View source for Indiano

{{Short description|Denomination of Spanish emigrants to the Americas.}}
[[File:Cantabria Santoña palacio de Manzanedo 01 lou.JPG|thumb|[[Palace of the Marquis of Manzanedo]], now the Town Hall of [[Santoña]] ([[Cantabria]]). Note the palm tree in front of the entrance.]]
[[File:Córdoba Casa del Indiano Entrance to Calleja del Indiano 1.jpg|thumb|''Casa de los Ceas'' in [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], known as ''[[Casa del Indiano]]'' because it was bought by the wealthy ''indiano'' [[Juan Cosme Paniagua]].<ref>[https://cordobapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Casa_del_Indiano Cordobapedia] (in Spanish).</ref>]]
[[File:Pazo de Trasariz, Vimianzo.jpg|thumb|[[Pazo de Trasariz]], in [[Vimianzo]] ([[A Coruña]]).]]
'''''Indiano''''' was the colloquial name for the [[Spanish diaspora|Spanish emigrant]] in [[Americas|America]] who returned enriched, a social typology that had become a [[Motif (narrative)|literary cliché]] since the [[Spanish Golden Age|Golden Age]].<ref>In [[Lope de Vega]], the journey to the Indias in search of wealth and the wealthy ''indiano'' frequently appear with pejorative overtones (''La noche de San Juan, El premio del bien hablar, La moza de cántaro; Amar, servir y esperar, El desprecio agradecido'', etc.). In [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón]]'s work, the ''indiano'' also appears as a personification of wealth. This significant example from "''Guárdate del agua mansa''": Good they are but ten years / of Indias are much better / I thought that the adage / of having a father mayor / was a child compared / to the supreme dignity / of having an Indiano father. {{Cite book |last1=Pedraza Jiménez |first1=Felipe B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFbLR81N3SMC&dq=%22indiano+enriquecido%22&pg=PA151 |title=Calderón: Sistema dramático y técnicas escénicas: actas de las XXIII Jornadas de Teatro Clásico: Almagro, 11, 12 y 13 de julio de 2000 |last2=González Cañal |first2=Rafael |last3=Marcello |first3=Elena |date=2001 |publisher=Universidad de Castilla La Mancha |isbn=8484271382 |language=es}}</ref> The name was extended to their descendants, with admiring or pejorative connotations depending on the case.<ref>''Indiano de hilo negro'' is defined in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española|DRAE]] as a ''greedy, miserly, mean man'' ([[Royal Spanish Academy|Real Academia Española]]. "''indiano''". [[Diccionario de la lengua española]] (23rd edition).).</ref>
The ''Indianos'' became local leaders in the era of [[caciquism]]o (late 19th and early 20th century), a period in which large contingents of young people, especially from regions with easy access to the sea, such as [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Asturias]], [[Cantabria]], the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Catalonia]] and the [[Canary Islands]], were forced at that time to ''do'' what was known as ''the Americas'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Américas |url=https://dle.rae.es/Am%C3%A9ricas?m=form |website=RAE |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bahamonde Magro |first1=Ángel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEXtBjv_5pEC&q=%22hacer+las+Am%C3%A9ricas%22 |title=Hacer las Américas: Las élites coloniales españolas en el siglo XIX |last2=Cayuela |first2=José |last3=Cayuela Fernández |first3=José Gregorio |date=1992 |publisher=Alianza Editorial |isbn=8420642312 |language=en}}</ref> emigrate in search of a better fortune in [[Latin America]]n countries such as [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Venezuela]]. In some cases, they came at the request of their relatives already established in those places, forming remarkably successful family businesses. Most were not so fortunate, and found no better fate in America than the poverty from which they were fleeing.
