View source for Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta

{{Short description|French soldier, diplomat, and politician (1771–1851)}}
{{redirect|Sébastiani|other people with the name|Sebastiani}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = Horace Sébastiani
| image         = SebastianiMarshal.jpg
| caption       = Portrait as marshal by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter|Winterhalter]] (1841). Sébastiani is depicted with the [[Bosphorus]] and the [[Hagia Sophia]] in the background, referring to his role as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1806 to 1808
| office        = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|French Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start    = 17 October 1830
| term_end      = 11 October 1832
| predecessor   = [[Nicolas Joseph Maison]]
| successor     = [[Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie]]
| constituency  =
| majority      =
| office2       =
| term_start2   =
| term_end2     =
| predecessor2  =
| successor2    =
| constituency2 =
| majority2     =
| office3       =
| term_start3   =
| term_end3     =
| predecessor3  =
| successor3    =
| constituency3 =
| majority3     =
| birth_date    = 11 November 1771
| birth_place   = [[La Porta]], [[Corsica]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|df=y|1851|7|20|1771|11|11}}
| death_place   = [[Paris]], [[Second French Republic|France]]
| party         =
| relations     =
| spouse        = Fanny Franquetot de Coigny (d. 1807);<br/>[[Aglaé de Gramont]]<ref>[http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb159-mc.txt www.archiveshub.ac.uk]</ref>
| children      = [[Francoise, Duchess de Praslin]]
| residence     =
| occupation    = Soldier, diplomat
| signature     =
| website       =
| footnotes     =
}}
[[File:Biret comte.png|80px|thumb|right|Count of the French Empire]]
'''Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta''' ({{langx|co|Oraziu Francescu Bastianu Sebastiani di A Porta}}; 11 November 1771 – 20 July 1851) was a French general, diplomat, and politician, who served as [[List of Naval Ministers of France|Naval Minister]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], and [[Minister of State]] under the [[July Monarchy]].
Having joined the [[French Revolutionary Army]] in his youth, Sébastiani rose through its ranks before becoming a supporter of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Sébastiani was the [[French Consulate]]'s emissary to The [[Levant]], notably drafting plans to reconquer [[Ottoman Egypt]], and later served as the [[First French Empire|Empire]]'s [[French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|Ambassador to The Porte]]. In the latter capacity, he attempted to increase French influence and signaled pro-[[Russian Empire|Russian]] activities in the [[Danubian Principalities]], thus provoking the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|War of 1806–1812]]. In 1807, Sébastiani organized the defense of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] during the [[Dardanelles Operation]]. Recalled due to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] pressure after the deposition of [[Selim III]], he served in the [[Peninsular War]] and resided in the [[Alhambra]], took part in the unsuccessful [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|invasion of Russia]], and defended the [[Champagne (region)|Champagne]] region in front of the [[Sixth Coalition]].
Sébastiani recognized the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], but rallied with Napoleon during the [[Hundred Days]], being elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber]] for the first time in 1815. Briefly exiled after the return of [[List of French monarchs|King]] [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], he was again admitted as a Deputy in 1819, sitting with the [[History of the Left in France|Left]] faction, supporting [[Liberalism and radicalism in France|liberal politics]], and coming into conflict with the [[Jean-Baptiste de Villèle]] Cabinet. After the [[July Revolution]], he endorsed [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Philippe]]. Sébastiani's time as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)|Foreign Minister]] saw France's involvement in the [[Belgian Revolution]], its refusal to sanction the [[November Uprising]], the controversial solution to a commercial dispute with the [[United States]], and the French occupation of [[Ancona]]. In later years, he progressed in [[French Government]] service as an [[ambassador]].
The 1847 murder of his daughter, [[Francoise, Duchess de Praslin|Françoise, Duchess de Praslin]] indirectly helped spark the [[Revolutions of 1848 in France|1848 Revolution]].
==Early life==
Born in [[La Porta]], [[Corsica]], Sébastiani was the son of a tailor<ref name="mullie">{{in lang|fr}} "Horace Sébastiani", in Charles Mullié, [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Biographie_des_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s_militaires_des_arm%C3%A9es_de_terre_et_de_mer_de_1789_%C3%A0_1850_%E2%80%94_S#S.C3.89BASTIANI_.28Horace.29 ''Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850''] (wikisource)</ref> and well-to-do craftsman,<ref>Germain Sarrut, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJUeAGC5Gx0C&q=sebastiani%20artisan%20ais%C3%A9&pg=PA237 ''Biographie des Hommes du Jour''], H. Krabe, Paris, 1835, p.237</ref> the nephew of [[:fr:Louis Sébastiani de La Porta|Louis Sébastiani de La Porta]], a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic priest]] who was later [[Bishop of Ajaccio]],<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey">Pierre François Marie Massey de Tyronne, ''Biographie des députés de la Chambre septennale de 1824 à 1830'', J.-G. Dentu, Paris, 1826, p.566–571</ref> and probably a distant relative of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartes]].<ref name="gentlemens">"Marshal Sebastiani. Obituary", in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', Vol. XXXVI, John Bowyer Nichols and Son, London, 1851, p.537–538</ref><ref name="turnbull">David Turnbull, ''The French Revolution of 1830'', [[Henry Colburn]] and Richard Bentley, London, 1830, p.370–372</ref> Horace Sébastiani had a brother, [[Tiburce Sébastiani|Tiburce]], who rose to the rank of ''[[Maréchal de Camp]]''.<ref name="massey"/><ref name="bulozrevuechronique">{{in lang|fr}} [[François Buloz]], [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronique_de_la_quinzaine.-_14_avril_1835 "Chronique de la quinzaine - 14 avril 1835"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913000000/http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Chronique_de_la_quinzaine.-_14_avril_1835 |date=2006-09-13 }}, in ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]'', Tome 2, 1835 (wikisource)</ref> Initially destined for a religious career,<ref name="mullie"/> he left his native island during the [[French Revolution]], and entered the [[French Army|army]] in 1792.