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{{Short description|American botanist (1925 &ndash; 2016)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Hugh Iltis
| image = Hugh Iltis.jpg
| caption = Hugh Iltis at his 85th birthday celebration
| fields = [[Botany#Systematic botany|Systematic botany]]
| birth_name = Hugo Hellmut Iltis
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|4|7|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Brno]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|12|19|1925|4|7|mf=yes}}
| death_place = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Madison, Wisconsin]], [[United States|USA]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* Grace Schaffel
* [[Carolyn Merchant]]
* Sharyn Wisniewski}}
| children           = 4
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Tennessee]]
* [[Washington University in St. Louis]]}}
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Arkansas]]
* [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Edgar Anderson]]
| academic_advisors = {{Plainlist|
* [[Robert Everard Woodson|Robert Woodson]]
* [[Julian Alfred Steyermark|Julian Steyermark]]}}
| thesis_title = A Revision of the New World Species of Cleome
| thesis_year = 1952
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* Discoveries in the domestication of corn (''[[Zea mays]]'')
* [[Environmentalism|Environmental activism]]}}
| prizes = Merit Award of the [[National Wildlife Federation]] {{small|(1992)}}<br>[[Asa Gray#Namesakes|Asa Gray Award]] of the [[American Society of Plant Taxonomists]] {{small|(1994)}}<br>Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame {{small|(2017)<ref>{{cite news|title=Hugh Iltis Inducted into the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame|newspaper=Botany & Conservation: A newsletter for alumni and friends of Botany and Conservation Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Fall/Winter 2017|page=2|url=https://botany.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/251/2017/11/Botany_ConBio_Newsletter_F2017-web.pdf}}
</ref>}}
| author_abbrev_bot = Iltis
}}
'''Hugh Iltis''' (April 7, 1925 – December 19, 2016) was a professor of [[botany]] and director of the [[herbarium]] at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]. While he is most noted as a scientist for his role in the discovery of perennial [[Zea (plant)#Origin of maize and interaction with teosintes|teosinte]] (''[[Zea diploperennis]]''), a wild [[Ploidy#Diploid|diploid]] relative of modern maize (''[[Zea mays]]''), he is also remembered as an outspoken [[Environmentalism|environmental]] [[Conservation movement|conservationist]].<ref name="Wahlberg">{{cite news|first=David |last=Wahlberg |date=24 December 2016 |url=https://host.madison.com/wsj/news/hugh-iltis-uw-botanist-and-outspoken-environmentalist-dies-at/article_2385d8a4-19cf-59e6-8ebb-806c38c28a2c.html |title=Hugh Iltis, UW Botanist and Outspoken Environmentalist, Dies at 91|work=[[Capital Times]]|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
==Life and work==
He was born '''Hugo Hellmut Iltis''' to Anni (née Liebscher) and [[Hugo Iltis]], a botanist and geneticist who was a life sciences teacher at the German-language [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] of [[Brno#20th century and Greater Brno|Brünn (Brno)]]. His father was also the first biographer of [[Gregor Mendel]]<ref>M. Turda and P.J. Weindling, eds. ''"Blood and Homeland": Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940''. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007.</ref> and a vocal opponent of [[Nazi eugenics|Nazi "racial science"]]. In the fall of 1938, the Iltis family was granted visas to enter the United States thanks to the intercession of the [[Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars]], along with affidavits of endorsement from [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Franz Boas]]. In January 1939, when [[Hitler]]'s military was preparing the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia#Second Republic (October 1938 to March 1939)|invasion of Czechoslovakia]], thirteen-year-old Hugo escaped with his mother and his older brother [[Fred Iltis|Wilfred]] on a harrowing train ride that traversed [[Nazi Germany]] to France. He recalled that during a midnight stop at the [[Stuttgart]] station, [[Gestapo]] officers combed the train, removing ten passengers; the Iltises survived because the boys pretended to be asleep while their mother bluffed that she was the wife of a French diplomat. In [[Cherbourg]], they were joined by Hugo Iltis and boarded the passenger ship [[RMS Aquitania]] for the Atlantic crossing. They settled in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], where the senior Hugo Iltis was soon appointed to a professorship in biology at [[University of Mary Washington|Mary Washington College]] and the younger Hugo Americanized his name to '''Hugh Iltis'''.
