View source for Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford

{{Short description|13th-century English nobleman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Peer
| name          = Humphrey de Bohun
| birth_date    = {{c.}} 1249<ref group="nb">He was reported to be 18½ years old in the 51st year of the reign of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], and 24 or 26 after the death of his grandfather in 1275. Cokayne (1910–59), pp. 463–6.</ref>
| birth_place   =
| death_date    = 31 December 1298
| death_place   = [[Pleshey]], [[Essex]], England
| resting_place = [[Saffron Walden|Walden Priory]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|52.0262|0.2449|display=inline}}
| title         = 3rd [[Earl of Hereford]]
| tenure        = 1270–1298
| image             =BohunArms.png
| caption           =Arms of Bohun: ''Azure, a bend argent cotised or between six lions rampant of the last''
| other_titles  = 2nd [[Earl of Essex]]
| known_for     = Opposition to [[Edward I]]
| years_active  = 1260s–1298
| nationality   = English
| residence     = [[Pleshey Castle]]
| locality      = [[Essex]], [[Wiltshire]], [[Welsh Marches]]
| networth      =
| wars_and_battles = [[Wales in the Late Middle Ages|Welsh Wars]]
| offices       = [[Lord High Constable of England|Constable of England]]
| predecessor   = [[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford]]
| spouse        = Maud de Fiennes
| issue         = [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]]
| parents       = Humphrey (V) de Bohun<br>[[Eleanor de Braose]]
| signature     =
}}
'''Humphrey (VI) de Bohun''' (c. 1249&nbsp;– 31 December 1298), 3rd Earl of [[Hereford]] and 2nd Earl of Essex, was an English nobleman known primarily for his opposition to King [[Edward I]] over the ''[[Confirmatio Cartarum]].''<ref name="HistDic">Fritze and Robison, (2002).</ref> He was also an active participant in the [[Wales in the Late Middle Ages|Welsh Wars]] and maintained for several years a private feud with the [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|earl of Gloucester]].<ref name="WW?">Hicks (1991).</ref> His father, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, fought on the side of the rebellious barons in the [[Second Barons' War|Barons' War]]. When Humphrey (V) predeceased his father, Humphrey (VI) became heir to his grandfather, [[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (IV)]]. At Humphrey (IV)'s death in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of [[Earl of Hereford|Hereford]] and [[Earl of Essex|Essex]]. He also inherited major possessions in the [[Welsh Marches]] from his mother, [[Eleanor de Braose]].
Bohun spent most of his early career reconquering marcher lands captured by [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] during the Welsh war in England. This was finally accomplished through Edward I's war in [[Wales]] in 1277. Hereford also fought in Wales in 1282–83 and 1294–95. At the same time he also had private feuds with other [[marcher lord]]s, and his conflict with Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, eventually ended with the personal intervention of King Edward himself. Hereford's final years were marked by the opposition he and [[Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk]], mounted against the military and fiscal policy of Edward I. The conflict escalated to a point where civil war threatened, but was resolved when the war effort turned towards Scotland. The king signed the ''Confirmatio Cartarum''—a confirmation of [[Magna Carta]]—and Bohun and Bigod agreed to serve on the [[Battle of Falkirk|Falkirk Campaign]]. Bohun died in 1298, and was succeeded by his son, [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]].