<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="meyerskl">{{in lang|de}} [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/14/seite/0792/meyers_b14_s0792.html "Sébastiani, Horace François de la Porta"], in ''[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]'', 1888 edition, retrieved 5 May 2007</ref> Briefly dispatched as a secretary to [[Count|Conte]] Raffaele Cadorna in [[Casablanca]],<ref name="mullie"/> Sébastiani participated in the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary Wars]], including campaigns in [[Corsica]], 1793, the [[Alps]], 1794–1797, and at the [[Battle of Marengo (1800)|Battle of Marengo]], 1800.<ref name="meyerskl"/> Having served as an officer in the [[:fr:Liste des brigades de l'armée de terre française|9th Dragoon Regiment]],<ref name="massey"/> he was promoted to [[colonel]] in 1799.<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="meyerskl"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana">"Sebastiani, Horace", in ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', Vol.XI, B. B. Mussey & Co., Boston, 1851, p.298–299</ref>
[[Image:Sébastiani, Horace - 4.jpg|thumb|right|Sébastiani as a Lieutenant of the [[light infantry]] in 1793, by [[Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin]] (1835)]]
Sébastiani joined [[Lucien Bonaparte]]'s entourage,<ref name="mullie"/> and endorsed [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s political actions, taking an active part in the [[18 Brumaire|18 Brumaire coup]] (9 November 1799).<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/><ref name="revuemondes">{{in lang|fr}} [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Lettres_sur_les_hommes_d'%C3%A9tat_de_France_-_Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Horace_S%C3%A9bastiani "Lettres sur les hommes d'état de France - Le Général Horace Sébastiani"], in ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]'', Tome 4, 1833 (wikisource)</ref> In 1802, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] sent him on his first diplomatic assignments in the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[History of Ottoman Egypt|Ottoman Egypt]], and other parts of The [[Levant]].<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> Among his first actions were the settlement of a conflict between Sweden and the [[Barbary States|Barbary State]] of [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripoli]],<ref name="turnbull"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> as well as obtaining the latter's agreement to recognize the [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]].<ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/>
==Mission to Egypt and 1805 Campaign==
Sébastiani negotiated with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] military commanders in the aftermath of the [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)]], asking them to abide by the newly signed [[Treaty of Amiens]] and withdraw from [[Alexandria]];<ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> following this he met with Ottoman officials in [[Cairo]], unsuccessfully offering to mediate between them and rebellious [[bey]]s (''see [[Muhammad Ali's seizure of power]]'').<ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> In late 1802, he traveled to [[Acre, Israel|Akka]], and negotiated a trade agreement with the local [[pasha]].<ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/>
During this period, Sébastiani theorized that, despite Egyptian Campaign's failure, the French could yet again establish their control over the region.<ref name="turnbull"/><ref name="jeremyblack">[[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], ''From Louis XIV to Napoleon: the Fate of a Great Power'', [[Routledge]], London, 1999, p.183</ref><ref name="ingram">Edward Ingram, ''Empire-Building and Empire-Builders: Twelve Studies'', [[Routledge]], London, 1995, p.95–96</ref> He publicized this view in a report, published by ''[[Le Moniteur Universel]]'' on 30 January 1803,<ref name="jeremyblack"/> posing a threat for both British and [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] interests; this probably contributed to deescalating relations between the latter two over the prolonged British presence in [[Malta]], with [[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|Henry Addington]]'s [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] indicating that [[British troops]] would remain as long as [[France]] held designs to invade Egypt.<ref name="ingram"/>
Returning to France, he was put in charge of the [[littoral]] from the mouth of the [[Vilaine]] (in [[Morbihan]]) to [[Brest, France|Brest]],<ref name="massey"/> before, in 1804, being despatched on a short mission to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in Vienna.<ref name="massey"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> Promoted [[Brigadier-General]] in 1803,<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/> he commanded ''[[La Grande Armée|Grande Armée]]'' troops during the [[Battle of Ulm]]. After leading a successful attack on [[Günzburg]],  Sébastiani followed the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] into [[Moravia]] (1805),<ref name="massey"/> having been promoted ''[[Général|Général de division]]'' after the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] in 1805, where he was wounded.<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/>
==Embassy to Selim III==
{{main|Dardanelles Operation (1807)}}
[[Image:Ster van de Orde van de Halve Maan Turkije 1800.jpg|thumb|150px|Order of The Crescent insignia]]
Appointed [[French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|French Ambassador]] to [[Sublime Porte|The Porte]] on 12 April 1806, and gaining his post on 10 August,<ref name="hamiltonboogert">Alastair Hamilton, Maurits H. van den Boogert, Alexander H. de Groot, ''Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in The Levant from the Seventeenth Century to the Early Nineteenth Century'', Brill Publishers, Leiden, 2000, p.231</ref> he attempted to convince [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan]] [[Selim III]] to exclude the [[Royal Navy]] from access through the [[Dardanelles]].<ref name="gentlemens"/> According to a biographical essay published by the ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]'' in 1833, Sébastiani faced almost universal hostility from the anti-French [[diplomatic corps]]—whose opinions were influenced by the Russian [[Andrei Budberg|Count Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg]] and the British Ambassador [[Charles Arbuthnot]]. The same article claimed: "France had for its allies only the envoys of [[Enlightenment Spain|Spain]] and [[Batavian Republic|Holland]]".<ref name="revuemondes"/> Among Horace Sébastiani's moves to enlist [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] support for Napoleon was the establishment of a [[printing press]] in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], which published works of French literature translated into [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish]] and Arabic.<ref name="massey"/>