Those who managed to amass real fortunes and decided to return years later to their places of origin, sought prestige by acquiring some [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|noble title]], buying and restoring old ''[[casona]]s'' or [[pazo]]s, or building new [[palace]]s, in a very colourful [[Colonial architecture|colonial]] or [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclectic style]], which came to be called "''casonas''", "''casas de indianos''" or "''casas indianas''" (in some areas, such as the Asturian town of [[Somao]], they are particularly abundant).<ref>- {{Cite book |last=Bores Gamundi |url=http://emigracion.xunta.es/es/casas-indianos |title=Casas de indianos |publisher=Junta de Galicia |isbn=84-453-2803-4 |language=es |archive-url= |archive-date=}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Alejandro Fernández Braña |title=Un viaje en el tiempo: Recorridos por las casas de indianos en Asturias |last2=Marta Llavona Campo |publisher=Nuevedoce |year=2008 |isbn=978-8493106034 |language=es}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130811043120/http://www.asturiaspordescubrir.com/biblioteca-indiana/ Biblioteca indiana] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.muslera.com/primera/somao.htm Somao, el pueblo indiano de Pravia] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.tourlapalma.com/php/public.php?action=muestra_item&id_producto=1422&idioma=ES Casas de Indianos en La Palma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129074804/http://www.tourlapalma.com/php/public.php?action=muestra_item&id_producto=1422&idioma=ES|date=2010-01-29}} (in Spanish).
- [https://turismo.lanestosa.eus/es-es/conocenos/lugares-interes/Paginas/casas-indianos.aspx Las Casas de Indianos] (in Spanish).
- [https://www.hola.com/viajes/20230123339661/encartaciones-vizcaya-comarca-legado-indiano/ Las Encartaciones (Vizcaya): legado indiano] (in Spanish) - [http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Patrimoni/menuitem.6a2dec9a300f68a8cd0181dfb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=84d5eb5d233eb210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=84d5eb5d233eb210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&contentid=57ed807ffc2eb210VgnVCM2000009b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=detall&numPag=4&newLang=es_ES La ruta de los indianos en Cataluña] (in Spanish).
- [http://casonasdeindianos.blogspot.com.es/ Casonas de indianos] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.casasyhotelesrurales.com/html/hotelescasasdeindianos.html Antiguas Casas de indianos en Asturias y Cantabria] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.elmundo.es/motor/99/MV091/MV091asturias.html Por el occidente astur. Casas de indianos] (in ''El Mundo,'' in Spanish).
- [http://www.vivirasturias.com/asturias/pravia/ruta-de-los-indianos/es La ruta de los indianos]  (in Spanish).
- [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_3XJTBIfmY Video] in YouTube (in Spanish).</ref> They often incorporated [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] in their gardens as a symbol of their adventure in tropical lands.<ref>- [http://es.paperblog.com/la-palmera-y-la-casa-del-indiano-326582/ La palmera y la casa del indiano] (in Spanish).
- [http://ayp.unia.es/dmdocuments/com18.pdf La palmera, símbolo de poderío...] (in Spanish).</ref> They also established their ''[[mecenazgo]]'' in charitable or cultural institutions, subsidising the construction of schools, churches and town halls, building and repairing roads, hospitals, asylums, water and electricity supplies, etc. Literature and art often made reference to the history of emigration to America and the return of the Indianos.<ref>''Guarda indiano tu riqueza'' (sings Alex Vicens), in the [[zarzuela]] Los Gavilanes: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfBZnT4--ro] (in Spanish).</ref>
The cleanliness of the origins of some of these fortunes was always in question, especially those of those who enriched themselves through the [[Slavery|slave trade]] (such as [[Antonio López, 1st Marquess of Comillas|Antonio López y López]], ennobled with the title of [[Marquess of Comillas|Marquis of Comillas]]), and who, in collusion with the landowners established overseas, set up the [[Slavery|slave-owning]] lobby to obstruct any kind of [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] legislation that might be developed in the metropolis, such as the reforms promoted by [[Julio Vizcarrondo]] (himself a descendant of slave-owning landowners). Prominent among the pro-slavery group were [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] (brother of [[José Cánovas del Castillo]], who had become wealthy in [[Cuba]]) and [[Francisco Romero Robledo]].<ref>- [http://joseantoniobru.blogspot.com.es/2010/03/espana-y-la-esclavitud-canovas-del.html ''España y la esclavitud. Cánovas del Castillo y Romero Robledo''] (in Spanish).
