View source for Illumos

{{short description|Free software implementation of the Solaris kernel}}
{{multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=December 2013}}
{{update|date=March 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Illumos
| logo = [[File:Illumos logo.svg]]
| developer = Illumos Foundation
| family = [[Unix]] ([[UNIX System V#SVR4|SVR4]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/xy.htm|title=Open Brand|website=www.opengroup.org}}</ref>
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] with [[binary blob]]s
| released = {{Start date and age|2010}}
| programmed in = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| supported platforms = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[SPARC]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]] (under development),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/Raspberry+Pi+Bring-Up | title = Raspberry Pi Bring-Up | access-date = 14 November 2013 | last = Clulow | first = Joshua | date = 25 October 2012 | publisher = illumos Foundation | archive-date = 13 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713100822/https://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/Raspberry+Pi+Bring-Up | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[DEC Alpha]]
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| license = [[Common Development and Distribution License|CDDL]], [[BSD licenses|BSD]], [[MIT License|MIT]]
| preceded by = [[OpenSolaris]]
}}
'''Illumos''' (stylized as '''illumos''') is a partly<ref>{{cite web|title= Building illumos |url=https://illumos.org/docs/developers/build/#getting-the-closed-binaries  |access-date=2023-08-31  |publisher=illumos.org}}</ref> [[free and open-source software|free and open-source]] [[Unix]] [[operating system]]. It is based on [[OpenSolaris]], which was based on [[UNIX System V#SVR4|System V Release 4]] (SVR4) and the [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD). Illumos comprises a [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]], [[device driver]]s, system [[Library (computing)|libraries]], and [[utility software]] for [[system administrator|system administration]]. This core is now the base for many different open-sourced [[#Distributions|Illumos distributions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/Distributions|title=Distributions}}</ref> in a similar way in which the [[Linux kernel]] is used in different [[Linux distribution]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-illumos-is-and-is-not/|title=What Illumos is and is not|first=Dana|last=Blankenhorn|website=ZDNet}}</ref>
The maintainers write ''illumos'' in lowercase<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ |url=https://illumos.org/docs/about/faq/ |website=illumos |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> since some [[computer font]]s do not clearly distinguish a lowercase ''L'' from an uppercase ''i'': ''Il'' (see [[homoglyph]]).<ref name="Mustacchi2015">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/joyent/smartos-live/pull/217/files#r38812501|url-status=live|last=Mustacchi|first=Robert|date=2015-09-05|access-date=2021-05-23|title=Linux to SmartOS cheatsheet, after smartos-discuss vetting, sans deritus. by cwvhogue - Pull Request #217|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523232214if_/https://github.com/joyent/smartos-live/pull/217/files#r38812501|website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> The project name is a combination of words ''illuminare'' from Latin for ''to light'' and ''OS'' for ''Operating System''.<ref>{{cite web| title= Announcement|url=https://illumos.org/docs/about/announcement| date=2018-06-15 |publisher=illumos.org}}</ref>
== Overview ==
[[File:OpenIndiana Hipster 2021.10 MATE desktop environment screenshot.png|thumb|The [[OpenIndiana]] operating system is based on Illumos.]]
Illumos was announced via [[webinar]]<ref name=webinarslides>{{cite web |author=Garrett D'Amore |title=illumos - Hope and Light Springs Anew - Presented by Garrett D'Amore |date=3 August 2010 |url=http://www.illumos.org/attachments/download/3/illumos.pdf |publisher=illumos.org |access-date = 3 August 2010}}</ref> on Thursday, 3 August 2010, as a community effort of some core Solaris engineers to create a truly open source Solaris by swapping closed source bits of [[OpenSolaris]] with open implementations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/76669.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926053916/http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/76669.html|title=Whither OpenSolaris? illumos Takes Up the Mantle|date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Ff3fCC6F2FU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326212321/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff3fCC6F2FU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff3fCC6F2FU| title = OpenIndiana, Illumos, and the OpenSolaris Community (Part 1) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
The original plan explicitly stated that Illumos would not be a distribution or a fork. However, after [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] announced discontinuing OpenSolaris, plans were made to [[Fork (software development)|fork]] the final version of the Solaris ON kernel allowing Illumos to evolve into a kernel of its own.<ref name="forking">{{cite web |url=http://gdamore.blogspot.com/2010/08/hand-may-be-forced.html |title=The Hand May Be Forced |author=Garrett D'Amore |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>
{{As of|2010}}, efforts focused on libc, the [[NFSv4|NFS]] lock manager, the crypto module, and many device drivers to create a Solaris-like OS with no closed, proprietary code. {{As of|2012}}, development emphasis includes transitioning from the historical compiler, [[Oracle Solaris Studio|Studio]], to [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]].<ref>https://www.openindiana.org/documentation/faq/#how-does-openindiana-differ-from-opensolaris {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513141744/https://www.openindiana.org/documentation/faq/#how-does-openindiana-differ-from-opensolaris |date=13 May 2021 }} "Oracle’s Sun Studio has been replaced with the open source GNU GCC compiler."</ref> The "userland" software is now built with [[Make (software)|GNU make]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/OpenIndiana/oi-userland|title=OpenIndiana/oi-userland|website=GitHub|date=28 October 2021}}</ref> and contains many GNU utilities such as [[Tar (computing)|GNU tar]].
