View source for Inge Viett

{{Short description|German militant (1944–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:IngeViettUllaJelpke.jpg|thumb|Inge Viett (2nd from right) at a demonstration with [[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]] politician [[Ulla Jelpke]]]]
'''Inge Viett''' (12 January 1944 – 9 May 2022) was a member of the [[West Germany|West German]] left-wing militant organisations "[[2 June Movement]]" and the "[[Red Army Faction|Red Army Faction (RAF)]]", which she joined in 1980.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jungewelt.de/artikel/426215.bewaffneter-kampf-inge-viett-gestorben.html | title=Inge Viett gestorben | date=10 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name=IVlautWG>{{cite news|title=Revolutionärin in der Warteschleife|work=Beim Protest gegen das öffentliche Gelöbnis der Bundeswehr wurde Inge Viett kurzzeitig festgenommen. Die 64-jährige hat dem Terrorismus den Rücken gekehrt. Ruhe gibt sie noch lange nicht.|url= http://www.taz.de/!5178637/|author=Wolfgang Gast|date=22 July 2008|publisher=taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH, Berlin| accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref> In 1982 she became the last of ten [[:de:Aufnahme von RAF-Aussteigern in der DDR|former RAF members who escaped]] from [[West Germany|West]] to [[East Germany]] and received support from state authorities, including the [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]].
After [[German reunification|reunification]] and her conviction for attempted murder, she was sentenced to a thirteen-year jail term, but was released early in 1997. By that time she had, while still in prison,<ref name="StaigerSteiner2009">{{cite book|first=Charity |last=Scribner |editor-last1=Staiger |editor-first1=Uta |editor-last2=Steiner |editor-first2=Henriette |editor-last3=Webber |editor-first3=Andrew |contribution=Paradise for provocation: Plotting Berlin's Political Underground - The RAF goes east| title=Memory Culture and the Contemporary City: Building Sites|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1B19DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|date=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-24695-9|page=167}}</ref> published her first book.<ref name=Spiegel371997>{{cite web|title="Die Nächte sind schlimm"|work=Polizisten, die im Dienst von Terroristen niedergeschossen wurden, gehören zu den vergessenen Opfern des bewaffneten RAF-Kampfes gegen den Staat. Die Kugeln töteten, zerstörten Familien und Karrieren.|author= Bruno Schrep |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8778047.html|volume=37/1997|date=8 September 1997|publisher= [[Der Spiegel]] (online)|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref> Described sometimes in sources as a "retired terrorist", Viett differed from other leading participants in West Germany's extremist-terrorist wave of the 1970s to the extent she was willing to talk about, and indeed to write about, those events from the activist perspective. Her participation in street demonstrations and apparent absence of contrition over her involvement with left-wing militancy continue to attract media interest and comment.<ref name=IVlautJH>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/nach-rosa-luxemburg-konferenz-ex-terroristin-viett-im-visier-der-justiz/3695480.html| title=Ex-Terroristin Viett im Visier der Justiz|work=Die Staatsanwaltschaft prüft derzeit, ob die Ex-Terroristin Inge Viett wegen ihrer Aussagen auf der Rosa-Luxemburg-Konferenz am Sonnabend strafrechtlich verfolgt wird. Der Innensenator spricht von einem Aufruf zu "kämpferischer Praxis"| author= Jörn Hasselmann| date=5 August 2011|publisher=[[Tagesspiegel]], [[Berlin]]|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=IVlautMH>{{cite news|title=Bizarrer Auftritt einer unbelehrbaren RAF-Rentnerin |author=Miriam Hollstein|newspaper=Die Welt |date=23 November 2011|publisher=WeltN24 GmbH, Berlin| url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article13731615/Bizarrer-Auftritt-einer-unbelehrbaren-RAF-Rentnerin.html|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref>
== Life ==
=== Early years ===
Inge Viett was born in [[Barsbüttel|Stemwarde]], a short distance to the east of [[Hamburg]], [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], later in the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British occupation zone]]. The authorities removed her from her mother's care and she spent her early years, between 1946 and 1950, living in an orphanage in [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. In March 1950 she was placed with a foster family in a village of three hundred souls near [[Eckernförde]]. Viett would later describe the experience, especially with regard to her foster mother's attempts to bring her up, as "very burdensome" (''"sehr belastend"'').<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser>"Nie war ich furchtloser" (''"I was never free from fear"''): Autobiography. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 1997, {{ISBN|3-89401-270-6}}. Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag Reinbek 1999, {{ISBN|3-499-60769-7}}); pp. 18, 45, 53-61, 68, 80-86, 91-94, 107, 202, 256, 263, 307-326</ref> Her comments on the wider community in the area were more damning.<ref name="Dieckmann2012">{{cite book|author=Christoph Dieckmann|title=Aufständischen werden nicht gewählt|work=Mich wundert, daß ich fröhlich bin: Eine Deutschlandreise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8jL64iNm_sC&pg=PT101|date=30 March 2012|publisher=Ch. Links Verlag|isbn=978-3-86284-180-6|page=101}}</ref> At one stage she was raped by a local farmer.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> She attended school in the village. When she was fifteen she ran away from the foster family.<ref name="Dieckmann2012"/> With the support of the local minister she obtained a place for a year in a Youth Facility at nearby [[Arnis, Germany|Arnis]] where she was taught about house-keeping and child-care.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> The authorities then intervened to have her sent to train as a child-care assistant. Viett herself wanted to train to be a sports-teacher and found the training for work as a child-care assistant "ghastly" (''"gräßlich"'').<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>   The situation led her to a suicide attempt.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> The training nevertheless continued, and during her final "practical" year she was sent as a children's carer to a prosperous family in [[Hamburg]]. Here Inge Viett suffered on account of the authoritarian propensities of the father.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> She also had a good relationship at the time with a twenty year old supporter-trainer in [[Schleswig]] who took on responsibility for her progress and made it possible for her to attend the sports school.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> In addition, she became involved with an [[African Americans|Afro-American]] [[United States Army Europe|soldier]].  In 1963 she embarked on a Sports and Gymnastics course at [[University of Kiel|Kiel University]], but after six terms - shortly before graduation - she broke off these studies.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
Now she moved back to [[Hamburg]], struggling with a succession of casual jobs. For two months she worked as a [[stripper]] in the city's [[St. Pauli]] quarter. During this period her appreciation crystallised that "[[capitalism]] was the cause of social injustice".<ref name=IVlautDW>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieterwunderlich.de/Inge_Viett.htm|title=Inge Viett * 1944 / Biografie| author=Dieter Wunderlich|work=Buchtipps & Filmtipps|date=2003|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> With her partner she then moved again, setting up home in [[Wiesbaden]] where she worked as a graphics assistant.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> After the two women's relationship broke up she took work in a succession of support roles, working variously as a tour guide, film cutter, domestic servant, and barmaid.
=== Außerparlamentarische Opposition ===
Participation in militant actions followed. In the early 1970s an arson attack on the vehicle fleet of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer publishing house]] failed because of "technical difficulties".<ref name=ASFuhrparkAnschlaglautWD>{{cite web|page=30|author=Wilhelm Dietl|title=Terrorismus gestern und heute .... Beispiel Befreiungsideologie|work=Politische Studien 381|volume=53. Jahrgang |date=January 2002|issn= 0032-3462|publisher=Hanns Seidel Stiftung eV., München|url= https://www.hss.de/fileadmin/migration/downloads/politische_studien_381.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> She learned how to prepare and use [[Molotov cocktail]]s. In December 1971 Viett was one of the "[[Squatting|squatters]]" involved in the occupation of the so-called [[:de:Georg-von-Rauch-Haus|Georg von Rauch House]], close to her home in [[Kreuzberg|Berlin-Kreuzberg]]. When police made a move towards the house, and took up positions directly in front of it, it was her fellow squatters who prevented her from throwing [[Molotov cocktail]]s at them from the roof.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
Other actions in 1971 were directed against the display windows of wedding dress shops and sex shops. On at least one occasion she undertook her actions with fellow activist [[Verena Becker]]: people clearing up the broken glass of the shop windows found printed calling cards had been left behind with the mysterious warning, "Die schwarze Braut kommt" (''"The black bride is coming"'').<ref name=Fahndungsplakat>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/raf-geschichte-fotostrecke-106455-3.html|title=RAF-Fahndungsplakat ("Wanted poster")|date=14 August 2017|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> Beauty pageants in department stores were also targeted. She became involved in organised theft campaigns against department stores, sending the items stolen to those who had been arrested. During the early 1970s she moved to the "Liebenwalde Street" commune, described as a centre of "Schwarze Hilfe" (loosely: "Black support"'').<ref name=ungezogenm>{{cite web|title="Wir sind ungeheuer radikal"|author=Inge Viett|date=September 2007|work=Der Text stammt aus Inge Vietts Autobiografie: Nie war ich furchtloser, Reinebek 199, S.87ff  |url=http://www.trend.infopartisan.net/trd0907/t020907.html|publisher= "Arbeitskreis Kapitalismus aufheben", Berlin (Trend online Zeitung)|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref>