Sébastiani persuaded the Ottomans to take a stand against Russia after bringing attention to the anti-Ottoman conspiracy in [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]], formed around Prince [[Constantine Ypsilantis]], as well as to the suspicious policies of [[Principality of Moldova|Moldavia]]'s Prince [[Alexander Mourousis]].<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="djuvara">[[Neagu Djuvara]], ''Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne'', [[Humanitas publishing house|Humanitas]], Bucharest, 1995, p.284, 340–341</ref><ref name="ghica">{{in lang|ro}} [[Ion Ghica]], [http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Scrisori_c%C4%83tre_Vasile_Alecsandri ''Scrisori către Vasile Alecsandri'':] [http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Scrisori_c%C4%83tre_Vasile_Alecsandri:Polcovnicul_Ioni%C5%A3%C4%83_Ceganu "Polcovnicul Ioniţă Ceganu"]; [http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Scrisori_c%C4%83tre_Vasile_Alecsandri:Din_timpul_zaverii "Din timpul zaverii"] (wikisource)</ref> According to the aristocratic Wallachian memoirist and politician [[Ion Ghica]], Selim "followed the advice of General Sébastiani, who tried to bring him to Napoleon's side", and saw a connection between Ypsilantis and the [[First Serbian Uprising|Serbian Uprising]]:
{{blockquote|"He felt that [Ypsilantis] sided with the Russians and had an understanding with [[Osman Pazvantoğlu|Pazvantoğlu]] of [[Vidin]] and with [[Karađorđe Petrović|Czerny-George]] the Serbian, both of whom had rebelled against The Porte."<ref name="ghica"/>}}
The conflict itself started when Russia considered Ypsilantis' deposition to go against the letter of the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] and the [[Treaty of Jassy]].<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="djuvara"/> While [[Andrei Budberg|the Russian Count]] and Ambassador Arbuthnot prepared to leave Constantinople, The Porte convened to have the two Princes reinstated.<ref name="revuemondes"/> Despite this, Russian troops under General [[Ivan Ivanovich Michelson|Ivan Michelson]] and Count [[Mikhail Miloradovich]] entered the two [[Danubian Principalities]] (''see [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)]]'').<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="djuvara"/> Prince Ypsilantis had previously escaped to the Russian camp, and was briefly considered by his allies as ruler over both principalities (just before Russian occupation took over);<ref name="ghica"/> the French Consul to Moldavia, [[Charles-Frédéric Reinhard]], reportedly not informed of Sébastiani's contacts with Selim, was arrested by the Russian troops.<ref name="djuvara"/> As a major consequence of this chain of events, France pulled the strings of Ottoman foreign policy.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
[[File:SebastianiTassaert.jpg|thumb|Horace Sébastiani, portrait by [[Tassaert family|Philippe Joseph Tassaert]], ca. 1800]]
During the [[Anglo-Turkish War (1807–09)|parallel Anglo-Turkish War]] in 1807, Sébastiani helped the Ottomans in the [[Dardanelles Operation (1807)|successful defense]] of Constantinople against the British squadron of [[Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet|Admiral Duckworth]].<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> The British bombardment, coming at a time when the Muslim population was celebrating ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'',<ref name="revuemondes"/> was met with panic, and Sébastiani's group of French military officers was soon the only organized force present on the European side.<ref name="revuemondes"/> In his messages to Selim, Sir John Duckworth asked for the French ambassador to be removed, for the [[Ottoman fleet]] and the Dardanelles military facilities to be handed over,<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> and for Russia to be granted rule over Wallachia and Moldavia.<ref name="revuemondes"/> The Sultan sent envoys requesting Sébastiani to leave Ottoman territory, but the French Ambassador explained that he would not do so until being ordered by Selim himself.<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="revuemondes"/>
As the matter was being debated, [[Janissary]] forces on the [[Anatolia]]n shore organized themselves, and, once increased in strength, began responding to the attack.<ref name="revuemondes"/> Selim subsequently asked Sébastiani and his men (including [[Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant|Louis Gustave le Doulcet]] and {{ill|José Martínez de Hervás|es|lt=José Martínez Hervás, marquis d'Alménara}}, as well as the embassy's secretary {{ill|Florimond de Faÿ de La Tour-Maubourg|fr}}), to oversee Constantinople's defense and the line of fire nearby [[Topkapı Palace]], organizing maneuvers which caused Duckworth to withdraw.<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="revuemondes"/>
In 1806, Sébastiani married Jeanne-Françoise-Antoinette (Fanny) {{ill|Franquetot family|fr|Famille de Franquetot|lt=Franquetot de Coigny}}, only daughter of [[François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny|François-Henri de Franquetot, marquis de Coigny]]).<ref>[http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/mss/online/online-mss-catalogues/cats/port_londonplf_trusteeships.html ''Portland (London) Collection: Catalogue of Family and Financial Papers of the Dukes of Portland, 1583–1940''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320094034/http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/mss/online/online-mss-catalogues/cats/port_londonplf_trusteeships.html |date=2007-03-20 }}, at the [[University of Nottingham]], retrieved 5 May 2007</ref> She died in childbirth while in Constantinople, just a few days before the Sultan was deposed (14 April 1807),<ref name="fisquet">Honoré Fisquet, "Praslin, Charles-Laure-Hugues-Théobald, duc de Choiseul", in ''Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours'', Tome 40, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1862, p.979–980</ref><ref name="juchereau"/> and left Sébastiani a large fortune.<ref name="massey"/> Upon hearing news of her death, Sultan Selim transmitted condolences through his [[Grand Dragoman]].<ref name="juchereau"/>
==Embassy to Mustafa IV==
[[File:Sultan Selim III visiting the French General Sébastiani.jpg|thumb|Sultan Selim III visiting General Sébastiani during the defense of Constantinople in February 1807. Jules Alfred Vincent Rigo, 1860.]]
