencehopi.com/tuvvicenter.html |title=Tuvvi Travel Center |publisher=Experiencehopi.com |access-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606091954/http://www.experiencehopi.com/tuvvicenter.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> The Tribally owned and operated [[Hopi Cultural Center]] on Second Mesa includes gift shops, museums, a hotel, and a restaurant that serves Hopi dishes.<ref name="Hopi Cultural Center">{{cite web|title=Hopi Cultural Center |url=https://hopiculturalcenter.com/|website=Hopi Cultural Center|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>
The Hopi people have repeatedly voted against [[Native American gaming|gambling]] casinos as an economic opportunity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Helms |first=Kathy |url=http://www.gallupindependent.com/2004/05may04/052004hopi.html |title=Hopi again vote down gambling |work=Gallup Independent |date=20 May 2004 |access-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812044529/http://www.gallupindependent.com/2004/05may04/052004hopi.html |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref>
On November 30, 2017, in his last day as Chairman of the Hopi Tribe, Herman G. Honanie and Governor Doug Ducey signed the Hopi Tribe-State of Arizona Tribal Gaming Compact, a year after the Tribe approved entering into a compact with the State of Arizona. The historic agreement, which gives the Hopi Tribe the opportunity to operate or lease up to 900 Class III gaming machines, makes Hopi the 22nd and last Arizona tribe to sign a gaming compact with the State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2017/12/03/hopi-tribe-last-state-sign-gaming-compact/917858001/|title=Hopi tribe last in the state to sign gaming compact |website=azcentral |access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref>
==Culture==
[[File:Kachina dolls.jpg|thumb|250px|Illustration of [[Hopi katsina figures]]]]
[[File:Tile, late 19th-early 20th century, X1047.7.jpg|thumbnail|left|Tile, Hopi, late 19th-early 20th century, [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
{{Further|Hopi mythology}}
The ''Hopi Dictionary'' gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as: "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way".<ref name="auto1"/> Some sources contrast this to other warring tribes that subsist on plunder,<ref name= "auto2"/> considering their [[Exonym and endonym|autonym]], ''Hopisinom'' to mean "The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones".<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm |title=Hopi: The Real Thing |publisher=Ausbcomp.com |access-date= |date=2000 |first=L. Michael |last=Smith |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501001513/http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Malotki maintains that "neither the notion 'peaceful' nor the idea 'little' are semantic ingredients of the term".<ref>{{ Citation | last = Malotki | first = Ekkehart | author-link = Ekkehart Malotki | date = 1991 | title = Language as a key to cultural understanding: New interpretations of Central Hopi concepts | journal = Baessler-Archiv | volume = 39 | pages = 43–75 }}</ref>
According to Barry Pritzker, "...many Hopi feel an intimate and immediate connection with their past. Indeed, for many Hopi, time does not proceed in a straight line, as most people understand it. Rather, the past may be past and present more or less simultaneously.". In the present Fourth World, the Hopi worship Masauwu, who admonished them to "always remember their gods and to live in the correct way". The village leader, ''kikmongwi'', "promoted civic virtue and proper behavior".<ref name="bp">{{cite book |last1=Pritzker |first1=Barry |title=The Hopi |date=2011 |publisher=Chelsea House |location=New York |isbn=9781604137989 |pages=16–17, 25}}</ref>
Traditionally, Hopi are organized into [[matrilineal]] clans. When a man marries, the children from the relationship are members of his wife's clan. These clan organizations extend across all villages. Children are named by the women of the father's clan. On the 20th day of a baby's life, the women of the paternal clan gather, each woman bringing a name and a gift for the child. In some cases where many relatives would attend, a child could be given over 40 names, for example. The child's parents generally decide the name to be used from these names. Current practice is to either use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name. A person may also change the name upon initiation into one of the religious societies, such as the [[kachina]] society, or with a major life event.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
The Hopi practice a complete cycle of traditional ceremonies although not all villages retain or had the complete ceremonial cycle. These ceremonies take place according to the [[lunar calendar]] and are observed in each of the Hopi villages. Like other Native American groups, the Hopi have been influenced by Christianity and the missionary work of several Christian denominations. Few have converted enough to Christianity to drop their traditional religious practices.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1895) (18739323374).jpg|thumb|Hopi "Snake Dance"]]
The most widely publicized of Hopi katsina rites is the "Snake Dance", an annual event during which the performers danced while handling live snakes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hopi people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hopi |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
Traditionally the Hopi are micro or subsistence farmers. The Hopi also are part of the wider cash economy; a significant number of Hopi have mainstream jobs; others earn a living by creating Hopi art, notably the carving of katsina dolls, the crafting of earthenware ceramics, and the design and production of fine jewelry, especially sterling silver.