- Eloy Martín Corrales, [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1217882 ''La esclavitud en la Cataluña de fines del siglo XVIII y primera mitad del XIX. Los "amados" sirvientes de indianos y negreros''], ''Historia moderna, historia en construcción'' (in Spanish) (by Pierre Vilar and Carlos Martínez Shaw), vol. 1, 1999, [[:es:Especial:FuentesDeLibros/8489790302|ISBN 84-89790-30-2]], págs. 133-150.</ref> Slavery was not definitively abolished in the Spanish colonies until October 7 of 1886.
== ''Indianos'' of Galicia ==
Galician emigration to Argentina and Cuba was so abundant that the epithet "Galicians" is still given there to any Spaniard, regardless of their regional origin. [[Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao]] coined the phrase: "the Galician does not ask, he emigrates". Among the most fortunate were [[Pancho de Reádegos]], [[Basilio Álvarez]], [[Benjamín Cudeiro]], [[García Naveira brothers|Juan and Jesús García-Naveira]], [[Modesto Estévez]], etc.<ref>- Vicente Peña Saavedra,[http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/viewArticle/727 ''Indianos precursores de la filantropía docente en Galicia (1607-1699)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063009/http://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/viewArticle/727 |date=2016-03-05 }}(in Spanish), Revista de Indias, Vol 59, No 216, CSIC, 1999.
- [[:es:Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas|X.M. Núñez Seixas]], ''Emigrantes, caciques e indianos. El influjo sociopolítico de la emigración transoceánica en Galicia'' (in Spanish), Eds. Xerais de Galicia, Vigo, 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620121823/http://migratio.cesga.es/article.php3?id_article=29 Review] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2008060100_4_195098__Galicia-obras-maestras-indianos Las obras maestras de los indianos] (in Spanish).
- [http://www.migraventura.net/panorama-general/bibliografia-0 Bibliografía en Migraventura]  (in Spanish).</ref>
== ''Indianos'' of Asturias ==
Asturias has been, together with [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], the region from which most emigrants left for America. On their return, many of them built large houses that form part of the rich [[Architecture of Asturias|''Indiano'' architecture in the Principality]], especially in the eastern and western wings. Among the most conspicuous Asturian ''Indianos'' were [[Ramón Argüelles Alonso]], later [[Marquis of Argüelles]], [[Manuel Ibáñez Posada]] (who acquired the title of Count of Ribadedeva), his brother [[Luis Ibáñez Posada]] (who founded the ''[[Banco Hispano Americano]]'' with the repatriation of capital after the [[Spanish–American War|disaster of 1898]]), [[Íñigo Noriega Mendoza]], [[Ulpiano Cuervo]], [[Íñigo Noriega Laso]], [[Manuel Suárez y Suárez]] and others.<ref>[http://www.vivirasturias.com/asturias/ribadedeva/la-arquitectura-de-los-indianos/es La arquitectura de los indianos] (in Spanish).</ref><gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Banco Hispano Americano (Madrid) 01.jpg|Headquarters of the [[Banco Hispano Americano]] in Madrid (1902–1905).
File:Llanes - Palacio de Partarríu 1.jpg|Palace of Partarríu in Llanes.
File:Archivo de Indianos Colombres (fachada trasera).jpg|Archive of Indianos of Colombres (1906)
File:Solavieya.jpg|[[Solavieya]] (1918).