The successful rebellion led by [[Kabakçı Mustafa]] and the Janissary troops put an end to French diplomatic success. Sébastiani negotiated with Kabakçı, while the British sought support from various factions inside Constantinople<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="juchereau">Antoine de Juchereau de Saint-Denys, ''Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1844'', Tome II, Comptoirs des Imprimeurs-unis, Paris, 1844, p.205, 208–209, 211–215</ref> — the Grand Dragoman, {{ill|Alexandros Soutzos (Grand Dragoman)|el|Αλέξανδρος Μ. Σούτσος|lt=Aleko Soutzos}}, eventually informed the French Ambassador on the parallel British projects.<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="juchereau"/> This resulted in Soutzos' beheading<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="ghica"/> — that which, in [[Ion Ghica]]'s version of events, caused the [[Soutzos family]] to abandon their commitment to France and begin supporting Russia.<ref name="ghica"/> According to the ''Revue des Deux Mondes'' biography, Sébastiani had betrayed Aleko Soutzos' confidence by revealing as many details of Anglo-Ottoman negotiations as to render it clear that the Dragoman had been acting as his spy, and by failing to respect the promise of French protection.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
Under the new monarch, [[Mustafa IV]], he attempted to impose a pro-French pasha as governor of [[Baghdad]], and later provoked a scandal by asking for the Imperial Executioner, the ''[[Bostanji-bashi]]'', to be demoted—this came after three [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] subjects, having been found guilty of theft, were subjected to the ''[[falaka]]'' torture, despite the facts that the recent annexation of Ragusa by France offered them a degree of immunity. As a result of his pressures, Sébastiani obtained rule over the province of Baghdad for his favorite, and, in return, allowed the ''Bostanji-bashi'' to remain in office.<ref name="juchereau"/>
He asked to be recalled in April 1807,<ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/><ref name="hamiltonboogert"/><ref name="juchereau"/> being replaced by ''[[Chargé d'affaires]]'' Faÿ de La Tour Maubourg.<ref name="hamiltonboogert"/><ref name="juchereau"/> This departure was also prompted by renewed British requests.<ref name="massey"/> Shortly before his leaving, Sultan Mustafa awarded Sébastiani the [[Order of the Crescent]] 1st Class,<ref name="massey"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> which has been interpreted as a measure to alleviate the impact of British successes.<ref name="massey"/> According to other accounts, Mustafa himself had become deeply dissatisfied with Sébastiani's interventions and policies.<ref name="juchereau"/> Upon his return to France, Sébastiani received the ''[[Légion d'honneur|Grand Aigle de la Légion d'honneur]]''.<ref name="massey"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> The ''Revue des Deux Mondes'' speculated that, based on the [[Corsica]]n heritage he shared with Sébastiani:
{{blockquote|"the Emperor would often keep his eyes closed in respect to his Generals' mistakes.<br/>As for [Sébastiani's] diplomatic skills, Napoleon was so affected that he sent him to the arms as soon as he returned from the Orient, and did not assign him to any negotiations until his fall [of 1814]."<ref name="revuemondes"/>}}
==Peninsular War and 1813 Campaign==
[[Image:Granada5.JPG|thumb|The [[Alhambra]] citadel, Granada]]
Sébastiani became a [[Count]] of the [[First French Empire|Empire]], and commanded [[IV Corps (Grande Armée)|IV Corps]] in the [[Peninsular War]], notably at the [[Battle of Ciudad-Real]],<ref name="meyerskl"/> the [[Battle of Talavera]],<ref name="gentlemens"/> and the [[Battle of Almonacid]].<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="meyerskl"/> In 1810, he took [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]], [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], [[Granada]] and [[Málaga]].<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="meyerskl"/> Troops under his command included a group of Polish ''[[émigré]]'' soldiers,<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="gnorowski">S. B. Gnorowski, ''Insurrection of Poland in 1830–31: And the Russian Rule Preceding it Since 1815'', James Ridgway, London, 1839, p.223–224</ref><ref name="niecks">[[Frederick Niecks]], ''Frédéric Chopin as a Man and Musician'', Volume 2, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, 2004, p.8</ref> among them [[Wojciech Grzymała|Albert Grzymała]], who served on his staff and was later noted for his friendship with [[Frédéric Chopin]].<ref name="niecks"/>
Starting from that date, Sébastiani gained a reputation for lacking leadership skills: popularly nicknamed "General Surprise" as a result of having been caught out by enemy troops a significant number of times, he was argued by [[Marcellin Marbot|Jean-Baptiste de Marbot]] to have been noted for nothing other than mediocrity.<ref name="haythornthwaite">Philip J. Haythornthwaite, ''Napoleon's Commanders (2): c1809–15'', [[Osprey Publishing]], Botley, 2002, p.51</ref> According to the 1833 ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]'', he had also become known for his lassitude, to the point where Napoleon himself grew irate. The same source recounted that, after Talavera de la Reina and especially after Almonacid, the general raised suspicion that he wasted men and resources, systematically failed to report all his casualties, and seriously exaggerated the scale of his victories. It was contended that the Emperor eventually withdrew Sébastiani's command of IV Corps after concluding that this assessment was correct.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
Some sources claim that Sébastiani was created "1st Duke of Murcia" by Napoleon;<ref name="massey"/> according to the ''Revue'', although nominated for the title by the new [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]], [[Joseph Bonaparte]], Sébastiani was denied appointment by Napoleon (a gesture alleged to have itself been based on the General's conduct at Almonacid). Nonetheless, it was reported that Sébastiani made use of the title for the rest of his participation in the Spanish expedition. The ''Revue'' claimed that the ducal title "of Murcia" was adopted by the General himself, after he reaped a minor victory in [[Lorca, Spain|Lorca]] and reportedly advanced a project to gain the region back from [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces (the plan was to be discarded by Sébastiani's commander, [[Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult]]).<ref name="revuemondes"/>
Sébastiani is reported to have plundered a number of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] convents during the Peninsular expedition.<ref name="gentlemens"/> Having stationed his troops in the [[Alhambra]],<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="irving">[[Washington Irving]], "The Alhambra", in ''Bracebridge Hall, Tales of a Traveller and the Alhambra'', [[Library of America]], 1991, p.753 ("Notes", p.1101)</ref> where he himself resided in noted luxury,<ref name="revuemondes"/> Sébastiani partly destroyed the palace's fortifications after retreating.<ref name="irving"/> It is argued that he was also responsible for the partial devastation of the palace's interior.<ref name="gentlemens"/> The American author [[Washington Irving]], who visited [[Spain]] in the following period, recounted that:
{{blockquote|"With that enlightened taste which has ever distinguished the French nation in their conquests, this monument of [[Al-Andalus|Moorish]] elegance and grandeur was rescued from the absolute ruin and desolation that were overwhelming it. The roofs were repaired, the saloons and galleries protected from the weather, the gardens cultivated, the watercourses restored, the fountains once more made to throw up their sparkling showers; and Spain may thank her invaders for having preserved to her the most beautiful and interesting of her historical monuments."<ref name="irving"/>}}