Iltis' undergraduate enrollment at the [[University of Tennessee]] was interrupted by service in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946, initially as a medic. Because of his native proficiency in German, he was transferred to an [[Ritchie Boys|intelligence unit]]. After [[World War II]], Iltis was stationed in Germany, where he participated in the interrogation of captive [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officers, including [[Heinrich Himmler]], and processed documents to prosecute [[German war crimes|Nazi war crimes]] at [[Nuremberg trials|Nuremberg]].
Iltis returned to the University of Tennessee, where he studied botany under [[Aaron John Sharp|Aaron J. Sharp]]. He carried out graduate studies at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], where he received his Ph.D. in 1952 under the direction of [[Edgar Anderson]]. He was primarily trained in plant systematics and taxonomy, with a focus on the caper family (''[[Capparaceae]]'') and the spider-flower family (''[[Cleomaceae]]''). His first academic appointment was at the [[University of Arkansas]] from 1952 to 1955, and here he completed a study of the ''Capparaceae'' of [[Nevada]]. Later works formed a series, "Studies in the ''Capparaceae''", which includes 24 publications, including newly described species and genera. An associated series of papers describes his research in the ''Cleomaceae''. (At the time when he did his studies, the ''Cleomaceae'' was included in the ''Capparaceae''.)
In 1955,<ref name="Obit">{{cite news|title=Hugh H. Iltis |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39888451/hugh_iltis_19262016/ |newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal |date=April 29, 2017 |page=A5 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=December 1, 2019}} {{Open access}}</ref> Iltis relocated to the Botany Department of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where in addition to directing the herbarium he regularly taught plant geography, taxonomy, and grass systematics. He arranged to purchase much of the [[Catholic University of America]] herbarium when it was deaccessioned. By the time of his retirement in 1993, he had directed 37 candidates pursuing graduate degrees, and he and his students had collected thousands of specimens throughout the Upper Midwest to document distributions of plant species, leading to the publication of the ''Atlas of the Wisconsin Prairie and Savanna Flora'' (2000) coauthored with Herbarium Curator Theodore Cochrane. Anecdotes abounded concerning his colorful, often imperious manner.<ref name=phytophactor>{{cite web|url=http://phytophactor.fieldofscience.com/2017/01/the-botanical-world-just-got-bit-less.html|title=The Botanical World Just Got a Bit Less Colorful – Hugh Iltis RIP|publisher=Phytophactor, 18 January 2017|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> One colleague poked fun at Iltis by taping on his office door a cartoon that showed a boss dictating to a secretary and concluding, "Type that up, make ten thousand copies, and send them to all the important people in the world."[https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=shr0820] At the end of a public lecture, when an audience member asked flippantly, "What good is nature?" Iltis shot back, "What good are you?"<ref name="Memorial">{{cite web|url=https://kb.wisc.edu/images/group222/shared/2017-05-01FacultySenate/2682_IltisMR.pdf|title=Memorial resolution|publisher=Faculty Senate, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1 May 2017|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Yet students flocked to his course on "Man's Need for Nature", and he was generous with his knowledge and his counsel. He cultivated strong ties with Latin American botanists, often hosting them for extended stays at his home located within the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum]].
An avid [[Natural history|naturalist]], Iltis conducted numerous expeditions to [[Mexico]] and Central and South America to search for new discoveries. High in the [[Altiplano]] of southern [[Peru]] in 1962, he noticed a tiny flower that had not yet been classified by taxonomists. A full fifty years later, he and Harvey Ballard finally named it ''[[Viola lilliputana]]'', and it was selected as one of the top ten new species of the year by the [[International Institute for Species Exploration]].<ref>[https://www.esf.edu/top10/2013/01.htm Lilliputian Violet - Top 10 New Species of 2013.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930163543/https://www.esf.edu/top10/2013/01.htm |date=2022-09-30 }} Iltis worked together with [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Eugene_Ballard Harvey Ballard].</ref> Iltis' work was of economic importance, because he identified new sources of genetic variability that have been used by [[horticulture|horticultural]] breeders. On the same 1962 expedition to Peru, he spotted a wild [[tomato]] that he recorded as No. 832. He collected specimens for several herbaria, and sent samples and seeds to various specialists in the field. This plant turned out to be a new species of tomato with much higher sugar and solids content than domestically grown tomatoes. As a source for hybridization with domestic tomatoes, it has been used both to improve the flavor of tomatoes and to boost solids content.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Discovery of No. 832: An Essay in Defense of the [[National Science Foundation]] | volume=3 | journal=Desert Plants | year=1982 | author=Iltis, Hugh H. | pages=175–192}}</ref>
[[File:Fred-Iltis-2005-San-Jose-California-with-Zea-diploperennis.jpg|thumb|Hugh Iltis' brother [[Fred Iltis|Wilfred]] with ''Zea diploperennis'' in his home garden]]
