View source for Horton-cum-Studley

{{Short description|Village in Oxfordshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox UK place
|official_name= Horton-cum-Studley
|static_image_name= St Barnabas Church at Horton-Cum-Studley - geograph.org.uk - 1747202.jpg
|static_image_caption= St Barnabas Church, Horton-cum-Studley
|coordinates = {{Coord|51.806|-1.131|type:city_region:GB-OXF|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_reference= SP5912
|area_total_km2=9.04
|population= 455
|population_ref= ([[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 Census]])
|civil_parish= Horton-cum-Studley
|shire_district= [[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]]
|shire_county= [[Oxfordshire]]
|region= South East England
|country= England
|post_town= OXFORD
|postcode_district= OX33
|postcode_area= OX
|dial_code= 01865
|constituency_westminster= [[Bicester and Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)|Bicester and Woodstock]]
|website= [http://oxford-consultants.tripod.com/horton_cum_studley.htm Horton-cum-Studley]
}}
'''Horton-cum-Studley''' is a village and [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in the [[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]] district, in [[Oxfordshire]], England, about {{convert|6+1/2|mi}} northeast of the centre of [[Oxford]] and bordering [[Otmoor]], and is one of the "Seven Towns" of Otmoor. The [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 Census]] recorded the parish's population as 455.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124831&c=Horton-cum-Studley&d=16&e=62&g=6458629&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1441145132801&enc=1 |title=Area: Horton-cum-Studley (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics |work=[[Neighbourhood Statistics]] |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> A majority of residents in the village work in the Healthcare and Educational Sectors.<ref name="streetcheck">{{Cite web|url=https://www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcode/ox331ap |title=Area Information for Horton-cum-Studley, Oxford, OX33 1AP|publisher=Streetcheck|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>
==Civil parish==
The [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of Studley was originally in two parts: one in Oxfordshire and the other in the [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundred]] of [[Ashendon]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]. Horton was always part of Oxfordshire. Horton and all of Studley, including the Buckinghamshire part, were originally part of the ancient parish of [[Beckley, Oxfordshire|Beckley]]. The Buckinghamshire part of Studley became a separate civil parish, but was then transferred to Oxfordshire under the [[Reform Act 1832]] and the [[Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844]]. Meanwhile Horton and the Oxfordshire part of Studley had been separated from Beckley to form the civil parish of Horton-cum-Studley. The two parts of Studley were reunited in 1932, when the Studley and Horton-cum-Studley civil parishes were finally merged.<ref name=Lobel>{{harvnb|Lobel|1957|pp=56–76}}</ref>
==Manors and priory==
===Horton===
{{main|Beckley, Oxfordshire#Manor}}
Horton's [[Toponymy|toponym]] is derived from [[Old English]] ''horu'' 'dirt' and ''tūn'' 'settlement, farm, estate', presumably meaning 'farm on muddy soil'.{{sfn|Watts|2004|loc=Horton}} The oldest known record of Horton is from the reign of [[Æthelred the Unready]]: a charter of 1005-11 that records its agricultural land as five [[Hide (unit)|hides]]. However, the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 has no separate entry for Horton<ref name=Lobel/> as it had been part of the [[Manorialism|manor]] of [[Beckley, Oxfordshire|Beckley]] since before the [[Norman Conquest of England]].  Until the Norman conquest of England the manor of Beckley was one of many that belonged to Saxon [[Wigod]], [[thegn]] of [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire|Wallingford]]. Thereafter ownership of Horton followed the same descent as that of Beckley.