Serving during [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia]], under [[Joachim Murat|Marshal Joachim Murat]],<ref name="gentlemens"/> and in the [[Sixth Coalition|Campaign of 1812–1813]], he commanded a cavalry division,<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="haythornthwaite"/> becoming noted in the battles of [[Battle of Borodino|Borodino]]<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> (being the first French commander to enter Moscow, but was later forced to retreat with heavy losses),<ref name="mullie"/> [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]], [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Lützen]], [[Battle of Leipzig|Leipzig]] (where he was wounded),<ref name="mullie"/> and [[Battle of Hanau|Hanau]].<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/> After attempting to hold [[Cologne]],<ref name="massey"/> he took part in the defense of French territory, holding a command position in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]] and organizing troops in [[Châlons-en-Champagne]].<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> In March, he assisted in the retaking of [[Reims]], where he faced the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Imperial Russian Army]] troops under the command of [[Emmanuel de Saint-Priest]].<ref name="massey"/>
==Hundred Days and Second Restoration==
[[Image:Sébastiani, Horace - 5.jpg|thumb|left|Caricature of Sébastiani, drawn by [[Honoré Daumier]]]]
Changing sides to support [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] on 10 April 1814,<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> Sébastiani was appointed to the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] Government and was, on 2 June, awarded the [[Order of Saint Louis]] by [[List of French monarchs|King]] [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]].<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> Nevertheless, upon news that Napoleon was returning from [[Elba]], he abandoned his command and left for Paris, where, together with the [[Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette|Count de Lavalette]], he organized [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] detachments to assist the [[Emperor of France|Emperor]].<ref name="massey"/> Napoleon also sent him over to attract support from the [[Liberalism and radicalism in France|liberal]] politician [[Benjamin Constant]]; soon after, Constant became involved in drafting the more permissive ''Acte Additionel'', which amended the ''[[Constitution of the Year XII]]''.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
During the [[Hundred Days]], he was assigned the reviewing of legislation passed by Louis XVIII, and organized the National Guard in [[Picardy]].<ref name="massey"/> Sébastiani was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber]] for the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Aisne]].<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> After the [[Battle of Waterloo]], he voted in favor of Napoleon's [[abdication]],<ref name="revuemondes"/> and, eventually, was among those assigned with negotiating a peace with the [[Seventh Coalition]] (as part of a delegation also comprising [[Benjamin Constant|Benjamin Constant de Rebecque]], the [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|marquis de La Fayette]], [[Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1771-1842)|marquis d'Argenson]] and [[Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant|comte de Pontécoulant]]).<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="massey"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> During talks, he showed himself opposed to a second [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] return.<ref name="massey"/>
Sébastiani spent a year in England before being allowed to return<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> (having retired from active service and receiving half pay).<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/> Starting in 1819, after being promoted by the [[Élie, duc Decazes|Duke Decazes]],<ref name="massey"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> he was a prominent member of the [[Chamber of Deputies]], initially representing Corsica, rallying with the [[History of the Left in France|Left]].<ref name="massey"/><ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="revuemondes"/> According to the ''Revue''{{'s}} comments, his political choice was unusual, reportedly astonishing both members of the Left and the moderate Decazes, a Royalist. Inside the Chamber, he joined forces with [[Maximilien Sebastien Foy]], notably pushing projects to recognize the merits of ''[[La Grande Armée|Grande Armée]]'' veterans; a speech he held on the latter occasion, which gave praise to the [[Flag of France|French tricolor]], caused an uproar among [[Conservatism|conservative]] deputies.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
During the [[1824 French legislative election]], his attempt to campaign in [[Corsica]] was frustrated by the local authorities representing the Royalist Government of [[Jean-Baptiste de Villèle]], and he subsequently won 1 out of 48 votes.<ref name="massey"/> Instead, after General Foy's death in late 1825, he was elected as replacement in his constituency, the [[Aisne]] town of [[Vervins]], receiving 120 votes out of 200.<ref name="massey"/><ref name="revuemondes"/>
==July Revolution and Belgian question==
[[Image:Gérard - Lecture à l'hôtel de ville de la proclamation des députés (31 juillet 1830).jpg|thumb|The deputies proclaiming their allegiance to [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Philippe]] in 1830, painting by [[François Gérard]], 1836]]
After the [[July Revolution]], he held the posts of [[List of Naval Ministers of France|Naval Minister]] under the nominal leadership of [[François Guizot]] (autumn 1830),<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="turnbull"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> and [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Foreign Affairs]] under [[Jacques Laffitte]] and [[Casimir Pierre Perier]].<ref name="meyerskl"/><ref name="encyclopediaamericana"/> During the Revolution, he parted with the Left, and made declarations in support of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]—including one which proclaimed that the only national flag was the white one for the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]]s.<ref name="mullie"/> Allegedly establishing links with the radical ''[[Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera]]'' society in the early days of the [[July Monarchy]],<ref name="revuemondes"/> he subsequently rallied with the [[Centrism|centrist]] politics of the [[Orléanist]] camp.<ref name="mullie"/><ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="rittiez">F. Rittiez, ''Histoire du règne de Louis-Philippe Ier, 1830 à 1848, précis'', Tome I, V. Lecou, Paris, 1855, p.44–45, 251–267, 268–269, 274, 280, 445</ref> With [[Jacques Laffitte|Laffitte]], [[Benjamin Constant]], [[Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville|Jean-Guillaume Hyde de Neuville]], [[Adolphe Thiers]], and others, he played a prominent part in calling [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Philippe]] to the [[Line of succession to the French throne (Orléanist)|French throne]].<ref name="rittiez"/>
After that, the Sébastianis became the most influential faction in [[Corsica]], replacing the [[Legitimists|Legitimist]] Pozzo di Borgo family<ref name="ortegalimperani">{{in lang|fr}} Alfredo Ortega, [http://adecec.net/adecec-net/parutions/pdf/delacorsealandalousie.pdf ''De la Corse à l'Andalousie. Joseph Antoine Limperani''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226213656/http://www.adecec.net/adecec-net/parutions/pdf/delacorsealandalousie.pdf |date=2007-02-26 }}, hosted by [http://adecec.net/ ADECEC (Association pour le Développement des Etudes Archéologiques, Historiques, linguistiques et Naturalistes du Centre-Est de la Corse)], retrieved 5 May 2007</ref> — one of the latter, [[Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo]], was a high-ranking Russian diplomat who negotiated with Horace Sébastiani on several occasions.