=== 2 June movement ===
She ended up as a member of the [[2 June Movement]], recruited by [[Bommi Baumann]]. She moved back to her former home at 22 Eisenbahnstraße in order to escape the state surveillance to which the "Liebenwalde Street" commune was presumed to be subject. It was at the Eisenbahnstraße that she and the three others formed an activist cell which later grew to number seven members. They needed to finance their activities so started with an attack, in which Viett participated, on a bank. That was unsuccessful and had to be aborted, but a later bank attack succeeded.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFDEAD|align=right|width=38%|
{{left|'''[[Bommi Baumann]]'s evaluation of Inge Viett, whom he recruited into the [[2 June Movement]]'''}}<br>
"Sie war zuverlässig und sehr ruhig, aber sehr radikal."<br>''"She was reliable and very calm, but very radical"''<ref name=Spiegel172007>{{cite web|title=Das Geheimnis des dritten Mannes|volume=17/2007|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-51292023.html|date=23 April 2007|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)|author1=Jan Friedmann|author2=Per Hinrichs|author3=Michael Sontheimer|author4=Cartsten Holm |accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>
}}
Following the [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|"Bloody Sunday"]] killings in [[Derry]], in January 1972 the group planned a bomb attack on a British officers' casino in [[Berlin]]. The conspirators intended that the bomb should explode during the night of 2 February 1972, but in the event it was placed by one of them, identified as a student, Harald Sommerfeld, outside the door of the adjacent address, which was a British Yacht Club.<ref name=Spiegel321972>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42853983.html|title= Anarchsten .... Im Randfeld der fast komplett inhaftierten Baader/Meinhof-Gruppe machte die Kripo zahlreiche Anarchistenzirkel aus, in denen Pläne nach BM-Muster gediehen sind -- Bomben und Bankraub eingeschlossen|date=31 July 1972|volume=32/1972|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref>   Sommerfeld omitted to activate the fuse and the bomb was found by the boat builder and Yacht Club concierge, Erwin Beelitz. Beelitz took the bomb and placed it in a [[Vise|clamp]], apparently intending to work on it. The bomb now exploded, killing Beelitz.<ref name=Spiegel321972/>   Viett later described her reaction as one of shock. She did not consider herself responsible for the death of Beelitz, however, which she characterised as a fatal accident.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
On 7 May 1972, Viett was one of a number of people arrested at [[Bad Neuenahr]] in connection with alleged terrorist activities.   Others detained included [[:de:Ulrich Schmücker|Ulrich Schmücker]]. She was held in the [[:de:Justizvollzugsanstalt Koblenz|penitentiary]] at [[Koblenz]] for four months and then transferred to a women's prison along the [[:de:Lehrter Straße|Lehrter Straße]] in [[Berlin]].<ref name="Dietrich2013">{{cite book|author=Eckhart Dietrich|title=Ausbruch as der Vollzugsanstalt fuer Frauen in Moabit|work=Angriffe auf den Rechtsstaat: Die Baader/Meinhof-Bande, die Bewegung 2. Juni, die Revolutionären Zellen und die Stasi im Operationsgebiet Westberlin| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd8wAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|date=25 June 2013|publisher=Books on Demand| isbn=978-3-7322-2866-9|page=112}}</ref>   From January 1973 (sources are inconsistent as to precise dates<!---but this is the date given in German wikipedia--->) she was participating in a five-week nationwide prisoners' hunger strike in support of demands for better conditions.<ref name=HChronikNadir>{{cite book|work=Chronologische Eckdaten .... aus: Die Bewegung 2.Juni: Gespräche über Haschrebellen, Lorentz-Entführung und Knast|url=https://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/2_juni/2_juni_6.html|title=... 17. Januar bis 12. Februar 1973|isbn= 3-89408-052-3 |publisher=Nadir|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> Later that year, using a file that a fellow inmate had smuggled into the establishment, she was able to escape through the barred window of the first-floor television room which the prisoners were permitted to use for two hours each week.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> She moved for a few days into a women's residential collective and resumed her links with the [[2 June Movement]], devoting herself to a reorganisation of it. She also took the opportunity to learn to use a gun in Berlin's [[Grunewald (forest)]] and [[Tegel|Tegel forest]]. Early on the group now attacked a gun shop, thereby upgrading their weapons collection.
