View source for Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury

{{Short description|English army officer (1565–1635)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
|name                = The Lord Vere of Tilbury
|image               = Horace Vere, Baron Vere of Tilbury by Michiel Jansz. van Miereveldt.jpg
|relatives           = [[De Vere family]]
|birth_date          = 1565
|birth_place         =
|death_date          = 2 May {{death year and age|1635|1565}}
|death_place         = Whitehall
|resting_place       = [[Westminster Abbey]]
|spouse              = Mary Tracy
|father              = Geoffrey Vere
|mother              = Elizabeth Hardekyn
<!--Military service-->
|battles_label       = Conflicts
|battles             = {{list collapsed|title=[[Eighty Years War]]|{{plainlist}}
* [[Siege of Steenwijk (1592)|Siege of Steenwijk]] (1592)
* [[Siege of Groningen (1594)|Siege of Groningen]] (1594)
* [[Capture of Cadiz|Siege of Cadiz]] (1596)
* [[Battle of Nieuwpoort]] (1600)
{{endplainlist}}}}
{{list collapsed|title=[[Thirty Years War]]|{{plainlist}}
* [[Palatinate campaign]] (1620–1623)
* [[Siege of Breda (1624)|Siege of Breda]] (1624)
{{endplainlist}}}}
|}}
'''Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury''' (1565 – 2 May 1635) was an English army officer who served in the [[Eighty Years' War]] and the [[Thirty Years' War]]. A brother of [[Francis Vere]], he was sent to the [[Electoral Palatinate]] by [[James VI and I]] in 1620. He was subsequently elevated to the [[peerage of England]] as "[[Baron]] Vere of [[Tilbury]]", which became extinct after he died without a male heir.
==Family==
Horace Vere, born in 1565, was the fourth son of Geoffrey Vere of Crepping Hall, [[Essex]], a younger son of [[John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford]], and [[Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Oxford|Elizabeth Trussell]]. His mother was Elizabeth Hardekyn (d.&nbsp;December 1615), daughter of Richard Hardekyn (d. 1558) of Wotton House near [[Castle Hedingham]]. He had three brothers, John Vere (c. 1558 – 1624) of [[Kirby Hall, Essex|Kirby Hall]] near [[Castle Hedingham]], [[Francis Vere|Sir Francis Vere]] (born c. 1560), and Robert Vere (b. 1562), and a sister, Frances Vere (born 1567), who married, as his second wife, the 'colonial adventurer and author', Sir Robert Harcourt (1574/5 – 1631), of [[Nuneham]] on 20 March 1598.<ref>{{Harvnb|Markham|1888|pp=21–5, 216, 381}}; {{Harvnb|Lorimer|2004}}; {{Harvnb|Burke|1831|p=540}}; {{Harvnb|Trim|2004}}.</ref>
==Military career==
===Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)===
Vere left home in 1590 to join his two elder brothers, Robert and Sir Francis, in the Netherlands, commencing his service in the infantry company of the latter during his tenure of office as sergeant-major-general. He was wounded [[Siege of Steenwijk (1592)|during the assault]] by English and Dutch soldiers on the fortress of [[Steenwijk]] on 5 July 1592, was recommended by his brother for a company at the [[Siege of Groningen (1594)|siege of Groningen]] in June 1594, and was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for his gallantry at the [[Capture of Cadiz|siege of Cadiz]] in June 1596.<ref name = DNB/>
[[File:Horace Vere, Baron Vere of Tilbury 1594.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Horace Vere in 1594.]]