In the wake of the [[Belgian Revolution]], when candidatures were considered for the [[Monarchy of Belgium|Belgian throne]], Sébastiani  had the task of undermining support for [[Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg|Auguste of Leuchtenberg]] and drawing allegiances for the [[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours|Duke of Nemours]].<ref name="revuemondes"/><ref name="rittiez"/> After Nemours refused the Belgian crown, he transferred French support to [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], the British-backed candidate, in exchange for Leopold's agreeing to marry [[Louise-Marie of France]]. This policy was viewed as a capitulation by the Legitimists, and most notably by [[Jean Maximilien Lamarque]], who, while deploring the separation of the [[French people|French]] and the French-speaking [[Walloons]], accused Sébastiani of having obtained the destruction of fortifications in Belgium not as a concession from other states, but rather because "the allied powers want to set aside the means of entering France without running into obstacles".<ref name="revuemondes"/>
When the [[London Conference of 1832|London Conference]] compelled [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch]] forces to evacuate Belgian territory, Sébastiani indicated that the French troops under [[Étienne Maurice Gérard|General Gérard]] were to remain in the area until "all reasons why the French Army has maneuvered would be dealt with resolutely, and no danger would threaten us". Nevertheless, Gérard retreated before the Conference came to an end. When Chamber called on the minister to answer about the discrepancy, he declared himself "astonished" by news of the retreat, attributing it to British pressures, and indicated that "we have entered Belgium in good will; good will is what led us to withdraw".<ref name="rittiez"/>
==November Uprising: early negotiations==
[[Image:Conference de londres.jpg|thumb|[[Honoré Daumier]]'s cartoon of the 1832 [[London Conference of 1832|London Conference]], with France depicted as a timid hare in front of other powers (Poland is the female figure trampled upon by Russia)]]
In late 1830, after the [[November Uprising]] broke out in [[Congress Poland]], Sébastiani, despite the revolutionaries' expectations, chose to avoid his country's involvement. As Russian troops carried out a violent intervention against the rebellion, a deputy in the [[Sejm]] lamented that Poland was perishing without having even seen a French courier; the minister responded to similar accusations at home by stating that France was determined not to raise the anger of [[List of Russian rulers|Emperor]] [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas]].<ref name="revuemondes"/> Nevertheless, some time after the Uprising erupted, Sébastiani received Polish envoys with sympathy, and had felt secure that "a friendly arrangement with Russia" could be achieved. To this end, he sent a mission to [[Saint Petersburg]], which attempted to mediate an understanding between the Polish revolutionaries and Russia; in order to undermine communications between France and Poland, the government of [[Viktor Kochubey]] took the decision of recognizing the July Monarchy, which it had refused to do until then. In January 1831, after pressures from the [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|Marquis de La Fayette]], [[Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart|the Duke of Mortemart]] was dispatched to Russia in order to seek a new agreement—his mission was made ineffectual by the revolutionaries' decision to dethrone Nicholas from his position as [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]], which in turn led to a standoff between all sides involved.<ref name="gnorowski"/>
In parallel, Sébastiani allegedly approved the designs of [[Armand Charles Guilleminot]], the [[French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|Ambassador to The Porte]], who attempted to undermine the [[Holy Alliance]] by stressing that Russian actions in Poland and the [[Balkans]] could rally opposition from [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom. Guilleminot ultimately presented the Ottomans with an offer to back an independent Poland—as a consequence, Foreign Minister Sébastiani was formally asked by [[Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo]] to recall the ambassador, and he ultimately agreed to do so.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
Historian [[Barthélemy Hauréau]] indicated that the moderate path pursued by Sébastiani had been largely responsible for convincing [[Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki]] to postpone military operations, to the point where it was later contended that the [[Minister (government)|minister]] was plotting with Russian authorities. He referred to Sébastiani's position as "a miserable role", and to his correspondence with the Poles as "perfidious epistles".<ref name="haureau">[[Barthélemy Hauréau]], ''Histoire de la Pologne depuis son origine jusqu'en 1846'', Pagnerre, Paris, 1846, p.204–205</ref>
==November Uprising: aftermath==
[[Image:L` ordre regne a Varsovie 1831.PNG|thumb|''Order reigns in Warsaw'', cartoon by [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard|J. J. Grandville]], 1831]]
When Poland was ultimately pacified, Sébastiani uttered the famous words:
{{blockquote|"Order reigns in [[Warsaw]]."}}
The statement itself was not rendered verbatim by the ''[[Le Moniteur Universel|Moniteur]]'', allegedly due to their potential for causing scandal.<ref name="rittiez"/> As Sébastiani's words began circulating freely, public opinion considered them evidence of callousness, and, in December, they were used by [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard|J. J. Grandville]] as title for a cartoon showing the effects of repression in [[Congress Poland]]. Another of Grandville's drawings, depicting the authorities' violent response to public manifestations of support for Polish revolutionaries, was titled ''Public Order Reigns Also in Paris'' (sold together, the two works caused the artist to be [[Censorship|censored]] and his house to be raided by policemen).<ref name="goldstein">Robert Justin Goldstein, ''Censorship of Political Caricature in Nineteenth-Century France'', [[Kent State University Press]], Kent, 1989, p.143</ref> It was also contended that the statement had been made by Sébastiani with the specific goal of persuading Russia that France did not condemn the intervention — reportedly, Emperor Nicholas normalized relations with France and received its ambassador, the [[Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier|Duke of Trévise]], only after hearing news of Sébastiani's speech.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