Iltis used taxonomic and morphological approaches to investigate the domestication of corn, tracing the changes that transformed an unpromising wild grass into one of the most important food crops. His work supported the view that domestic corn was derived from a species of [[teosinte]], a group of grasses that grows wild in many areas of Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal| title=From Teosinte to Maize: The Catastrophic Sexual Transmutation | volume=222 | journal=Science | year=1983 | author=Iltis, Hugh H. | pages=886–894| doi=10.1126/science.222.4626.886| pmid=17738466| issue=4626| bibcode=1983Sci...222..886I | s2cid=23247509 }}</ref> It was generally believed that the original wild corn was extinct in the wild. Iltis used a hypothetical illustration of this plant for a New Year's greeting card that he sent to family and friends in 1976.<ref name=phytophactor/><ref name="Tenenbaum">{{cite news|first=David |last=Tenenbaum |date=30 December 2016 |url=https://news.wisc.edu/hugh-iltis-uws-battling-botanist-dies-at-91/ |title=Hugh Iltis, UW's 'Battling Botanist', Dies at 91|work=UW–Madison News|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> This drawing prompted a Mexican colleague, Luz María Villarreal de Puga (1913–2013), to launch an intensive search for just such a plant, and one of her students, Rafael Guzmán, found it (or so he thought) growing in the wild. In 1978, Iltis led a team of botanists to the site and determined that it was in fact a heretofore unknown species of teosinte, ''Zea diploperennis'', which is valued for its resistance to certain viruses.<ref>{{cite journal| title=''Zea diploperennis'' (Gramineae): A New Teosinte from Mexico | journal=Science | year=1979 |volume=203|pages=186–187 |author1=Iltis, Hugh H. |author2=Doebly, John F. |author3=Guzmán, Rafael |author4=Pazy, Batia | issue=4376 |doi=10.1126/science.203.4376.186 |pmid=17834721| bibcode=1979Sci...203..186I | s2cid=28018094 }}</ref>
Iltis warned that the practice of collecting plants in tropical countries without involving local botanists and without depositing duplicate specimens in local herbaria would eventually cause trouble. And indeed, in recent years Brazil and some Andean countries have enacted laws that severely restrict field studies.
Iltis was an outspoken [[environmentalist]] and [[conservation movement|conservationist]], championing the preservation of threatened habitats to protect [[biodiversity]]. Some species of teosinte are critically endangered, and all face a growing threat as agricultural land use expands in Mexico. He campaigned with colleagues at the [[University of Guadalajara]] to protect the natural environment of ''Zea diploperennis'' by creating the 345,000-acre [[Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve]]. He cofounded the Wisconsin chapter of the [[The Nature Conservancy|Nature Conservancy]] in 1960 and helped establish [[Natural Area Reserves System Hawaii|Hawaii's Natural Areas Law]] of 1970. He was a leader in the campaign to ban [[DDT]] in Wisconsin, which in 1968 was the first U.S. state to do so. He also called for a moratorium on cutting virgin timber in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucey Halts Timber Cutting in 'Big Block' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39947700/hugh_iltis_19252016/ |newspaper=The Daily Tribune |date=October 15, 1971 |page=12 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=December 2, 2019}} {{Open access}}</ref> In a 1970 article, "Man First? Man Last? The Paradox of Human Ecology", he wrote: "If we are to usher in an Age of Ecologic Reason, we must accept the certainty of a radical economic and political restructuring as well as ethical and cultural restructuring of society.  No more expanding populations.... We must stop and limit ourselves now."<ref name=Wahlberg/>
Iltis fathered four sons, Frank and Michael by his first wife, Grace Schaffel, and David and John by his second wife, [[Carolyn Merchant]]. He and his third wife, Sharyn Wisniewski (1950–2013), endowed a fund at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Botany to support graduate student fieldwork in plant systematics. He remained active up to his death in Madison<ref name="Obit"/> at age 91 from complications of [[vascular disease]]. His papers are preserved in the archives of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
==Honors==
Fellow botanists have honored Iltis by naming two genera and 19 species of plants after him. He received the [[Asa Gray#Namesakes|Asa Gray Award]] of the [[American Society of Plant Taxonomists]] (1994) and a Merit Award of the [[Botanical Society of America]] (1996). Internationally, he received a Contribución Distinguida award from the president of Mexico for his role in establishing the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (1987), the Luz María Villarreal de Puga Medal from the University of Guadalajara (1994), and an honorary doctorate from the same university (2007). He received the Sol Feinstone Environmental Award conferred by the [[State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry]] (1990), the [[National Wildlife Federation]]'s Merit Award (1992), and the [[Society for Conservation Biology]] Service Award (1994). On [[Earth Day]] 2017, he was posthumously inducted into the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame.<ref name=Memorial/>
==Selected publications==
* Iltis, Hugh H. (1947).  "A Visit to Gregor Mendel's Home".  ''Journal of Heredity'', vol. 38. no. 6, pp.&nbsp;163–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105719
* Iltis, Hugh H. (1950).  "Studies in Virginia Plants. I. List of Bryophytes from the Vicinity of Fredericksburg, Virginia."  ''Castanea. The Journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club'', vol. 15, pp.&nbsp;38–50.