The following year Horace in his brothers absence took command in the field (albeit temporarily) of the English forces in the Netherlands. With [[Maurice, Prince of Orange|Maurice of Orange]] they took [[Siege of Rheinberg (1597)|Rheinberg]], [[Siege of Meurs (1597)|Meurs]], [[Siege of Groenlo (1597)|Greonlo]], [[Siege of Bredevoort (1597)|Bredevoort]], [[Capture of Enschede (1597)|Enschede]], [[Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)|Oldenzaal]] and [[Siege of Lingen (1597)|Lingen]]; cities of the eastern Netherlands that created an important barrier.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Charles Raleigh |title=Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment, Vol I |location=London |publisher=Gale & Polden |date=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog/page/n71 45]}}</ref>
He commanded three hundred foot at the [[battle of Nieuwpoort]] under his brother, after whose retirement from the field he helped [[Sir John Ogle]] and [[Charles Fairfax (soldier)|Sir Charles Fairfax]] to rally the English vanguard; and at the [[Siege of Ostend]] he took a conspicuous part in the repulse of the Spanish assault on 7 January 1602, being stationed (along with Fairfax) at a vital point in the defenses known as the 'Sandhill,' in command of twelve companies. He was badly hurt in the leg by a splinter. Horace then took to the field under his brother again in the spring of 1602 with Maurice's army, and after Francis was severely wounded in the head during the [[Siege of Grave (1602)|siege of Grave]] he then took over as command of English forces there. Early in April 1603 he was dispatched by his brother with a message to the new king.<ref name = DNB/>
Upon the retirement of Sir Francis Vere, Sir Horace took his place in the Netherlands, but at first only the senior of the four colonels of the English companies, the others being Ogle, [[Sir Edward Cecil]], and [[Sir Edward Harwood]].<ref name = DNB/>
The outset of Sir Horace's individual career in the [[Dutch States Army]] was marked by the fall of Ostend on 24 September 1604 to the Spanish general, [[Ambrosio Spinola]]. As a makeweight to Ostend, [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]] meditated [[Siege of Sluis (1604)|the recapture of]] [[Sluys]]. The Spanish general opposed the advance upon the town with a force of two thousand men strongly entrenched at [[Damme]], situated between Sluys and [[Bruges]]. This force, under the Spanish general of horse, [[Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar|Don Luis de Velasco]], had to be dislodged, a risky operation. Vere won for his command the approbation of the [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]]. In July 1604 Spinola was foiled in an attempt to relieve the town, and on 20 August it was surrendered.<ref name = DNB/>
===Dutch service===
[[Image:Sir Horace Vere - Horatius Veer (1565-1635).jpg|left|thumb|225px|1st Baron Vere of Tilbury in Holland by [[Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt]]]]
At the battle of Mülheim on 9 October 1605 the cavalry were completely outmanoeuvred, and several of the troops broke. Vere crossed the river with four companies of infantry and kept the Spaniards at bay for over an hour, while the other forces had time to rally and retreat in some order.<ref name = DNB/>
The battle of Mülheim was followed by Vere's return to England, and by his marriage in 1607. Two years later came the twelve years' truce between the United Provinces and Spain. In October 1609 Sir Horace succeeded his brother as governor of [[Brielle|the Brill]]. In 1609 he was promised the reversion of the [[mastership of ordnance]], after [[George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes|Lord Carew]].<ref name = DNB/>
In 1610 he served at the [[Siege of Jülich (1610)|siege of Juliers]] under Sir Edward Cecil. In 1616 he yielded up the [[Cautionary Towns|cautionary town]] of [[Brielle]] to the Dutch on the repayment by them of the loans received from England, receiving a life pension of £800 in compensation for his loss of the governorship. Two years later Sir Horace received from Maurice the governorship of Utrecht. He had previously aided the prince in disarming and suppressing the provincial levies, raised on behalf of [[Johan van Oldenbarnevelt]].<ref name = DNB/>
===Palatinate campaign===
In May 1620, James I was being strongly urged by popular opinion to defend the Protestant cause of his son-in-law, [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]. He allowed [[Christopher von Dohna|Count Dohna]], the Palatine envoy, to levy a body of volunteers at his own cost, and to appeal for funds. Dohna, as paymaster, selected Sir Horace Vere, as commander; [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|Buckingham]] had wanted the post for Sir Edward Cecil, and withdrew support from the expedition.<ref name = DNB/>
News arrived of the [[treaty of Ulm (1620)|treaty of Ulm]] (23 June), between the union of Catholic princes and the League, preparing the way for a Catholic invasion of the Palatinate, and money came in more rapidly. On 9 July, Vere went to [[Theobalds]] to take leave of the king, and on 22 July the regiment, 2,200 strong, set sail from [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] to the Netherlands, to be escorted south into Germany and to the seat of war by a body of Dutch cavalry. By this time Vere was a professional soldier, even-tempered, brave and popular. The [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] was one of his lieutenants. Spinola was in the field with one army, Velasco on the way with another.<ref name = DNB/>
Vere's plan was to effect a junction with the Protestant force near [[Mannheim]], under the [[Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|Margrave of Ansbach]]. He marched through [[Wesel]] into the neighbourhood of [[Coblenz]], and then made a detour by a route through the [[Taunus]], on the other side of which, in the valley of the [[Main River]], Spinola made an unsuccessful attempt to cut him off. Vere crossed the Main by a ford, near [[Frankfurt]], and then, by way of [[Darmstadt]] and [[Bensheim]] (there resting his troops), and proceeded to [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], where the junction of forces actually took place.