After the [[Norman conquest of England]] the Norman baron [[Robert D'Oyly]] acquired Wigod's estates by marriage and then passed a number of them to his brother-in-arms [[Roger d'Ivry]]. Beckley and Horton became part of the [[Honour (land)|Honour]] of [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux|St Valery]] in the 12th century, were held by the [[Earl of Cornwall#Earls of Cornwall, 7th creation (1225)|Earls of Cornwall]] in the 13th century, [[Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester|Hugh le Despenser]] and then [[Edward, the Black Prince|The Black Prince]] in the 14th century and [[the Crown]] in the 15th century. Beckley and Horton passed from [[Elizabeth I of England|Princess Elizabeth]] ''via'' Sir [[Walter Mildmay]] in 1550 to [[John Williams, 1st Baron Williams de Thame|Sir John Williams]], whose descendants were titled [[Baron Norreys]] from 1572 and [[Earl of Abingdon#Earls of Abingdon (1682)|Earl of Abingdon]] from 1682. Beckley and Horton were broken up into lots and sold by Viscount Bertie, son of [[Montagu Bertie, 7th Earl of Abingdon]], in 1919.<ref name=Lobel/>
===Ash===
Before the Norman Conquest a man called Azor son of Toti, who held allegiance to [[Edith of Wessex]], consort of [[Edward the Confessor]], held the manor of ''Lesa'' or Ash. Azor also had the manors of [[Iffley]] in Oxfordshire and [[Lillingstone Lovell]] in Buckinghamshire, and other Oxfordshire landholdings at [[Chastleton]] and [[Marsh Baldon]]. The Domesday Book in 1086 recorded that Roger d'Ivry held the manor, which was assessed at two hides. Ash followed the same descent as Beckley and Horton until 1300, when they were estates of the Honour of St Valery.<ref name=Lobel/>  By 1190 the tenants of the Honour of St Valery at Ash were the Ash and De Bosco families.
Between 1190 and 1213 the two families granted land at either Ash or Marlake (see below) to the [[Knights Templar]]. The Order may have disposed of the land before its dissolution in the 14th century, as the [[Hundred Rolls]] for the [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundred]] of [[Bullingdon (hundred)|Bullingdon]] for 1279 do not record any Templar landholding in Beckley parish.<ref name=Lobel/>  In 1361 John of Ash [[Enfeoffment|enfeoffed]] John and Margaret Appleby, the lord and lady of [[Boarstall]]. In 1365 the Applebys granted Ash to trustees, who in turn enfeoffed the manor to a second set of trustees. In 1389 the latter trustees were licensed to [[Alienation (property law)|alienate]] Ash to the Prioress of Studley. John Appleby died in 1371 and Margaret [[Quitclaim deed|quitclaimed]] her rights in 1391.<ref name=Lobel/>
===Studley===
[[File:Studley-priory-MCB.jpg|thumb|Studley Priory]]
The founding date of the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] [[Studley Priory, Oxfordshire|Studley Priory]] is not known, but earliest known record of its existence is from 1176, when Bernard de [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux|St Valery]] granted half a hide of land at Horton to the priory. Studley's toponym is derived from Old English meaning "pasture for horses". The priory's foundation led to the abandonment of Ash in favour of a new hamlet of Studley that grew up next to the priory. At one time the priory had 50 nuns but by 1445 their number had fallen to nine. In 1520 there were still only 10 nuns and the priory to be significantly in debt. In 1530 the debt was £60 and the buildings were in disrepair.{{sfn|Page|1907|pp=77–79}}  Under the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] Studley Priory surrendered its lands to [[the Crown]] in November 1539, which sold them off in February 1540. John Croke bought the priory's lands at Studley and Horton.{{sfn|Page|1907|pp=77–79}}
In 1621 another Sir John Croke sold Studley to George Croke, who was a lawyer and in the 1630s defended [[John Hampden#Views on Ship Money|John Hampden]] in the [[Ship money#Refusal|ship money]] case. Sir George died in 1642, leaving his estates to his wife for the remainder of her life, with [[Reversion (law)|reversion]] to their son Thomas and thence to other members of their immediate family. Thomas Croke was a [[Cavalier|Royalist]] in the [[English Civil War]] so Parliament sequestered his estates in 1644, but they were discharged in 1646.<ref name=Lobel/>  Sir [[Alexander Croke]] (1758–1842) succeeded to the estate in 1777. Alexander became a [[maritime law]]yer and was the senior justice of the [[vice admiralty court]]s of [[Nova Scotia]] from 1801: a term of office that included the [[War of 1812]] against the USA. Sir Alexander also wrote satirical verse, many letters and a genealogy of his family. In 1877 Sir Alexander's younger son John Croke sold Studley to John Henderson. In 1953 Studley was still in his family, with his grandson Captain John Henderson being [[lord of the manor]].<ref name=Lobel/>