Later, he justified himself in front of the Chamber by arguing that intervention in Poland was doomed to failure, noting that a French landing on Poland's [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] shore was made impossible by both distance and the minor scale of facilities in [[Palanga|Polangen]].<ref name="revuemondes"/> When interpellated in the Chamber, he also contended that France had managed to obtain consensus that Russia was to maintain a degree of Polish autonomy, as these had been stipulated by the 1814–1814<!-- are these years really both supposed to be the same? --> [[Congress of Vienna]].<ref name="rittiez"/> Reflecting upon public sentiment at a time when [[Radicalism (historical)|Radicalism]] had become a European phenomenon, he was also quoted saying:
{{blockquote|"There are those who want to drag us into a war of opinions, to dump us into an apparent alliance of peoples versus governments; we ask them with what right do they pretend to attribute themselves or assign us the mission of revolutionizing all the peoples. We know their goal and their secret thought. These people work to bring disruptions on the inside through disruptions on the outside. What they want, we avoid; what they fear, we seek. In the absence of set rules of conduct, their exhortations, their fears and their joys would suffice for shedding light on our path and making us perceive the abysses where they would like to throw us."<ref name="revuemondes"/>}}
{{wikisource|Declaration of Horace Sébastiani in French Chamber of Deputies about situation in Poland (1831)|Declaration of Horace Sébastiani in French Chamber of Deputies about situation in Poland (1831)}}
During a Chamber session in September 1831, the [[Liberalism and radicalism in France|liberal]] [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|Marquis de La Fayette]] publicly accused the Laffitte cabinet in general and Sébastiani in particular of having secretly encouraged the Poles while persuading them to delay their attack on Russian troops (allegedly promising that France would give them official backing following that moment, and later forfeiting the pledge). La Fayette also stressed that it was possible for France to sanction Polish independence, especially since the [[Holy Alliance]] appeared to have been divided on the issue. According to [[Karl Marx]], when Sébastiani defended his ministry and stressed that he had not made Poland any promises, the Marquis confronted him with a letter signed by [[Karol Kniaziewicz]], dated September 1830, which contained references to Sébastiani's guarantees and his call to postpone the offensive.<ref name="marxminutebook">[[Karl Marx]], [http://www.marxists.org/history/international/iwma/documents/1864/poland-note.htm "Note for Draft of Speech by Marx on France's Attitude to Poland"], at [[Marxists Internet Archive]], retrieved 5 May 2007</ref> The ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]'' recounted that the diplomat [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]] and Sébastiani both maintained an independent line in politics—their secretive notes reportedly contributed to the fall of the Laffitte government.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
==Périer Cabinet==
Over the following year, he and [[List of Prime Ministers of France|Prime Minister]] [[Casimir Pierre Périer|Périer]] were called upon by the Marquis de La Fayette to express disapproval for [[reactionary]] politics in the [[Austrian Empire]], and to allow [[Italians|Italian]] [[Carbonari]] refugees such as [[Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso]] to remain on French territory. La Fayette noted that Sébastiani had undertaken:
{{blockquote|"efforts to revoke and prevent the sequestration [of property] that was inflicted [by Austria] on the Italian men and women who are traveling in France."<ref name="kramerlafayette">Lloyd S. Kramer, ''Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolution'', [[University of North Carolina Press]], Chapel Hill, 1996, p.174–176</ref>}}
In February 1832, Sébastiani took initiative in ordering a French occupation of [[Ancona]]. The ''Revue'' argued that this was the most significant gesture of his career, and credited him with having planned it as an indirect but effective strike at Austrian economic interests, when implying that France would march into Rome and [[Trieste]] in the event of a war with Austria.
Among his last actions in office as Foreign Minister were negotiations with the United States over losses suffered by American citizens during the Napoleon's [[Continental System|Continental Blockade]], when several ships bearing the American flag were arrested in European ports, on suspicion that they were in fact serving British commercial interests (''see [[Embargo Act of 1807]]''). Raising much controversy, he set the sum France agreed to pay at 25 million [[French franc|francs]], 10 million more than what committees of the ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' and Chamber had decided, although still significantly less than what had been asked by American plaintiffs.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
It was during the same period that Sébastiani remarried, to [[Aglaé de Gramont|Aglaé-Angélique-Gabrielle de Gramont]], one of [[Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont|Héraclius, duc de Gramont]]'s daughters and the widow of the Russian General [[:fr:Alexandre Lvovitch Davydov|Count Alexander Davidoff]].<ref name="raikes">[[Thomas Raikes]], ''A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes, Esq., from 1831 to 1847'', Vol. II, Longman, Brown, Green etc., London, 1856, p.40</ref> He retired from office after having a [[stroke]] which left him partly paralyzed, and traveled in the [[Italian Peninsula]]. He was later [[Minister of State]] for a short period of time.<ref name="revuemondes"/>
==Later years==
In 1833, Sébastiani was ambassador to the [[Two Sicilies]], and in 1835–1840, to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="raikes"/><ref name="regnault">[[Adolphe Thiers]], "Lettre aux électeurs d'Aix", in Élias Regnault, ''Révolution française. Histoire de huit ans, 1840–1848'', Pagnerre, Paris, 1852, p.119, 121</ref> He was recalled and replaced by [[François Guizot]] after refusing, against his government wishes, to support the cause of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s design to extend his rule out of the [[Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors|Egyptian realm]] by conquering Ottoman lands in [[Syria Province, Ottoman Empire|Syria]] (''see [[London Straits Convention]]''). [[Adolphe Thiers]] later pointed out that he agreed with Sébastiani's view, which he defined as:
{{blockquote|"The apprehension [...] over seeing France engaging in the [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|Oriental question]], to find herself the only one of that opinion, and from that moment on to be reduced to the alternative of either ceding or risk a universal war over an object that was not worth it [...]."<ref name="regnault"/>}}