They then planned the kidnap of a prominent member of the political establishment as a way to apply pressure for the release of prisoners. Viett was centrally involved in the planning. Following the death of [[Holger Meins]] during the [[hunger strike]] campaign, there was a perceived need for a swift reaction. They selected as their kidnap target [[:de:Günter von Drenkmann|Günter von Drenkmann]], the chairman of the Berlin Chamber of Commerce. However, the attempt, launched on 10 November 1974, went wrong. Von Drenkmann was shot, and a few hours later died in hospital.<ref name=Spiegel381975>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41443728.html|title= Blümchen gehegt .... Spitzen der "Bewegung 2. Juni" sind gefangen -- der größte Erfolg gegen Terroristen seit der Festnahme von Baader und Meinhof. Doch wieder machte nicht findige Fahndung den Coup möglich, sondern der Zufall. |date=15 September 1975| volume=38/1975| publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=AttentatDrenkmann>{{cite web|title=Nach Attentat im November 1974 20.000 Menschen trauerten um Günter von Drenkmann am Rathaus Schöneberg|work=Vor 40 Jahren ehrten 20.000 Menschen Günter von Drenkmann am Rathaus Schöneberg. Terroristen hatten den Präsidenten des Berliner Kammergerichts erschossen|author=Fatina Keilani|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/bayerisches-viertel/nach-attentat-im-november-1974-20-000-menschen-trauerten-um-guenter-von-drenkmann-am-rathaus-schoeneberg/11009592.html|date=21 November 2014|publisher=Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> Their next target was [[Peter Lorenz]], lead candidate for the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU (party)]] in the forthcoming [[Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin|Berlin elections]]. Again, Viett was centrally involved in the planning and implementation of the Lorenz kidnap. The result of the action was that several terrorist members of the [[2 June Movement]] were released. Lorenz was released on 4 March 1975.<ref name=IVlautMusPan>{{cite web|url=http://wechselseitig.info/en/exhibition/biographies/inge-viett/|title=Inge Viett|work=Exhibition info| publisher=Museum Pankow|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=PLlautBW>{{cite web|title=Stele soll an die Entführung von Peter Lorenz 1975 in Zehlendorf erinnern|date=4 March 2017 |url=http://www.berliner-woche.de/zehlendorf/politik/stele-soll-an-die-entfuehrung-von-peter-lorenz-1975-in-zehlendorf-erinnern-d119986.html|publisher=Berliner Wochenblatt Verlag GmbH|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref>
After this Viett and a fellow [[2 June Movement|"2 June" member]] fled to [[Beirut]] intending to meet up with prisoners who had been released and with other contacts who had fled to [[South Yemen]]. She spoke with [[Ali Hassan Salameh]] and with [[Salah Khalaf|Abu Iyad]], but apparently without any concrete results. After several weeks she returned to Europe. That was followed by a further visit to [[Lebanon]] where she undertook a military training course covering technical aspects of weapons, before again returning to [[Berlin]].<ref name="Aust2010">{{cite book|author=Stefan Aust|title=Leerschool van het terrorisme|work=De Lokvogel: de fatale geschiedenis van een informant tussen geheime dienst en terrorisme| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAMLozcqhDsC&pg=PT37|date=15 July 2010|publisher=Overamstel Uitgevers| isbn= 978-90-488-0778-9}}</ref> Later in the summer of 1975 the [[2 June Movement]] undertook two bank attacks in [[West Berlin]], during at least one of which they attracted additional headlines by distributing [[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats|"chocolate kisses" (marshmallows coated in chocolate)]] to bank customers caught up in the raid.<ref name="Aust2010"/>