===Marlake===
Before the [[English Reformation]] the [[Preceptory]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] at [[Sandford-on-Thames]] held land at Marlake. The Order was suppressed in England under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[the Crown]] seized all its property. John Croke, who had bought Studley Priory's lands in 1542, bought the former Hospitaller estate at Marlake in 1542. In 1877 the Crokes sold Marlake and Studley to John Henderson.<ref name=Lobel/>  Building of the [[English country house|country house]] called Studley Priory began in the 16th century. The house's plan is irregular, which suggests that parts of the Benedictine priory buildings were absorbed into it. The house had been converted into a hotel by 1953<ref name=Lobel/> but ceased to be so in 2004.
==Chapels and church==
[[File:St Barnabas Church, Horton-cum-Studley - geograph.org.uk - 179173.jpg|thumb|upright|St Barnabas' parish church]]
Horton and Studley are more than {{convert|2+1/2|mi|0}} from the church of their ancient parish of Beckley. There is an isolated record of a chaplain serving Horton in the 13th century, but no subsequent records for about the next 300 years. However, there is a record from 1553 of a chapel at Horton that had clearly been there for some time.<ref name=Lobel/>  About 1639 Sir George Croke had the north wing of Studley Priory converted into a chapel. The old village chapel was allowed to fall into disrepair and by 1685 it had fallen down. Villagers worshipped at the new Priory chapel, and the residents of the [[almshouse]]s (see below) were duty bound to do so or else half of their weekly allowance would be stopped.<ref name=Lobel/>
The [[Church of England parish church]] of [[Saint Barnabas]] was built in 1867, apparently on or close to the site of the former village chapel. This made the Priory chapel unnecessary, so when the Croke family sold Studley to John Henderson in 1877 the chapel was converted into a kitchen and offices.<ref name=Lobel/>  The present St Barnabas' parish church was designed by the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival architect]] [[William Butterfield]] and built in 1867. It is built of yellow brick relieved by red and blue brick detailing. It has a [[nave]], [[chancel]] and  north [[Aisle#Architecture|aisle]]. St Barnabas' has no tower but there is a west bell-turret with two bells. The [[stained glass]] windows are by [[Alexander Gibbs]].{{sfn|Sherwood|Pevsner|1974|p=656}}  Early in the 19th century there were a number of Protestant [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]] in Horton and Studley, and some of their homes were licensed for them to worship in. The [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Methodist]] chapel was built in 1878.<ref name=Lobel/>
==Economic and social history==
Studley had a [[windmill]] by 1539, when it was listed among the estates of the priory that had just been dissolved and sold to John Croke. It was recorded on maps in the 17th and 18th centuries and finally on the parish of Beckley's [[inclosure]] maps of 1827–31. Its site is recorded by the name Mill Field, at the end of Mill Lane.<ref name=Lobel/>  Sir George Croke established the Studley Almshouse Charity in 1631 by an [[indenture]] that gave it an income from land at [[Easington, Buckinghamshire]]. The houses were built in 1639 for four local men over 60 years of age and four local women over 50 "well reputed for religion, and of good character and conversation". A further endowment to the charity was added by Sir Richard Ingoldsby, Lady Elizabeth Ingoldsby and Alexander Croke in 1668. The Otmoor Inclosure Award of 1825 added two acres and eight [[Perch (unit)|perches]] to the charity's endowment. The number of beneficiaries was reduced to two men and two women in 1880.<ref name=Lobel/>
