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{{short description|Weather lore named after a group of saints}}
[[File:Santi di ghiaccio.jpg|thumb|The four Ice Saints]]
The '''Ice Saints''' are St. [[Mamertus]], St. [[Pancras of Rome|Pancras]], and St. [[Saint Servatius|Servatius]], (and in some countries, [[Saint Boniface of Tarsus]] - May 14). They are so named because their [[feast day]]s fall on the days of May 11, May 12, and May 13 respectively, which often saw the last cold snap of the season.
In the UK, the term ''[[wikt:blackthorn winter|the blackthorn winter]]'' is an old phrase, originating in rural England, to describe colder spring air.<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-10/the-return-of-the-blackthorn-winter Verasamy, Lucy. "The return of the blackthorn winter", ITV News, April 10, 2019]</ref>
==Folklore==
In parts of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], the period from May 12 to May 15 is often believed to bring a brief spell of colder weather in many years, including the last nightly frosts of the spring. Pupils of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] confirmed this weather pattern for the years 1655-70 and reported a marked cold snap over the days of the Ice Saints. However, in 1902 William Dines, President of the [[Royal Meteorological Society]], used modern statistical techniques to demonstrate that the Ice Saints were a myth, brought about by selective reporting. On the other hand, a review of [[Kew Gardens]] data from 1941 to 1969 showed that 13 May was usually the warmest day of the month, and was followed by a sharp drop in temperature.<ref name=Hambling>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2013/may/10/weatherwatch-cold-may-ice-saints Hambling, David. "A cold snap in May? Are the saints to blame?", ''The Guardian'', May 10, 2013]</ref>
The tradition likely originated during the Middle Ages.<ref>[https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/weather/weather-and-climate-from-a-to-z/ice-saints.html "Ice Saints",  Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss]</ref> In the Middle Ages, it was important for farmers not to sow their crops too early so that the last frost would not destroy the harvest.<ref>[https://www.tfa-dostmann.de/en/ice-saints/ Amend, Birgit. "Ice Saints",  TFA Guide, June 5, 2024]</ref> In southern Germany, many gardeners don't plant until the end of the ''"Eisheilige,"'' the four successive feast days of the "ice saints" Mamertus, Pancras, Servatus and Boniface — May 11-14. The chilly period ends with "Sophientag" on May 15, named for St. [[Sophia of Rome]].<ref>[https://ecommons.udayton.edu/news_rls/1847 Schlangen, Maureen, "Saintly custom: Why gardeners don't plant until May 15" (2008). News Release 1847]</ref> Other names for the late season chill include the “Eismanner” or "Icemen Days".<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/05/08/ask-tom-why-legend-of-the-ice-saints/ "Legend of the Ice Saints", ''Chicago Tribune'', August 23, 2021]</ref>
==Variations==
[[Mamertus|St. Mamertus]] is not counted amongst the Ice Saints in certain countries (Austria, Northern Italy, Czech Republic, etc.), whereas [[Boniface of Tarsus|St. Boniface of Tarsus]] belongs to them in other countries ([[Flanders]], [[Liguria]], Czech Republic, etc.) as well; St. Boniface's feast day falling on May 14. [[Sophia of Rome|St. Sophia]], nicknamed ''Cold Sophia'' (German ''kalte Sophie'') on May 15 can be added in Germany, [[Alsace]] (France), Poland, etc.
In Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Ice Saints are [[Pancras of Rome|St. Pancras]], [[Saint Servatus|St. Servatius]] and [[Saint Boniface of Tarsus|St. Boniface of Tarsus]] (i.e., May 12 to May 14). To the Poles, the trio are known collectively as ''zimni ogrodnicy'' (cold gardeners) and are followed by ''zimna Zośka'' (cold Sophia) whose feast day falls on May 15. In Czech, the three saints are collectively referred to as "ledoví muži" (ice men or icy men) and St. Sophia is known as "Žofie, ledová žena" (Sophia, the ice woman).
In Sweden, the German legend of the Ice Saints has resulted in the belief that there are special ''"järnnätter"'' (Swedish for "iron nights") especially in early June, which are susceptible to frost. The term may have arisen out of a mistranslation of German sources, where the term "Eismänner" (German for "ice men") was read as "Eisenmänner" (German for "iron men") and their nights then termed "iron nights," which then became shifted from May to June.<ref>[https://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/jarnnatter-1.3904 Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Seven Sleepers Day]]
*[[Weather saints]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* [http://www.bartleby.com/81/8702.html Brewer, E. Cobham. "Ice Saints or Frost Saints", ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', 1898]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ice Saints}}
[[Category:Christian saints in unknown century]]
[[Category:Groups of Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Weather lore]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]