</gallery>
== Indianos of La Montaña ==
Among the ''Indianos'' of [[La Montaña (Cantabria)|La Montaña]] (the traditional name of the current autonomous community of [[Cantabria]]), the figures of the [[Antonio López, 1st Marquess of Comillas|Marquis of Comillas]], the [[Ramón Pelayo de la Torriente|Marquis of Valdecilla]], the [[Juan Manuel de Manzanedo|Marquis of Manzanedo]], the [[Count of La Mortera]], [[Santiago Galas]], [[Eusebio Gómez]] and [[Mateo Haya Obregón]] stand out. In his honour, in 1978, the ''[[Monumento al Indiano]]'' was erected at the top of [[Peña Cabarga]], a privileged viewpoint overlooking the [[bay of Santander]] and [[Port of Santander|the port]] from which thousands of emigrants left for the new continent.<gallery>
File:Antonio López y López, 1er Marqués de Comillas.jpg|[[Antonio López, 1st Marquess of Comillas|Antonio López y López]], first Marquis of Comillas.
File:Marqués de Valdecilla.png|[[Ramón Pelayo de la Torriente]], first Marquis of Valdecilla.
</gallery>
== ''Indianos'' from the Basque Country ==
The emigration of Basques from rural areas to America was historically very important, and was maintained and even increased in rural areas during the period of industrialisation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, despite the fact that there was simultaneous internal immigration from the countryside to the city and from other Spanish regions to urban and industrial Basque areas. Examples of returned ''indianos'' were [[Romualdo Chávarri de la Herrera]] (1819–1899), [[Pío Bermejillo Ibarra]] (1820–1883), [[José Altuna Sagastibelza]], [[Ramón Errazu]], [[Miguel Sainz Indo]] (1823–1876), the couple formed by [[José Javier Uribarren and Marcue-Erquiaga]] (1791–1861) and [[María Jesús Aguirrebengoa]] (1811–1857), [[Martín Mendía Conde]] (1841–1924),<ref>[http://casonasdeindianos2.blogspot.com.es/2010/11/10-chalet-mendia-balmaseda.html Chalet Mendía. Balmaseda] (in Spanish).</ref> [[Pascual Abaroa Uribarren]] (1825–1890), [[Paulino de la Sota y Ortiz]] (1831–1927), [[Romualdo Chávarri]], [[Gregorio del Castillo Garna]],<ref>Paliza Monduate, María Teresa [https://digitum.um.es/digitum/handle/10201/44299 ''La imagen del indiano como símbolo de estatus: retratos de indianos vascos de la edad contemporánea''] (in Spanish).</ref> [[José Arechabala]],<ref>[http://gananzia.com/jose-arechabala-el-vasco-que-invento-el-el-ron-havana-club José Arechabala, el vasco que inventó el ron Havana Club] (in Spanish).</ref><ref>Félix Luengo Teixidor, [http://www.historiacontemporanea.ehu.es/s0021-con/es/contenidos/boletin_revista/00021_revista_hc19/es_revista/adjuntos/19_12.pdf ''LOS VASCOS EN CUBA A FINALES DEL SIGLO XIX''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412194609/http://www.historiacontemporanea.ehu.es/s0021-con/es/contenidos/boletin_revista/00021_revista_hc19/es_revista/adjuntos/19_12.pdf |date=2012-04-12 }} (in Spanish).</ref> Juan de Zabala, [[Antonio and Rafael Amabizkar]] (1873–1952),<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203194226/http://foros.hispavista.com/historia-y-vascos/2628/504485/m/vascos-negreros Vascos negreros] (in Spanish).</ref> [[Leandro Urrutia]] (1848–1908), [[Antonio Llaguno]] (1874–1958),<ref name=":0" /> [[Vivanco brothers]] (1885–1950), [[Pedro Juan de Zulueta]],<ref name=":0" /> etc.