During the ministerial crisis provoked by the fall of the [[Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult]] cabinet, before Thiers' nomination, Sébastiani was considered for the office of Premier; his failure to gain the position was attributed to rejection from all political camps, based on the view that he was overtly subservient to King Louis-Philippe.<ref name="rittiez"/>
He was made [[Marshal of France]] in 1840,<ref name="gentlemens"/><ref name="haythornthwaite"/> replacing the deceased [[Nicolas Joseph Maison]],<ref name="mullie"/> and represented [[Ajaccio]] in the Chamber for several terms.<ref name="meyerskl"/><ref name="ortegalimperani"/> He became a [[Peerage of France|Peer of France]] in 1842. The ''[[Revue des Deux Mondes]]''' [[François Buloz]] announced, in April 1835, that [[:fr:Tiburce Sébastiani|Vicomte Tiburce Sébastiani]] was involved in heated disputes with other public figures, over repeated allegations that his brother had harmed French interests in the American creditors' affair. In this and other cases of the period, the same controversy almost erupted into [[duel]]s.<ref name="bulozrevuechronique"/>
Having largely retired from public life, he had his last years clouded by the 1847 death of his sole daughter from his first marriage, Fanny, duchess of Choiseul-Praslin.<ref name="fisquet"/><ref name="lebrigand">{{in lang|fr}} Brigitte-Marie Le Brigand, [http://www.historia.presse.fr/data/mag/704/70400301.html "Choiseul-Praslin: les pièces à conviction"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, in ''Historia'', Nr.704, retrieved 5 May 2007</ref><ref name="vella">Christina Vella, ''Intimate Enemies: The Two Worlds of the Baroness de Pontalba'', [[Louisiana State University Press]], Baton Rouge, 1997, p.138</ref> Fanny had married [[Charles de Choiseul-Praslin|Charles, duc de Praslin]], in 1825.<ref>Henry James Gabriel de Milleville, ''Armorial historique de la noblesse de France'', Bureau de l'Armorial Historique, Paris, 1845, p.67</ref> In what was one of the most famous murders of the 19th century,<ref name="vella"/> the duchess had been stabbed repeatedly and with noted violence. For long before her death, Fanny had accused Charles de Choiseul-Praslin of having cheated on her and of having separated her from her children.<ref name="lebrigand"/> Her killing was thought to be a consequence of the Duke's plan to run away with their children's [[governess]].<ref name="lebrigand"/><ref name="vella"/> Arrested and waiting to be tried by the Court of Peers, Choiseul-Praslin was released on [[parole]], only to commit suicide on 24 August 1847; shortly before his death, he denied all charges.<ref name="lebrigand"/><ref name="vella"/> This event played a part in bringing about the [[Revolutions of 1848 in France|1848 Revolution]], after public opinion began speculating that aristocrats had allowed one of their own to take his own life rather than face trial,<ref name="lebrigand"/> or even that Choiseul-Praslin had been allowed to escape.<ref name="fisquet"/> As a parallel result, the 1848 events brought an end to the Sébastianis' influence in [[Corsica]], especially after Tiburce Sébastiani chose to retire to his domain in [[Olmeta-di-Tuda]].<ref name="ortegalimperani"/>
Four years later, Sébastiani died suddenly while having breakfast. His funeral service was held at [[Les Invalides]] and attended by [[List of Presidents of the French Republic|President]] [[Napoleon III, Emperor of the French|Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] among other officials of the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]].<ref name="gentlemens"/>
==Legacy==
Horace Sébastiani's name is inscribed on the western side of the [[Arc de Triomphe]].<ref name="mullie"/> An avenue in [[Bastia]] was named in his honor (''Avenue Maréchal Sébastiani'').
In 1938, [[Rachel Field]] published her ''[[All This and Heaven Too]]'', a novel which centers on the killing of Sébastiani's daughter. The 1940 drama film of the same starred [[Barbara O'Neil]] as Fanny, [[Charles Boyer]] as De Choiseul-Praslin, and [[Bette Davis]] as [[Henriette Deluzy-Desportes]], the governess. Sébastiani is portrayed by [[Montagu Love]].<ref name="allthisimdb">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032194/ ''All This and Heaven Too''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]], retrieved 5 May 2007</ref>
Sébastiani is also one of the protagonists in [[Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark|Prince Michael of Greece]]'s novel ''[[The Favorite (1989 film)|Sultana - La Nuit du Sérail]]'', which depicts fictionalized events of [[Selim III]]'s rule. In 1989, the story was later turned into an American-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] film co-production: titled ''[[The Favorite (1989 film)|The Favorite]]'' (or ''La Nuit du Sérail''), it starred [[:fr:Laurent Le Doyen|Laurent Le Doyen]] as Sébastiani.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097341/ ''The Favorite''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]], retrieved 5 May 2007<br/>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.films.pierre-marteau.com/hist_filme/1989_usa_favoritin.html ''The Favorite'', at ''The Marteau Encyclopedia of the Early Modern Period''], retrieved 5 May 2007</ref>
== Honours ==
* Knight Grand cross in the [[Legion of Honour]].<ref>Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Volume 50</ref>
* Grand Cordon in the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]].
* Knight Grand cross in the [[Order of the Crescent|Imperial Order of the Crescent]].
* Knight Grand cross in the [[Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit|Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit]]
* Knight Grand cross in the [[Order of the Redeemer]]
* Knight of the [[Order of the Oak Crown]]
==See also==
*[[List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom]]
*[[Inmaculada Concepción (Murillo, 1670)]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Horace Sébastiani}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070504140051/http://www.corse.pref.gouv.fr/scripts/display.asp?P=COhist_empire ''D'un Empire à l'autre'' at the Prefecture of Corsica site] {{in lang|fr}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, Count}}
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{{succession box | before=[[Nicolas Joseph Maison]] | title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Foreign Minister of France]] | years=1830-1832 | after=[[Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie]]}}
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{{First ministry of Louis-Philippe}}
{{Cabinet of Jacques Laffitte}}
{{Cabinet of Casimir Périer}}
{{Foreign Ministers of France}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastiani De La Porta, Horace Francois Bastien}}
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[[Category:Generals of the First French Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Belgian Revolution]]
[[Category:November Uprising]]
[[Category:French people of the Revolutions of 1848]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Crescent]]
[[Category:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe]]