A further arrest followed on 9 September 1975. Viett was detained in a police exercise that also led to the arrests of [[:de:Ralf Reinders|Ralf Reinders]] und [[Juliane Plambeck]]. In a succession of further arrests the police now rapidly captured almost all the members of the [[2 June Movement]]. Viett found herself back in the same cell that she had occupied before at the women's prison in Berlin's [[:de:Lehrter Straße|Lehrter Straße]]. An escape attempt on 24 December 1975 failed<!---tho some sources, possibly confusing it with a successful breakout half a year later, indicate that it succeeded--->. She was part of a successful escape plan that was implemented on 7 July 1976 which involved getting hold of duplicate keys and overpowering two prison officials. Those who escaped also included  [[Gabriele Rollnik]], [[Monika Berberich]] and [[Juliane Plambeck]]. Berberich was recaptured while Viett and the other two travelled to [[Baghdad]] where, this time, they were reunited with some of the freed prisoners from 1975. She travelled in [[South Yemen]] where she spent three months in a Palestinian training camp. Here she adopted the cover name "Intissar".{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Returning to Europe, Viett and other members of [[2 June Movement|the movement]] went to [[Vienna]] where the businessman [[:de:Palmers|Walter Palmers]] was kidnapped for ransom. He was released against a payment of slightly more than 30 million [[Austrian schilling|schillings]].   Viett escaped to [[Italy]]. Then, with the intention of carrying out another prisoner-release exercise in [[West Berlin]], she travelled via [[Prague]] and [[Berlin Schönefeld Airport|Berlin-Schönefeld]] (then in [[East Berlin]]), to West Berlin. She was approached, while still in East Berlin, by officers of the [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]] who, much to her surprise, knew her real identity. A two-hour discussion followed. Since the erection in 1961 of the [[Berlin Wall]], travel between the two halves of Berlin had been severely restricted, but during her discussion Viett received assurances from [[Harry Dahl (homeland security)|Colonel Harry Dahl]] that the East German authorities would not be collaborating with the [[West Germany|West German]] police in her case, and that she could therefore be assured of free access to the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic (East Germany)]].<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> This level of backing from the East German authorities would later turn out to be more important than would necessarily have been apparent when Viett received the assurances.
On 27 May 1978, a [[2 June Movement|"2 June commando group"]] succeeded in extracting [[:de:Till Meyer|Till Meyer]] from West Berlin's [[:de:Justizvollzugsanstalt Moabit|Moabit Jail]].<ref name=Spiegel071980>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-14324196.html|title= Prozesse .... Im Berliner Kriminalgericht beginnt ein neues Terrorismus-Großverfahren. Es geht, unter anderem, um Gefangenenbefreiung in Berlin und um die Palmers-Entführung in Wien. |date=11 February 1980|volume=07/1980|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> (An attempt to free Andreas Vogel at the same time failed.) Viett then travelled with Meyer and the commandos to [[East Berlin]], using the [[Friedrichstraße]] frontier crossing. Weapons concealed on their bodies proved problematic, and Viett pleaded with the officials, recalling her earlier meeting with the [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]] officials. The group were permitted to enter [[East Germany]], although the weapons had to be handed over. They then travelled on to [[Bulgaria]]. On 21 June 1978 [[:de:Till Meyer|Till Meyer]], [[:de:Gabriele Rollnik|Gabriele Rollnik]], Gudrun Stürmer and Angelika Goder were recaptured by a West German anti-terrorism unit at [[Burgas Airport]]. However, Viett and two others managed to evade capture and travel to [[Sofia]], from where they moved on to [[Prague]].
