View source for Ideas and delusions of reference

{{Short description|Phenomenon involving innocuous events}}
{{About|mental illness|the album by Psyopus|Ideas of Reference{{!}}''Ideas of Reference''}}
'''Ideas of reference''' and '''delusions of reference''' describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere [[coincidence]]s<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 3016695 | pmid=21234155 | doi=10.4103/0972-6748.57851 | volume=18 | title=Understanding delusions | year=2009 | journal=Ind Psychiatry J | pages=3–18 |vauthors=Kiran C, Chaudhury S | issue=1 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and believing they have strong personal significance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/ideas-of-reference/|title=Ideas of Reference - Encyclopedia of Psychology|date=17 June 2016|access-date=27 February 2014|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111152159/http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/ideas-of-reference/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner.<ref>Laurence M. Porter, ''Women's Vision in Western Literature'' (2005) p. 117</ref>
In psychiatry, [[delusion]]s of reference form part of the diagnostic criteria for [[psychotic]] illnesses such as [[schizophrenia]],<ref>Andreasen, Nancy C. (1984). [http://www.movementdisorders.org/UserFiles/file/Long_SAPS_2000_publish(1).pdf "Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228020846/http://www.movementdisorders.org/UserFiles/file/Long_SAPS_2000_publish%281%29.pdf |date=2010-12-28 }}; The Movement Disorder Society.</ref> [[delusional disorder]], and [[bipolar disorder]] with [[mania]], as well as for the [[narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] and [[schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal]] types of personality disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lenzenweger, MF, Bennett, ME, & Lilenfeld, LR|date=1997|title=The Referential Thinking Scale as a measure of schizotypy: Scale development and initial construct validation|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/psychology/people/mlenzenwegerlab/Lenzenweger%20Bennett%20and%20Lilenfeld%201997.pdf|journal=Psychological Assessment|volume=9|issue=4|pages=452–463|access-date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901003748/https://www.binghamton.edu/psychology/people/mlenzenwegerlab/Lenzenweger%20Bennett%20and%20Lilenfeld%201997.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-01|url-status=dead|doi=10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.452}}</ref> To a lesser extent, their presence can be a hallmark of [[paranoid personality disorder]], as well as [[body dysmorphic disorder]]. They can be found in [[autism]] during periods of intense stress.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schopler|first1=Eric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz_xbeWgG9AC&q=asperger+ideas+of+reference&pg=PA70|title=Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?|last2=Mesibov|first2=Gary B.|last3=Kunce|first3=Linda J.|date=1998-04-30|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-45746-3|language=en}}</ref> They can also be caused by [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]], such as from stimulants like [[methamphetamine]].
== Psychoanalytic views ==
{{Main|Psychoanalytic theory}}
In [[Sigmund Freud]]'s view, "Delusions of being watched present this power in a regressive form, thus revealing its genesis...voices, as well as the undefined multitude, are brought into the foreground again by the [<nowiki/>[[paranoid]]] disease, and so the evolution of conscience is reproduced regressively."<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' (PFL 11) p. 90</ref> As early as 1928, Freud's contemporary, [[Carl Jung]], introduced the concept of [[synchronicity]], a theory of "meaningful coincidences".<ref>{{cite book|last=Tarnas|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmospsycheinti00tarn/page/50|title=Cosmos and Psyche|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-670-03292-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmospsycheinti00tarn/page/50 50]}}</ref>
In 1946, [[Otto Fenichel]] concluded that "the projection of the [[superego]] is most clearly seen in ideas of reference and of being influenced....Delusions of this kind merely bring to the patient from the outside what his self-observing and self-critical conscience actually tells him."<ref>Fenichel, Otto (1946). ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (London) pp. 430–1</ref>
[[Jacques Lacan]] similarly saw ideas of reference as linked to "the unbalancing of the relation to the capital Other and the radical anomaly that it involves, qualified, improperly, but not without some approximation to the truth, in old clinical medicine, as partial delusion"<ref>Jacques Lacan, ''Ecrits: A Selection'' (London 1996) p. 214</ref>—the "big other, that is, the other of language, the [[Name of the Father|Names-of-the-Father]], signifiers or words",<ref>Hill, Philip (1997). ''Lacan for Beginners'' (London) p. 160</ref> in short, the realm of the superego.