Spinola now adopted [[Fabian strategy|Fabian]] tactics in the hope of wearing the enemy out, until the approach of winter compelled the English and their allies to seek quarters. Vere divided his troops among the three most important strongholds of the Palatinate. He himself occupied Mannheim, [[Gerard Herbert]] he stationed in [[Heidelberg Castle]], while [[Sir John Burroughs]] undertook to defend [[Frankenthal]].<ref name = DNB/>
Early in 1621, the Protestant Union was broken up, and the English garrisons had to give up all hope of relief. The English governors were not closely pressed that year. The garrison under Vere at Mannheim received a visit early in 1622 from the dethroned elector, who had promised them a diversion, and who, in conjunction with [[Mansfelt]], had inflicted a momentary check upon the imperialist army under [[Johann Tserclaes von Tilly]] at [[Battle of Mingolsheim|Wiesloch]] (April). A few weeks later, however, Tilly, having been reinforced by [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1635)|Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], inflicted defeats on the Protestants, and in June the elector had finally to leave Mannheim.<ref name = DNB/>
The English garrisons were now surrounded and threatened by a force of imperialists and Spaniards under Tilly, Cordova, and [[Francisco Verdugo|Verdugo]]. Vere resolved to hold out, though he knew that the military position was hopeless. On 16 September, the town of [[Heidelberg]] was taken by storm, and the castle surrendered three days later. Sir Gerard Herbert had received a mortal wound during the siege. At Mannheim Vere, with a garrison of fourteen hundred men, without money or supplies, had to defend extensive fortifications. He retired to the citadel, but no extraneous help being forthcoming, he was forced to capitulate at the close of September, and, having marched out with the honours of war, withdrew to [[The Hague]]. Vere's defence was commemorated by [[George Chapman]]<ref>'Pro Vero Autumni Lachrymae . . . inscribed to the Incomparable Souldier, Sir Horatio Vere, Knight, besieged and distrest in Mainhem' (1622), in which the poet urged that aid should be sent to the relief of the distressed garrison.</ref>
At Frankenthal, Burroughs did not surrender the place to Verdugo until 14 April 1623, and then only in response to direct orders from home.<ref name = DNB/>
The courage displayed by Vere against great odds was recognised in England, when the general returned early in February 1623, even if his salary and expenses were never paid in full by the treasury. On 16 February 1623, he was appointed master-general of the ordnance for life, and he became a member of the council of war on 20 July 1624. On the death of his elder brother, John, in the same year he became his residuary legatee, with the reversion of Tilbury and Kirby Hall upon the death of the widow.<ref name = DNB/>
===Breda and the Brabant campaign===
In 1624 Sir Horace Vere travelled once more to The Hague in order to second Prince Maurice in the defence of the fortress of [[Breda]], under siege by Spinola from August. Maurice died on 23 April 1625. The only ways to approach the siege works from outside were by causeways. The new stadtholder, Maurice's brother, [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], resolved to attempt the causeways, and Vere was selected to conduct this hazardous operation. Taking with him some six thousand men, including three hundred pikemen led by his kinsman, [[Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford]], Vere started an hour before the dawn on the morning of 13 May 1625. The English marched along the dyke, and after a sharp engagement captured the redoubt. Spinola thereupon sent strong reinforcements to the threatened point, and, incurring a very heavy loss, the English were forced to retire. On his return to England that summer Vere, high in military reputation, was created Baron Vere of Tilbury.<ref name = DNB/>
His next enterprise in the Netherlands was in connection with the [[siege of 's-Hertogenbosch]], one of the chief military positions in [[North Brabant|Brabant]], undertaken by Prince Frederic Henry in April 1629. [[Sir Edward Vere]] (born ca. 1580), the illegitimate son of Horatio's first cousin [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford|Edward, Earl of Oxford]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gwynneth |last=Bowen |url=https://sourcetext.com/the-writings-of-gwynneth-bowen-17-2/ |title=Sir Edward Vere and His Mother, Anne Vavasor |journal=Shakespearean Authorship Review (English) |date=Spring 1966}}</ref> was mortally wounded in the lines on 18 August a few weeks before the place was finally surrendered. A large number of Englishmen who were afterwards distinguished soldiers served under Vere in the trenches at [[Den Bosch]]. Among them were: [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] and [[Philip Skippon]], the future organisers of the [[New Model Army]]; [[Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading|Jacob Astley]], [[Thomas Glemham]], the future royalist generals; [[John Borlase (Lord Justice of Ireland)|Sir John Borlase]], and [[Henry Hexham]], the historian of the Dutch wars. Fairfax, Skippon, and [[George Monck]], particularly, were his pupils in the art of war.<ref name = DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Vere, Horace|first=Thomas |last=Seccombe |authorlink=Thomas Seccombe |volume=58}}</ref>