== ''Indianos'' of Catalonia ==
[[File:ImpulsorsTrenMataro.jpg|thumb|Builders and shareholders of the Barcelona-Mataró line promoted by Miguel Biada Buñol, the first peninsular railway line (1848).]]
[[File:Museu del Ferrocarril - rotonda.jpg|thumb|Locomotive that reproduces the original locomotive of the Barcelona-Mataró Railway promoted by Miguel Biada Buñol in the 1840s. It is currently preserved in the Railway Museum of Catalonia.]]
Among the Indianos who returned to Catalonia, the figure of [[Miguel Biada Buñol]] stands out. After working in the merchant navy throughout his life between [[Maracaibo]] and [[Havana]], he was the driving force behind the [[History of rail transport in Spain|Barcelona-Mataró Railway]] until 1848, the first railway line on the Iberian Peninsula and the second in Spain after [[La Havana-Güines Railway]]. He was a member of the [[Cortes Generales]]. He invested all or most of his fortune in this process and died before its inauguration.
Also noteworthy are [[José Xifré y Casas]], [[Facundo Bacardi|Facundo Bacardí]], [[Agustí Vilaret]], [[Josep Maria Huertas]], etc.<ref>- [http://www.fundaciobegurcuba.org/index.php?module=forum2008&lang=es Forum de municipios indianos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210908/http://www.fundaciobegurcuba.org/index.php?module=forum2008&lang=es |date=2014-02-22 }} (in Spanish), Fundació Begur-Cuba, 2008.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616233023/http://www.catalunya-america.org/dossier_centro_de_interpretacion.pdf - CENTRE D' INTERPRETACIÓ CATALUNYA-AMÈRICA] (in Spanish).
- Michèle Olsina, [http://www.raco.cat/index.php/boletinamericanista/article/viewFile/99429/160117 LAS MORADAS DE LOS AMERICANOS DE SITGES: UN EJEMPLO DE ARQUITECTURA MODERNISTA EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA CATALUÑA DE GAUDÍ] (in Spanish).</ref>
The Marquis of Comillas, originally from Las Montañas, settled in [[Barcelona]] on his return to Spain.<gallery mode="packed">
File:Primer daguerrotipo en España, Casa Xifré, 1848.jpg|The first [[daguerreotype]] taken in Spain is of the [[Casa Xifré]] under construction (1848).
File:Facundo Bacardi.jpg|[[Facundo Bacardi|Facundo Bacardí]].
</gallery>
== ''Indianos'' of the Canary Islands ==
Emigration from the Canary Islands was very intense from the 17th century until the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, and was especially intense in the latter period. The main destinations were [[Puerto Rico]] (19th century), [[Cuba]] (early 20th century), [[Argentina]] (1920s and 1930s) and [[Venezuela]] (mid-20th century). Other earlier emigrations were to a lesser extent to [[Uruguay]] (the city of [[Montevideo]], the capital of that country, was founded by Canarians), the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Texas]] (where Canarian emigrants founded the city of [[San Antonio]]). Such is the influence that emigration has had on Canarian society and culture that there are even several festivals in honour of the returned ''Indianos'' ([[Carnival of Santa Cruz de La Palma]]).<ref>[http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/educacion/culturacanaria/emigracion/La_emigracion_canaria.htm Emigración de Canarias] Source: [[:es:Gobierno de Canarias|Canarian government]] (in Spanish).</ref>
On 20 February 2023, after the pandemic, the ''Fiesta de los Indianos'' was celebrated again, bringing together more than 70,000 people.<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rómulo Betancourt.jpg|[[Rómulo Betancourt]], son of a father from the [[Canary Islands]], who became [[president of Venezuela]].
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Contradanza]]
* [[Manuel Suárez y Suárez]] (entrepreneur and patron of the arts).
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* [http://www.archivodeindianos.es/ Fundación Archivo de Indianos - Museo de la Emigración] (in Spanish).
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Spanish emigrants]]
[[Category:Early modern history of Spain]]