==Anti-psychiatry==
{{Main|Anti-psychiatry}}
Validation rather than clinical condemnation of ideas of reference is frequently expressed by anti-psychiatrists, on the grounds, for example, that "the patient's ideas of reference and influence and delusions of persecution were merely descriptions of her parents' behavior toward her."<ref>Thomas J. Scheff, ''Being Mentally Ill'' (1999) p. 180</ref> While accepting that "there is certainly confusion between persecutory fantasies and persecutory realities", figures like [[David Cooper (psychiatrist)|David Cooper]] believe that "ideas of connection with apparently remote people, or ideas of being influenced by others equally remote, are in fact stating their experience" of [[social influence]] – albeit in a distorted form by "including in their network of influence institutions as absurd as [[Scotland Yard]], the [[Elizabeth II|Queen of England]], the [[President of the United States]], or the [[BBC]]".<ref>David Cooper, ''The Death of the Family'' (Penguin 1974) p. 14 and p. 82</ref>
[[R. D. Laing]] took a similar view of the person who was "saying that his brains have been taken from him, that his actions are controlled from outer space, etc. "Such delusions are partially achieved derealization-realizations."<ref>R. D. Laing, ''Self and Others'' (Penguin 1969) p. 39</ref> Laing also considered how "in typical paranoid ideas of reference, the person feels that the murmurings and mutterings he hears as he walks past a street crowd are about him. In a bar, a burst of laughter behind his back is at some joke cracked about him", but felt that deeper acquaintance with the patient reveals in fact that "what tortures him is not so much his delusions of reference, but his harrowing suspicion that he is of no importance to anyone, that no one is referring to him at all."<ref>Laing, p. 136</ref>
==Delusions of reference==
Ideas of reference must be distinguished from delusions of reference, which may be similar in content but are held with greater conviction.<ref>P. B. Sutker/H. E. Adams, ''Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology'' (2001) p. 540</ref> With the former, but not the latter, the person holding them may have "the ''feeling'' that strangers are talking about him/her, but if challenged, acknowledges that the people may be talking about something else".<ref>Sutker/Adams, p. 540</ref>
From the psychoanalytic view, there may be at the same time "transitions...to delusions" from ideas of reference: "abortive ideas of reference, in the beginning of their development or, in [[Schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal personalities]], continuously, may remain subject to the patient's criticism...under adverse circumstances, by minimal economic shifts, however, [[reality testing]] may be lost and daydreams of this kind turn into delusions."<ref>Fenichel, p. 444</ref>
It has been noted that a person "rigidly controlled by his superego...readily forms ''sensitive ideas of reference''. A ''key experience'' may occur in his life circumstances and quite suddenly these ideas become structured as delusions of reference."<ref>A. C. P. Sims, ''Symptoms in the Mind'' (2003) p. 129</ref> Within the "focus of paranoia...that man crossing his legs, that woman wearing that blouse—it can't just be accidental. It has a particular meaning, is intended to convey something."<ref>[[Iain McGilchrist]], ''[[The Master and His Emissary]]'' (London 2010) p. 399</ref>
==Examples==
Persons with ideas of reference may experience:
* Believing that "somehow everyone on a passing city bus is talking about them".<ref>V. M. Durand/D. H. Barlow, ''Essentials of Abnormal Psychology'' (2005)p. 442</ref>
* Feeling that people on television or radio are either talking about them or talking directly to them.
* Believing that headlines or articles in newspapers have been written exclusively for them.
* Believing that events (even world events) have been deliberately contrived for them, or have special personal significance for them.
* Believing that the lyrics of a song are specifically about them.
* Believing that the normal function of cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices is to send secret and significant messages that only they can understand or believe.
* Perceiving objects or events as having been deliberately set up to convey a particular meaning to themselves.
* Thinking "that the slightest careless movement on the part of another person had great personal meaning...increased significance".<ref>Eric Berne, ''A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis'' (Penguin 1976) p. 205</ref>
* Thinking that posts on social networking  websites or Internet blogs have hidden meanings pertaining to them.
* Believing that the behavior of others is in reference to an abnormal, offensive body odor, which in reality is non-existent and cannot be smelled or detected by others (see: [[olfactory reference syndrome]]).
==Literary analogues==
* In ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' (1925), as a plane flies over a shell-shocked soldier: "So, thought Septimus, they are signalling to me...smoke words".<ref>Quoted in Porter, ''Women's Vision'' p. 117</ref> The author, [[Virginia Woolf]], recorded in a memoir how she herself "had lain in bed...thinking that the birds were singing Greek choruses and that King Edward was using the foulest possible language among Ozzie Dickinson's azaleas".<ref>Quoted in Hermione Lee, ''Virginia Woolf'' (London 1996) p. 195</ref>
* In [[Margaret Mahy]]'s ''Memory'' (1987), the confused adolescent hero decides "to abandon himself to the magic of chance. From now on his signposts would be words overheard accidentally, graffiti, advertisements, street names...the clues the city offered him."<ref>Margaret Mahy, ''Memory'' (London 1987) p. 23</ref>
* The Naval Intelligence hero of [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s ''[[Treason's Harbour]]'' (1983) reflects ruefully that "after a while an intelligence-agent tended to see spies everywhere, rather as certain lunatics saw references to themselves in every newspaper."<ref>Patrick O'Brian, ''Treason's Harbour'' (London 2007) p. 19</ref>
* In [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s short story "[[Signs and Symbols]]" (1948), the parents of a suicidal youth suffering from a variation of this illness, "referential mania", decide to remove him from a hospital in order to keep a more watchful eye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angelynngrant.com/nabokov.html |title=Vladimir Nabokov's "Signs and Symbols" |access-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114144458/http://www.angelynngrant.com/nabokov.html |archive-date=2012-01-14 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* [[Apophenia]]
* [[Coincidance (book)|''Coincidance: A Head Test'']]
* [[Confirmation bias]]
* [[Generalized other]]
* [[Hostile attribution bias]]
* [[Imaginary friend]]
* [[Paranoiac-critical method]]
* [[Pareidolia]]
* [[Personal boundaries]]
* [[Reference group]]
* [[Synchronicity]]
* [[Synchronicity (book)|''Synchronicity'' (book)]]
}}
==References==
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{{Delusion}}
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[[Category:Delusional disorders]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Delusions]]