The services of the Veres in the Netherlands were closed by the [[Capture of Maastricht]] May–August 1632. Vere commanded a powerful brigade, and posted his headquarters opposite the Brussels Gate. Among those killed during the operations were Vere's kinsman, [[Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford]], while among the wounded were his nephew, [[Simon Harcourt (1603-1642)|Sir Simon Harcourt]], and [[Sir Thomas Holles]].<ref name = DNB/>
==Death==
After the surrender of Maastricht, Vere returned to England. While dining with [[Henry Vane the Elder|Sir Harry Vane]], The Hague envoy and his diplomatic friend, at Whitehall on 2 May 1635, he was seized with an [[apoplectic fit]] and died within two hours. He was buried with military pomp on 8 May in [[Westminster Abbey]], where the same tomb serves for him and his brother, Sir Francis.<ref name = DNB/>
==Marriage and issue==
Vere married, in October 1607, [[Mary Vere|Mary Tracy]] (1581-1671), daughter of Sir John Tracy (d.1591) of [[Toddington, Gloucestershire]], and widow of William Hoby, by whom she had two children.<ref>{{Harvnb|Markham|1888|pp=379–80}}.</ref> With his death the barony of Vere of Tilbury became extinct. Vere left five daughters, who were his coheirs:<ref name = DNB/>
# Elizabeth Vere, who married [[John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare]], grandfather of the first Duke of Newcastle;
# Mary Vere, who married, first, Sir Roger Townshend, Baronet, of [[Raynham, Norfolk|Raynham]] in Norfolk, whence are descended the Marquises of Townshend, and secondly, [[Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland]];
# Catherine Vere, who married, first, Oliver St John (1612/1613–November 1641 or 1642),<ref>{{cite web |title=Hackney Pages 450-516 The Environs of London: Volume 2, County of Middlesex. Originally published by T Cadell and W Davies, London, 1795. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-environs/vol2/pp450-516 |website=British History Online}}</ref> son of [[Sir John St John, 1st Baronet]], and Anne Leighton: and, secondly, [[John Poulett, 2nd Baron Poulett]];
# [[Anne Fairfax|Anne Vere]], who married [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron|Sir Thomas Fairfax (afterwards 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron)]]; and
# Dorothy Vere, who married John Wolstenholme, eldest son of Sir John Wolstenholme, bart., of [[Nostell]], Yorkshire.<ref name = DNB/>
# Susana Vere (1619–1623) Died at a young age.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
Lady Vere continued to live at Clapton until the death of the widow of Lord Vere's eldest brother, John, when she succeeded to Kirby Hall, where she died on Christmas Eve 1670, aged 90. For a short while in the spring of 1645, after the death of the [[Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset|Countess of Dorset]], the king's children, [[Elizabeth Stuart (1635–1650)|Elizabeth]] and [[Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester|Henry, Duke of Gloucester]], were entrusted to her care. She was much in Parliament's favour; but (despite the handsome allowance) she transferred it to the Earl and Countess of Northumberland.<ref name = DNB/>
Vere was a first cousin of [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]] (1550–1604).
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Burke |first=John |year=1831 |title=A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance |location=London |publisher=Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley |url=https://archive.org/details/ageneralandhera02burkgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageneralandhera02burkgoog/page/n538 523] |access-date=19 December 2012 }}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Lorimer |first=Joyce |year=2004 |title=Harcourt, Robert (1574/5–1631) |id=12241}}
* {{Cite book |last=Markham |first=Clements R. |year=1888 |title=The Fighting Veres |location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington |url=https://archive.org/details/thefightingveres00markiala |page=[https://archive.org/details/thefightingveres00markiala/page/21 21] |access-date=19 December 2012 }}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Trim |first=D.J.B. |year=2004 |title=Vere, Horace, Baron Vere of Tilbury (1565–1635) |id=28211}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611093224/http://www.zedler-lexikon.de/blaettern/einzelseite.html?id=421659&bandnummer=47&seitenzahl=0211&supplement=0&dateiformat=1 Zedlers Universallexicon, vol.47, p. 211]
;Attribution
* {{DNB|wstitle=Vere, Horace|volume=58}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance]] | before=[[George Carew (Ireland)|The Earl of Totnes]] | after=[[Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport|The Earl of Newport]] | years=1629–1634}}
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{{s-ttl| title=[[Baron Vere of Tilbury]] | years=1625–1635 }}
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[[Category:1565 births]]
[[Category:1635 deaths]]
[[Category:English military personnel of the Eighty Years' War]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of England]]
[[Category:English army officers]]
[[Category:16th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:17th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:English people of the Thirty Years' War]]
[[Category:English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
[[Category:De Vere family|Horace]]
[[Category:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the Dutch Republic]]