The Hopi collect and dry a native perennial plant called ''[[Thelesperma megapotamicum]]'', known by the common name Hopi tea, and use it to make an [[herbal tea]], as a medicinal remedy and a yellow dye.<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Plants of the Southwest Thelesperma megapotamicum|url=http://medplant.nmsu.edu/thelesperma.shtm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161539/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/thelesperma.shtm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2008|work=New Mexico State University|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
==Albinism==
The Hopi have a high rate of [[albinism]]. Primarily in Second Mesa and west villages towards Hotevilla—about 1 in 200 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hedrick|first1=Philip|title=Hopi Indians, "cultural" selection, and albinism|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=June 2003|volume=121|issue=2|pages=151–156|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10180|pmid=12740958}}</ref>
==Notable Hopi people==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
<!-- ♦♦♦ Please only add people with pre-existing Wikipedia articles ♦♦♦ -->
* [[Thomas Banyacya]] (ca. 1909–1999), interpreter and spokesman for traditional Hopi leaders
* [[Neil David Sr.]] (born 1944), painter, illustrator, and katsina figure carver
* [[Dan Evehema]] (born circa 1893–1999), traditional Hopi leader and author
* [[Jean Fredericks]] (1906–1990), Hopi photographer and former Tribal Council chairman<ref name=hopi>Masayesva, Victor. ''Hopi Photographers, Hopi Images''. Tucson, AZ: Sun Tracks & University of Arizona Press, 1983: 42. {{ISBN|978-0-8165-0809-9}}.</ref><ref>Hoxie, Frederick. ''Encyclopedia of North American Indians''. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996: 480. {{ISBN|978-0-395-66921-1}}</ref>
* [[Iva Honyestewa]], basket maker, food activist, educator
* [[Diane Humetewa]] (born 1964), Appointed by President Obama to be a U.S. District Court Judge
* [[Fred Kabotie]] (circa 1900–1986), painter and silversmith
* [[Michael Kabotie]] (1942–2009), painter, sculptor, and silversmith
* [[Jacob Koopee Jr.]] (Hopi-Tewa, 1970 – 2011), American Hopi/Tewa potter and artist
* [[Charles Loloma]] (1912–1991), jeweler, ceramic artist, and educator
* [[Linda Lomahaftewa]], (Hopi/Choctaw, born 1947) printmaker, painter, and educator
* [[David Monongye]] (birth date unknown), Hopi  traditional leader; Son of Yukiuma, keeper of the Fire Clan Tablets
* [[Helen Naha]] (1922–1993) potter
* [[Tyra Naha]], potter
* [[Dan Namingha]] (Hopi-Tewa, born 1950), painter and sculptor
* [[Elva Nampeyo]] (Hopi-Tewa), potter
* [[Fannie Nampeyo]] (Hopi-Tewa), potter
* [[Iris Nampeyo]] ([[Nampeyo]], (Hopi-Tewa), circa 1860–1942), potter
<!-- * [[Anthony Earl Numkena]] (Hopi/[[Karuk]]) (born 1942), actor, appeared in a number of films and television shows in the 1950s including being credited in ''[[Pony Soldier]]'' (1952) at the age of nine.-->
* [[Lori Piestewa]] (1979–2003), US Army Quartermaster Corps soldier killed in Iraq War
* [[Dextra Quotskuyva]] (1928–2019), potter
* [[Emory Sekaquaptewa]] (1928–2007), Hopi leader, linguist, lexicon maker, commissioned officer of US Army (West Point graduate), jeweler, silversmith
* [[Phillip Sekaquaptewa]] (born 1956), jeweler, silversmith (nephew of Emory)
* [[Don C. Talayesva]] (ca. 1891–1985), autobiographer and traditionalist
* [[Lewis Tewanima]] (1888–1969), Olympic distance runner and silver medalist
* [[Tuvi]] ([[Chief Tuba]]) (circa 1810–1887), first Hopi convert to Mormonism after whom Tuba City, Arizona, was named
<!-- ♦♦♦ Please only add people with pre-existing Wikipedia articles ♦♦♦-->
==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:HopiWomensDance.1879.ws.jpg
|''Hopi Women's Dance,'' 1879, [[Oraibi, Arizona]], photo by [[John K. Hillers]]Street
|File:HopiPueblo.1879.ws.jpg
|''Dancer's Rock,'' 1879, [[Walpi]], [[Arizona]], photo by [[John K. Hillers]]
|File:Hopi basketweaver.jpg
|Hopi Basket Weaver
|File:AHopiBasketWeaver2.1910.ws.jpg
|Hopi Basket Weaver c. 1900, photo by [[Henry Peabody]]
|File:NampeyoHopiEndHerWork.1900.ws.jpg