==Family background and inheritance==
Humphrey (VI) de Bohun was part of a line of Anglo-Norman aristocrats going back to the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], most of whom carried the same name.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2004|title=Bohun, Humphrey (III) de (b. before 1144, d. 1181)|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|last=White|first=Graeme|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2774}}<!--|access-date=2009-04-12--></ref> His grandfather was [[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (IV) de Bohun]], who had been part of the baronial opposition of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], but later gone over to the royal side. He was taken prisoner at the [[Battle of Lewes]] in May 1264, but was restored to favour after the royalist victory at the [[Battle of Evesham]] the next year.<ref name="DNB HB IV">Vincent (2004).</ref> Humphrey (IV)'s son, Humphrey (V) de Bohun, remained loyal to the baronial side throughout the [[Second Barons' War|Barons' War]], and was captured at Evesham on 4 August 1265. In October of that year, Humphrey (V) died in captivity at [[Beeston Castle]] in Cheshire from injuries he had sustained in the battle.<ref>Powicke (1953), p. 202.</ref>
Humphrey (V) had been excluded from succession as a result of his rebellion, but when Humphrey (IV) died in 1275, Humphrey (VI) inherited the earldoms of [[Earl of Hereford|Hereford]] and [[Earl of Essex|Essex]].<ref name="DNB">Waugh (2004).</ref> Humphrey (VI) had already served as deputy [[Lord High Constable of England|Constable of England]] under Humphrey (IV).<ref name="Cokayne">Cokayne (1910–59), pp. 463–6.</ref> Humphrey (IV) had reserved the [[Honour (land)|honour]] of [[Pleshey]] for his younger son Henry, but the remainder of his lands went to Humphrey (VI).<ref name="DNB HB IV"/> The inheritance Humphrey (VI) received—in addition to land in [[Essex]] and [[Wiltshire]] from Humphrey (IV)—also consisted of significant holdings in the [[Welsh Marches]] from his mother.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 21.</ref> His mother [[Eleanor de Braose|Eleanor]] was a daughter and coheir of [[William de Braose (died 1230)|William de Braose]] and his wife [[Eva Marshal]], who in turn was the daughter and co-heir of [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]], regent to [[Henry III of England|Henry III]].<ref name="DNB"/>
Since Humphrey (VI) was only sixteen years old at the time of his father's death, the Braose lands were taken into the king's custody until 1270.<ref name="HistDic"/> Part of this inheritance, the marcher lordship of [[Brecon]], was in the meanwhile given to the custody of [[Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford|Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford]]. Humphrey technically regained his lordship from Clare in 1270, but by this time these lands had effectively been taken over by the [[Wales|Welsh]] prince [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], who had taken advantage of the previous decade's political chaos in England to extend his territory into the Marches.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 112.</ref>
He granted his brother [[Sir Gilbert de Bohun]] all of their mother's lands in Ireland and some land in England and Wales.
==Welsh Wars==
{{See also|Conquest of Wales by Edward I}}
Over the next years, much of Hereford's focus was on reconquering his lost lands in the Marches, primarily through private warfare against Llywelyn.<ref>Davies (2000), pp. 322–3.</ref> Henry III died in 1272, while his son—now [[Edward I]]—was crusading; Edward did not return until 1274.<ref>Powicke (1952), pp. 225–6.</ref> Llywelyn refused to pay homage to the new king, partly because of the military actions of Bohun and other marcher lords, which Llywelyn saw as violations of the [[Treaty of Montgomery]].<ref>Prestwich (1997), pp. 174–5.</ref> On 12 November 1276, Hereford was present at a royal assembly where judgment was passed on Llewelyn,<ref name="Cokayne"/> and in 1277, Edward I declared war on the Welsh prince.<ref>Powicke (1952), p. 408.</ref> Rebellion in his own Brecon lands delayed Hereford's participation in the early days of the Welsh war. He managed, however, to both suppress the rebellion and conquer lands further west.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 171.</ref> He then joined up with the royal army and served for a while in Anglesey, before returning to Brecon, where he received the surrender of certain Welsh lords.<ref>Morris (1901), pp. 178–9, 194.</ref> After the campaign was over, on 2 January 1278, he received protection from King Edward to go on pilgrimage to [[Santiago de Compostela]] in Spain.<ref name="Cokayne"/>
In 1282, war with Wales broke out again; this time it would not be simply a [[Punitive expedition|punitive campaign]], but a full-scale war of conquest.<ref>Prestwich (1997), p. 188.</ref> Initially, the king wanted to fight the war with paid forces, but the nobility insisted on the use of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] summons. To men like Hereford, this was preferable, because as part of a feudal army the participants would have both a stake in the war and a justifiable claim on conquered land. In the end, although the earls won, none of them were paid for the war effort.<ref>Prestwich (1972), pp. 71–3.</ref> Hereford jealously guarded his authority as hereditary Constable of England, and protested vigorously when the [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester]] was appointed commander of the forces in South Wales.<ref>Prestwich (1972), p. 72.</ref> In the post-war settlement, however, neither Hereford nor Gloucester received any significant rewards of land, the way several other magnates did.<ref>Prestwich (1997), p. 204.</ref> Hereford fought again in Wales, in the suppression of [[Welsh revolt of 1294–95|the rebellion of 1294–95]], when he again had to pacify the territory of Brecon before joining the king in the north.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 256.</ref>
==Private war in the Marches==
[[File:WalesBrecknockshireTrad.png|thumb|upright|left|The [[Historic counties of Wales|historic county]] of [[Brecknockshire]], which corresponds roughly to Hereford's lordship of Brecon (the bulk), together with the Lordship of [[Buellt]] (the northwest corner).]]