Illumos is lightly led by founder Garrett D'Amore and other community members/developers such as [[Bryan Cantrill]] and [[Adam Leventhal (programmer)|Adam Leventhal]], via a Developers' Council.<ref name= "illumos Dev Council">{{cite web
|author       = Deirdré Straughan
|title        = illumos Developers' Council Meeting
|date         = 16 May 2012
|url          = http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/illumos+Developers%27+Council+Meeting%2C+May+16%2C+2012
|publisher    = illumos.org
|access-date  = 13 August 2012
|archive-date = 10 July 2016
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160710123826/http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/illumos+Developers%27+Council+Meeting%2C+May+16%2C+2012
|url-status   = dead
}}</ref>
The Illumos Foundation has been incorporated in the [[California|State of California]] as a [[501(c)6]] trade association, with founding board members Jason Hoffman (formerly at [[Joyent]]), Evan Powell ([[Nexenta]]), and Garrett D'Amore. As of August 2012, the foundation was in the process of formalizing its by-laws and organizational development.
At OpenStorage Summit 2010, the new logo for Illumos was revealed, with official type and branding to follow over.<ref name="newlogo">{{cite web |url=http://gdamore.blogspot.com/2010/10/new-illumos-logo.html |title=New illumos logo |author=Garrett D'Amore |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>
== Development ==
Its primary development project, illumos-gate, derives from OS/Net (aka ON),<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://bitbucket.org/gwr/os-net-skeleton/src/default/
| title = os-net-skeleton
| website = bitbucket.org
| access-date = 2019-07-29
| archive-date = 29 July 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190729164517/https://bitbucket.org/gwr/os-net-skeleton/src/default/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> which is a [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] kernel with the bulk of the drivers, core libraries, and basic utilities, similar to what is delivered by a [[BSD]] "src" tree. It was originally dependent on [[OpenSolaris]] OS/Net, but a fork was made after [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] silently decided to close the development of Solaris and unofficially killed the OpenSolaris project.<ref>
{{Cite web
| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/09/04/oracle_layoffs_solaris_sparc_teams/
| title = Oracle staff report big layoffs across Solaris, SPARC teams
| website = www.theregister.co.uk
| access-date = 2019-07-29
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/09/04/oracle_layoffs_solaris_sparc_teams/
| title = OpenSolaris axed by Ellison
| website = www.theregister.co.uk
| access-date = 2019-07-29
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
| url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/03/illumos_opensolaris_spork/
| title = illumos sporks OpenSolaris
| website = www.theregister.co.uk
| access-date = 2019-07-29
}}</ref>
== Features ==
* [[ZFS]], a combined file system and logical volume manager providing a high level of [[data integrity]] for very large storage capacities.
* [[Solaris Containers]] (or Zones), a low overhead implementation of [[operating-system-level virtualization]] technology for x86 and SPARC systems.
* [[DTrace]], a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework for troubleshooting kernel and application problems on production systems in real time.
* [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine]] (KVM), a virtualization infrastructure. KVM supports native virtualization on processors with hardware virtualization extensions.
* [[OpenSolaris Network Virtualization and Resource Control]] (or Crossbow), a set of features that provides an internal network virtualization and quality of service including: virtual NIC (VNIC) pseudo-network interface technology, exclusive ip zones, bandwidth management, and flow control on a per interface and per VNIC basis.
== Distributions ==
{{See also|OpenSolaris#Derivatives|Solaris (operating system)#Open source derivatives|Comparison of OpenSolaris distributions}}
Distributions, at illumos.org<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://illumos.org/docs/about/distro/|title=Distributions - illumos|website=illumos.org}}</ref>
* DilOS, with [[Debian]] package manager ([[dpkg]] + [[APT (software)|apt]]) and [[virtualization]] support, available for [[x86-64]] and [[SPARC]].<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.dilos.org/
| title = DilOS
| website = www.dilos.org
| access-date = 2016-02-26
| archive-date = 21 February 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221173315/http://www.dilos.org/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* [[NexentaStor]], distribution optimized for [[virtualization]], [[storage area network]]s, [[network-attached storage]], and [[iSCSI]] or [[Fibre Channel]] applications employing the [[ZFS]] [[file system]].
* OmniOS Community Edition, takes a minimalist approach suitable for server use.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.omniosce.org
| title = OmniOS CE
| website = omniosce.org
| access-date = 2017-09-10
}}</ref>
* [[OpenIndiana]], a distribution that is a continuation and fork in the spirit of the [[OpenSolaris]] operating system.
* [[SmartOS]], a distribution for cloud computing with [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine]] integration.
* Tribblix, retro style distribution with modern components, available for [[x86-64]] and [[SPARC]].<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.tribblix.org/
| title = Tribblix
| website = www.tribblix.org
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref>
* v9os, a server-only, IPS-based minimal [[SPARC]] distribution.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.milax.fi/v9os.html
| title = v9os
| website = milax.fi
| access-date = 2017-12-13
}}</ref>
* XStreamOS, a distribution for infrastructure, cloud, and web development.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.sonicle.com/xstreamos/
| title = XStreamOS
| website = Sonicle
| access-date = 2021-03-04
}}</ref>
Discontinued:
* [[Dyson (operating system)|Dyson]], derived from [[Debian]] using libc, and [[Service Management Facility|SMF]] init system.
* OpenSXCE, distribution for developers and system administrators for [[IA-32]]/[[x86-64]] x86 platforms and [[SPARC]].<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.opensxce.org
| title = OpenSXCE
| website = www.opensxce.org
| access-date = 26 February 2016
}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], the ancestor of illumos
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://napp-it.org/index_en.html napp-it], a [[ZFS]] web interface for Illumos-based NAS or SAN appliances.
<!-- a subcategory of operating systems -->
{{Solaris}}
{{Unix-like}}
{{Operating system}}
{{FOSS}}
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:OpenSolaris]]
[[Category:Software forks]]
[[Category:Solaris software]]
[[Category:X86-64 operating systems]]
[[de:OpenSolaris#illumos]]