In June 1643 during the [[English Civil War]] a force of 500 of [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert's]] cavalry reconnoitred Horton, unsuccessfully searching for an advancing force under the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]]. A few days later Essex advanced and unsuccessfully attacked [[Islip, Oxfordshire|Islip]]. After Essex withdrew, a Royalist force from Woodperry returned and drove the sheep off Horton Common.<ref name=Lobel/>  By 1819 Horton had a schoolmaster and by 1833 it had two small schools. In 1871 there were still two schools, but one had a charitable endowment and had 47 pupils. In 1891 the larger school came under the Church of England parish and had 59 pupils. It was still open in 1952 but by then had only 20 pupils.<ref name=Lobel/> It has since closed.  Horton had a post office in 1954<ref name=Lobel/> but it closed in October 2004.<ref name=NoticeBoard>{{Cite web |url=http://oxford-consultants.tripod.com/horton_cum_studley.htm |title=Horton cum Studley |work=Otmoor Notice Board |access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
===Inclosures===
A map of 1641 shows that by then [[inclosure]] had embraced at least two thirds of the Manor of Studley: {{convert|670|acre|ha}}. This included only a small proportion of the land around the manor house but a much larger proportion of the land of the former hamlets of Ash and Marlake.<ref name=Lobel/> Studley Mill Field continued to be cultivated under an [[open field system]].  By 1786 Horton had no large inclosures but about 150 small ones covering a total of {{convert|90|acre|ha}}. A further {{convert|460|acre|ha}} continued to be worked as common fields. West Farm at Horton was built in the 17th century.<ref name=Lobel/>  In 1829 Otmoor was inclosed and some of its land was added to the parish of Beckley, including {{convert|262|acre|ha}} for Horton and {{convert|200|acre|ha}} for Studley. In 1831 the parish of Beckley itself was inclosed.<ref name=Lobel/>
==Amenities==
Horton-cum-Studley has a [[public house]], formerly known as the Kings Arms, now trading as The Otmoor Lodge Hotel Bar Restaurant. It also has a [[village hall]], the Millennium Hall.<ref name=NoticeBoard/>  There is a Studley [[Women's Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thewi.org.uk/become-a-member/structure-of-the-wi/england/oxfordshire/find-a-wi/horton-cum-studley |title=Horton Cum Studley |publisher=National Federation of Women's Institutes |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> and a Horton-cum-Studley Tennis Club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hcstennis.com/ |title=Horton cum Studley Tennis Club |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> There are regular village events held in the Millennium Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://horton-cum-studley.org.uk/sites/default/files/HCS.MHC_.mins_.MAR_.2015.pdf |title=Minutes |date=5 March 2015 |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Horton cum Studley Millennium Hall Committee}}</ref>
== Citations ==
{{reflist}}
== General and cited references ==
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Lobel |editor-first=Mary D. |editor-link=Mary Lobel |year=1957 |title=A History of the County of Oxford |volume=5: ''Bullingdon Hundred'' |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for the [[Institute of Historical Research]] |pages=56–76 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol5/pp56-76 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Page |editor-first=W.H. |editor-link=William Henry Page |year=1907 |title=A History of the County of Oxford |volume=2: ''Ecclesiastical History, etc.'' |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=Westminster |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] & Co |pages=77–79 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol2/pp77-79 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sherwood |first1=Jennifer |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1974 |title=Oxfordshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-071045-0 |pages=656–657 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=Victor |year=2004 |chapter=Horton |title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names: Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0521168554 }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Horton-cum-Studley}}
* [http://oxford-consultants.tripod.com/horton_cum_studley.htm Horton-cum-Studley]
{{Cherwell}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Civil parishes in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Otmoor]]
[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]