Parallel with the Welsh Wars, Hereford was also struggling to assert his claims to lands in the Marches against other marcher lords. In 1284 Edward I granted the [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundred]] of [[Iscennen]] in [[Carmarthenshire]] to [[John Giffard (died 1299)|John Giffard]]. Hereford believed the land belonged to him by right of conquest, and started a campaign to win the lands back, but the king took Giffard's side.<ref>Morris (1901), pp. 201–2.</ref> Problems also arose with the earl of Gloucester. As Gloucester's former ward, Hereford had to buy back his own right of marriage, but Gloucester claimed he had not received the full sum.<ref name="DNB"/> There was also remaining resentment on Hereford's part for his subordination to Gloucester in the 1282–83 campaign. The conflict came to a head when Gloucester's started construction of a castle at [[Morlais Castle|Morlais]], which Hereford claimed was his land.<ref name="Prestwich 136">Prestwich (2007), p. 136.</ref> In 1286, the Crown ordered Gloucester to cease, but to no avail.<ref>Prestwich (1997), p. 348.</ref>
It had long been established Marches custom to solve conflicts through private warfare.<ref name="HistDic"/> Hereford's problem, however, was his relative weakness in the Marches, and now he was facing open conflict with two different enemies. He, therefore, decided to take the issue to the king instead, in a break with tradition.<ref name="DNB"/> King Edward again ordered Gloucester to stop, but the earl ignored the order and initiated raids on Hereford's lands.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 226.</ref> Hostilities continued and Hereford responded, until both earls were arrested and brought before the king.<ref>Carpenter (2003), p. 478.</ref> The real offence was not the private warfare in itself, but the fact that the earls had not respected the king's injunction to cease.<ref name="WW?"/> In the parliament of January 1292, Gloucester was fined 10,000 [[Mark (currency)|marks]] and Hereford 1,000. Gloucester's [[Liberty (division)|liberty]] of [[Glamorgan]] was declared [[Asset forfeiture|forfeit]], and confiscated by the crown, as was Hereford's of Brecon.<ref>Powicke (1952), p. 350</ref>
In the end, the fines were never paid, and the lands were soon restored.<ref name="Prestwich 136"/> Edward had nevertheless demonstrated an important point. After the conquest of Wales, the strategic position of the Marcher lordships was less vital to the English crown, and the liberty awarded to the marcher lords could be curtailed.<ref name="WW?"/> For Edward this was, therefore, a good opportunity to assert the [[Royal Prerogative|royal prerogative]], and to demonstrate that it extended also into the Marches of Wales.<ref>Davies (1978), pp. 259–60, 255–7.</ref>
==Opposition to Edward I==
In 1294 the French king declared the English [[Duke of Aquitaine|duchy of Aquitaine]] forfeit, and war broke out between the two countries.<ref>Prestwich (1997), pp. 378–9.</ref> Edward I embarked on a wide-scale and costly project of building alliances with other princes on the Continent, and preparing an invasion.<ref>Prestwich (1997), pp. 387–8.</ref> When the king, at the parliament of March 1297 in Salisbury, demanded military service from his earls, [[Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk]], refused in his capacity of marshal of England. The argument was that the king's subjects were not obliged to serve abroad if not in the company of the king, but Edward insisted on taking his army to [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] while sending his earls to [[Gascony]].<ref>Powicke (1952), pp. 666, 678.</ref>