* Iltis, Hugh H. (1955). '''Capparidaceae' of Nevada''. Beltsville: National Arboretum and Section of Plant Introduction, Horticultural Corp Research Branch, Plant Industry Station. 24 pp.
* Iltis, Hugh H. (1973). [http://iltis.botany.wisc.edu/Can%20one%20love%20a%20plastic%20tree%20.pdf "Can One Love a Plastic Tree?"] ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', 54(4), 5–7,19. {{JSTOR|20165966}}
* Iltis, Hugh H., Doebley, John F., Guzmán, Rafael, & Pazy, Batia (1979). "''Zea diploperennis'' (Gramineae): A New Teosinte from Mexico". ''Science'', 203(4376), 186–188.
* Iltis, Hugh H., & Doebley, John F. (1980). "Taxonomy of ''Zea'' (Gramineae). II. Subspecific Categories in the ''Zea mays'' Complex and a Generic Synopsis". ''American Journal of Botany'', 994–1004.
* {{cite journal | author = Iltis, Hugh H. | year = 1982 | title = Discovery of No. 832: An Essay in Defense of the National Science Foundation | journal = Desert Plants | volume = 3 | pages = 175–192 }} https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/550937/dp_03_04-175-192.pdf;jsessionid=15E022575DB1DF6E55009B91F11F29B3?sequence=1
* {{cite journal | author = Iltis, Hugh H. | year = 1983 | title = From Teosinte to Maize: The Catastrophic Sexual Transmutation | journal = Science | volume = 222 | issue = 4626| pages = 886–894 | doi=10.1126/science.222.4626.886 | pmid=17738466| bibcode = 1983Sci...222..886I | s2cid = 23247509 }}
* Iltis, Hugh H. (2000). "Homeotic Sexual Translocations and the Origin of Maize (''Zea mays'', Poaceae): A New Look at an Old Problem". ''Economic Botany'', 54(1), 7–42. {{doi|10.1007/BF02866598}}
* Iltis, Hugh H., & Benz, Bruce F. (2000). "''Zea nicaraguensis'' (Poaceae), a New Teosinte from Pacific Coastal Nicaragua". ''Novon'', 382–390.
* Cochrane, Theodore S., & Iltis, Hugh H. (2000). ''Atlas of the Wisconsin Prairie and Savanna Flora.''	Madison: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 226 pp. [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/EcoNatRes.DNRBull191 Online]
* Ballard, Harvey E., and Iltis, Hugh H. (2012). "''Viola lilliputana sp. Nov.'' (Viola sect. Andinium, Violaceae), One of the World’s Smallest Violets, from the Andes of Peru". ''Brittonia'', 64(4), 353-358.
{{Botanist|Iltis|Iltis, Hugh}}
==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}
==External links==
{{wikispecies|Hugh Hellmut Iltis|Hugh Iltis}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/99101654073602122 Hugh H. Iltis papers], UW Archives
* [https://herbarium.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2017/05/Iltis_CV_long_1Mar2017.pdf Curriculum vitae 2017]
* [https://teosinte.wisc.edu/images.html Photos] of maize and teosinte
* [http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-71512017000200007&lng=en&nrm=iso Photos] of Hugh Iltis
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iltis, Hugh}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American botanists]]
[[Category:21st-century American botanists]]
[[Category:American conservationists]]
[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:Botanists active in North America]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Central America]]
[[Category:Czech botanists]]
[[Category:Czech Jews]]
[[Category:Czech refugees]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:Scientists from Brno]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madison, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Scientists from Virginia]]
[[Category:University of Arkansas faculty]]
[[Category:University of Tennessee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]