|[[Iris Nampeyo]], world-famous Hopi [[Ceramic art|ceramist]], with her work, c. 1900, photo by Henry Peabody
|File:Hopi walpi.jpg
|Hopi girl at Walpi, c. 1900, with squash blossom hairstyle indicative of her eligibility for courtship, the [[Cucurbita#Art, music, and literature|squash flower]] being a symbol of fertility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=Serena |author-link1=Serena Nanda |last2=Warms |first2=Richard L |title=Cultural Anthropology |chapter=11, Matrilineal Families |date=April 4, 2023 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9781071858271 |access-date=2 February 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJScEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
|File:Hopi Indian man weaving a blanket, ca.1900 (CHS-3931).jpg
|Hopi Indian man weaving a blanket by {{Ill|C. C. Pierce|de|Charles C. Pierce}}, ca.1900
|File:Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl.jpg
|Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl, c. 1900, photo by Henry Peabody
|File:Hopi girl, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front.jpg
|Hopi girl, photo by [[Edward S. Curtis]] (circa 1905)
|File:Cliff perched homes, Hopi.jpg
|Traditional Hopi homes, c. 1906, photo by Edward S. Curtis
|File:Hopi mealing trough.jpg
|Four young Hopi women grinding grain, c. 1906, photo by Edward S. Curtis
|File:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 043.jpg
|Hopi girl, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
|File:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 049.jpg
|Hopi woman, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
|File:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 050.jpg
|Hopi girls, 1922, photo by Edward S. Curtis
|File:Walpi arizona.jpg
|Traditional Hopi village of [[Walpi]], 1941, photo by [[Ansel Adams]]
|File:ARIZONA-HOPI INDIAN RESERVATION - NARA - 544432.jpg
|Children with [[chopper bicycle]], Hopi Reservation, 1970
|File:Archaeology Discovery Days at V Bar V.jpg
|Hopi dancers in 2017
}}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy]]
* [[Hopi katsina figures]]
* [[Hopi language]]
* [[Hopi mythology]]
* [[Hopi Reservation]]
* [[Katsina]]
* [[Kiva]]
* [[Kikmongwi]]
* [[Oraibi]]
* [[Pueblo peoples]]
* [[Sikyátki]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Adams, David Wallace. "Schooling the Hopi: Federal Indian Policy Writ Small, 1887–1917." The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 3. University of California Press, (1979): 335–356.
*Brew, J.O. "Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 514–523.
*Clemmer, Richard O. "Hopi History, 1940–1974." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 533–538.
*Clemmer, Richard O. "Roads in the Sky." Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, Inc., 1995: 30–90.
*{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Hopi Tribe. National Tribal Justice Resource Center's Tribal Codes and Constitutions |publisher=Tribalresourcecenter.org |url=http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm |date=November 13, 2009 |access-date=November 23, 2009 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235011/http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm |url-status=dead }}
*Dockstader, Frederick J. "Hopi History, 1850–1940." In Alonso Ortiz, vol. ed., Southwest, vol. 9, in William C. Sturtevant, gnl. ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979: 524–532.
*{{cite web |title=Hopi Cultural Preservation Office |publisher=Northern Arizona University |url=https://jan.ucc.nau.edu/hcpo-p/ |date=November 12, 2009 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417043832/https://jan.ucc.nau.edu/hcpo-p/ |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |publisher=Hopi Education Endowment Fund |url=http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html |title=Partners |date=November 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011060917/http://www.hopieducationfund.org/partners.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009 }}
*Johansson, S. Ryan., and Preston, S.H. "Tribal Demography: The Hopi and Navaho Populations as Seen through Manuscripts from the 1900 U.S. Census." Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 1. Duke University Press, (1978): 1–33.
*Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. ''Neil David's Hopi World''. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-7643-3808-3}}. 86-89
*U.S. Department of State, Navajo–Hopi Land Dispute: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, (1974): 1–3.
*Whiteley, Peter M. "Deliberate Acts." Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1988.: 14–86.
==Further reading==
* Clemmer, Richard O. "Roads in the Sky: The Hopi Indians In A Century of Change". Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
* Harold Courlander, "Fourth World of the Hopi" University of New Mexico Press, 1987
* "Voice of Indigenous People – Native People Address the United Nations" Edited by Alexander Ewen, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe NM, 1994, 176 pages. [[Thomas Banyacya]] et al. at the [[United Nations]]
* {{cite book |title=Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law |editor-first=Edna |editor-last=Glenn |editor2-first=John R. |editor2-last=Wunder |editor3-first=Willard Hughes |editor3-last=Rollings |editor4-first=C. L. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Martin |edition=Ebook |year=2008 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/hopination/ |publisher=digitalcommons.unl.edu }}
* Harry James, ''Pages from Hopi History'' University of Arizona Press, 1974
* {{cite book | last = Laird | first = W. David | date = 1977 | title = Hopi Bibliography: Comprehensive and Annotated | publisher = University of Arizona Press | place= Tucson | isbn = 0816506337 }}
* Susanne and Jake Page, ''Hopi'', [http://www.abramsbooks.com/ Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams], 1994, illustrated oversize hardcover, 230 pages, {{ISBN|0-8109-8127-0}}, 1982 edition, {{ISBN|0-8109-1082-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Secakuku | first= Alph H. | date= 1995 |title= Hopi Kachina Tradition: Following the Sun and Moon |location = Flagstaff |publisher = Northland Publishing |isbn= 978-0873586443 }}
* Alfonso Ortiz, ed. ''Handbook of North American Indians'', vol. 9, Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1979. {{ISBN|0-16-004577-0}}.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/us/reggae-rhythms-speak-to-an-insular-tribe.html New York Times article, "Reggae Rhythms Speak to an Insular Tribe" by Bruce Weber, September 19, 1999]
* Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob. ''Neil David's Hopi World''. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-7643-3808-3}}
* Frank Waters, ''The Book of the Hopi''. [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] (Non-Classics), (June 30, 1977), {{ISBN|0-14-004527-9}}
* Frank Waters, ''Masked Gods:Navaho & Pueblo Ceremonialism,'' [[Swallow Press]], 1950; [[Ohio University Press]], 1984, {{ISBN|0-8040-0641-5}}
* James F. Brooks, ''Mesa of Sorrows: A History of the Awat'ovi Massacre'', [[W.W. Norton & Company]], 2016; {{ISBN|9780393061253}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Hopi}}
*{{Official website|http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/ }}
*[http://www.indianvillage.com/Indianarchives/The-Hopi-Indians.htm A Summary of Hopi Native American History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418033806/http://www.indianvillage.com/Indianarchives/The-Hopi-Indians.htm |date=2021-04-18 }}
*[http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm Four Corners Postcard: General information on Hopi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501001513/http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm |date=2019-05-01 }}, by LM Smith
{{Gutenberg|no=15888|name=The Unwritten Literature of the Hopi, by Hattie Greene Lockett}}
*{{CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07468a.htm|title=Hopi Indians}}
*[http://www.frankwaters.org/ Frank Waters Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312122215/http://www.frankwaters.org/ |date=2019-03-12 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208035314/http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/exhibits/nampeyo/sikyatki.shtml Sikyatki (ancestral Hopi) pottery]
*[http://www8.nau.edu/hcpo-p/ Hopi Cultural Preservation Office]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGdbpu1_STM Hopi movie "Techqua Ikachi" part 1] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSSHnbjfBl4 Hopi movie "Techqua Ikachi" part 2] on YouTube
{{Indigenous People of AZ}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Hopi| ]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of North America articles needing expert attention]]
[[Category:Native American history of Arizona]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Arizona]]
[[Category:Puebloan peoples]]
[[Category:Uto-Aztecan peoples]]