[[File:A Chronicle of England - Page 273 - Edward Threatens the Lord Marshal.jpg|thumb|200px|Bohun and Bigod confront King Edward. Early 20th-century imaginary illustration]]
At the time of the Salisbury parliament, Hereford was accompanying two of the king's daughters to [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], and could not be present.<ref>Powicke (1952), p. 680 ''n''.</ref> On his return, however, as Constable of England, he joined Bigod in July in refusing to perform feudal service.<ref name="DNB"/> The two earls were joined in their opposition by the earls of [[Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel|Arundel]] and [[William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick|Warwick]].<ref>Prestwich (1997), p. 419.</ref> The main reason for the magnates' defiance was the heavy burden of taxation caused by Edward's continuous warfare in Wales, France and Scotland. In this they were also joined by [[Robert Winchelsey]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who was in the midst of an ongoing dispute with the king over [[cleric]]al taxation.<ref>Prestwich (1997), p. 420.</ref> At one point Bohun and Bigod turned up in person at the Exchequer to protest a tax they claimed did not have the consent of the community of the realm.<ref>Carpenter (2003), p. 485.</ref> For Hereford there was also a personal element in the opposition to the king, after the humiliation and the affront to his liberties he had suffered over the dispute in the Marches.<ref>Morris (2008), p. 297.</ref><ref>Morris (1901), pp. 274–5.</ref> At a meeting just outside London, Bohun gave an impassioned speech objecting to the king's abuse of power and demanding the restoration of ancient liberties. The grievances were summarised in a document known as the [[Remonstrances]].<ref>Prestwich (1997), pp. 420–1.</ref>
Neither party showed any inclination to back down, and the nation seemed on the brink of another civil war.<ref>Davies (1978), p. 269.</ref> Just as the conflict was coming to a head, however, external events intervened to settle it. In September 1297, the English suffered a heavy defeat to the Scots at the [[Battle of Stirling Bridge]].<ref>Morris (1901), p. 283.</ref> The Scottish victory exposed the north of England to Scottish raids led by [[William Wallace]]. The war with Scotland received wider support from the English magnates, now that their own homeland was threatened, than did the war in France to protect the king's continental possessions.<ref>Prestwich (2007), p. 170.</ref> Edward abandoned his campaign in France and negotiated a truce with the French king. He agreed to confirm [[Magna Carta]] in the so-called ''[[Confirmation of Charters|Confirmatio Cartarum]]'' (Confirmation of the Charters).<ref>Prestwich (1997), pp. 427–8.</ref> The earls consequently consented to serve with the king in Scotland, and Hereford was in the army that won a decisive victory over the Scots in the [[Battle of Falkirk]] in 1298.<ref name="Cokayne"/> Hereford, not satisfied that the king had upheld the charter, withdrew after the battle, forcing Edward to abandon the campaign.<ref name="WW?"/>
==Death and family==
[[File:Pleshey Castle (3) (22075584835).jpg|thumb|The earthwork remains of [[Pleshey Castle]] where Humphrey de Bohun died.]]
In 1275 Bohun married [[Maud de Fiennes]], daughter of Enguerrand de Fiennes, chevalier,{{failed verification|date=April 2018}} seigneur of Fiennes,{{failed verification|date=April 2018}} by his 2nd wife, Isabel{{failed verification|date=April 2018}} (kinswoman of Queen Eleanor of Provence){{failed verification|date=April 2018}}. She predeceased him,{{failed verification|date=April 2018}} and was buried at [[Saffron Walden|Walden Priory]] in Essex.{{failed verification|date=April 2018}} Hereford himself died at [[Pleshey|Pleshey Castle]] on 31 December 1298, and was buried at Walden alongside his wife.<ref name="DNB"/> They had one son [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]], born around 1276.<ref>Cokayne (1910–59), p. 467.</ref> The son was given possession of his father's lands and titles on 16 February 1299.<ref name="HBC">{{cite book|last=Fryde|first=E. B.|title=Handbook of British Chronology|edition=Second|publisher=Royal Historical Society|location=London|year=1961|page=431}}</ref> The young Humphrey also inherited his father's title of Constable of England.<ref>Morris (1901), p. 300.</ref>
A common theme in Humphrey de Bohun's actions was his fierce protection of what he regarded as his feudal privileges.<ref name="HistDic"/> His career was marked by turbulence and political strife, particularly in the Marches of Wales, but eventually he left a legacy of consolidated possessions there. In 1297, at the height of the conflict between Edward I and rebellious barons, the king had actively tried to undermine Hereford's authority in the Marches, but failed due to the good relations the earl enjoyed with the local men.<ref>Davies (1978), p. 290.</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=David|authorlink=David Carpenter (historian)|title=The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066-1284|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2003|isbn=0-19-522000-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Cokayne|first=George|authorlink=George Cokayne|title=[[The Complete Peerage|The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom]]|edition=New|publisher=The St. Catherine Press|location=London|year=1910–59|volume=VI}}
*{{cite book|last=Davies|first=R. R.|authorlink=Rees Davies|title=Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282-1400|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1978|isbn=0-19-822454-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Davies|first=R. R.|title=The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063-1415|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2000|isbn=0-19-820878-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Fritze|first=Ronald H.|author2=William Baxter Robison|title=Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272-1485|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, London|year=2002|chapter=Bohoun, Humphrey de, 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex (c. 1249-98)|isbn=0-313-29124-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&pg=PA61|access-date=2009-04-11|pages= 61–3}}
*{{cite book|last=Hicks|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Hicks (historian)|title=Who's Who in Late Medieval England (1272-1485)|publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn|location=London|year=1991|series=Who's Who in British History Series|volume=3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinlatemed0000hick/page/29 29–30]|isbn=0-85683-092-5|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinlatemed0000hick/page/29}}
*{{cite book|last=Morris|first=J. E.|title=The Welsh Wars of Edward I|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028052797|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1901}}
*{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Marc|title=A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain|publisher=Hutchinson|location=London|year=2008|edition=updated|isbn=978-0-09-179684-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Prestwich|title=War, Politics and Finance under Edward I|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=London|year=1972|isbn=0-571-09042-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=Edward I|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|year=1997|edition=updated|isbn=0-300-07209-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=Plantagenet England: 1225-1360|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2007|edition=new|isbn=978-0-19-822844-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/plantagenetengla00pres_0}}
*{{cite book|last=Powicke|first=F. M.|authorlink=F. M. Powicke|title=The Thirteenth Century: 1216-1307|publisher=Clarendon|location=Oxford|year=1953|isbn=0-19-285249-3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Vincent|first=Nicholas|title=Bohun, Humphrey (IV) de, second earl of Hereford and seventh earl of Essex (d. 1275)|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2775}}<!--|access-date=2009-04-12-->
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Waugh|first=Scott L.|title=Bohun, Humphrey (VI) de, third earl of Hereford and eighth earl of Essex (c.1249–1298)|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2776}}<!--|access-date=2009-04-12-->
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Le Melletier|first=Jean|title=Les Seigneurs de Bohon: Illustre Famille Anglo-Normande Originaire du Contentin|publisher=Coutances: Imprint Arnaud-Bel|year=1978|pages=32–4}}
*{{cite book|last=Jones|first=G.|title=The Bohun Earls of Hereford and Essex, 1270-1322|publisher=Oxford M.Litt. thesis|year=1984}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Hamo de Crevecoeur]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
| years=1264–?}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Edmund Crouchback]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (IV) de Bohun]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]]
| years=1275–1297}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (VII) de Bohun]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (IV) de Bohun]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Hereford]]<br>[[Earl of Essex]]
| years= 1275–1297}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford|Humphrey (VII) de Bohun]]}}
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{{good article}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of}}
[[Category:1240s births]]
[[Category:1298 deaths]]
[[Category:Lord high constables of England]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Earls of Hereford (1199 creation)|03]]
[[Category:Earls of Essex (1239 creation)|02]]
[[Category:13th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:13th-century English Navy personnel]]
[[Category:Bohun family]]