At Prague she was interrogated for three days by the Czechoslovak authorities. She then quoted a "cover name" and demanded to be put in touch with the East German authorities. As a result, three [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]] officers from East Germany turned up, removed her from her prison cell and took her back to [[East Germany]]. For two weeks she was accommodated in a [[Stasi|Ministry property]]: then she was taken to [[Berlin Schönefeld Airport]] from where the authorities arranged a flight to [[Baghdad]] for her.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> She stayed in Baghdad for three months before returning the Europe where Inge Viett settled in [[Paris]]. She later described her own mood and that of fellow group members at this time as "somewhat resigned".<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
=== Red Army Faction ===
Around this time Viett became involved in discussions over a possible merger of the [[2 June Movement]] and the [[Red Army Faction|Red Army Faction (RAF)]].  On 5 May 1980, [[Sieglinde Hofmann]], Ingrid Barabass, Regina Nicolai, Karola Magg and Karin Kamp were all arrested while participating in a meeting in Paris to discuss the merger. Not for the first time, Inge Viett avoided arrest. On 2 June 1978, the [[2 June Movement]] dissolved itself. Many of its members were now in prison. A handful of those still at liberty, including Inge Viett, decided to switch over to the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]]. Within the RAF, Viett took on responsibility for relations with the East German [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]] whose agenda evidently sometimes coincided with that of the West German terrorist group.<ref name="Schmeidel2007">{{cite book|author=John Christian Schmeidel|title=The Red Army Faction and the Stasi|work=Stasi: Shield and Sword of the Party|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dqd-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|date=12 September 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-21375-7|pages=155–156}}</ref> An issue arose concerning eight "drop out" [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] members who no longer wished to participate in the group's violent activities and had become stranded without credible identity papers in [[Prague]]. Viett sought help from her Stasi contacts to have these individuals conducted to safety in "Black Africa". The Stasi expressed concern that the proposal was impractical on several levels, not least because the RAF "drop outs" might disclose what they knew of links between the East German ministry and the West German terrorist group.   Instead the eight were invited to relocate to [[East Germany]] where they were issued with new identities and coached till they had mastered their cover stories, before being distributed across the remoter corners of East Germany and permitted to start new lives, albeit under surveillance, and without being able to contact one another.<ref name="Schmeidel2007"/> After agreeing the transfers of the eight from Prague and seeing them safely into East Germany Viett herself headed back to [[South Yemen]] to think through her own position. Within the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] she felt herself hemmed in.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> After six weeks she returned to Europe and, together with three other [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] members, undertook a further stint of military training in East Germany. Then she returned to the west and lived clandestinely in a house run by the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] in [[Namur]] in [[Wallonia|francophone Belgium]].
=== Incident in Paris ===
In August 1981 Inge Viett took a ride through Paris on a Suzuki moped that she had purchased. Regulations by this time required that moped riders should wear a helmet, but she was not wearing any. Two traffic policemen signalled her to stop after she "jumped a traffic light" and she did what she could to get away from them. The policemen were on relatively powerful motor bikes and gave chase. One of them fell off, but the other continued the pursuit alone.<ref name=MemFV/> A lengthy chase through Paris ensued, with Viett eventually abandoning her moped and making her way on foot. In a parking garage she came across one of the policemen and approached him, pointing a gun at him. According to Viett the policeman reached for his own gun<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> at which point she shot him from a distance of around four meters. Francis Violleau, the policeman, suffered a neck injury as a result of which he was confined to a wheel chair for nineteen years until his death at age 54, in 2000.<ref name=MemFV/><ref>Willi Winkler: Die Geschichte der RAF. 2. Aufl., Hamburg 2008, p. 381.</ref><ref name="O'Brien2014">{{cite book|author=Mary-Elizabeth O'Brien|title=The wild west and east of Eden|work=Post-Wall German Cinema and National History: Utopianism and Dissent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMxvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=3 January 2014|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn= 978-1-57113-596-4| pages=201–202}}</ref>
Viett was identified from finger prints found on her moped and on her abandoned handbag, but by that time she had returned to the house in [[Namur]].<ref name=MemFV>{{cite web|title=Francis Violleau|url=http://policehommage.blogspot.co.uk/1981/08/francis-violleau-inge-viett-raf.html|work=Mémorial en ligne aux policiers français: Victimes du devoir|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> She then took another trip to [[South Yemen]]. By this time she was nurturing increasing doubts over the effectiveness of the "armed struggle". She realised that the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] was socially isolated, and that even within the political left, any messages from its "actions" really only reached the most marginalised groups.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
=== Flight to East Germany ===
In 1982, Inge Viett became the [[Red Army Faction|RAF's]] tenth (and final)<ref name=EMSlautBP/> "drop out" and slipped across to [[East Germany]]. For the next six months she lived in a secluded apartment provided by the [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security (Stasi)]] while she prepared her new self. Her new name was "Eva-Maria Sommer". The original plan would have been to bury her West German connections, but frequent memory lapses meant she continued to use western words, such as "Supermarket", in place of their East German equivalents, such as, here, "Kaufhalle".<ref name=EMSlautBP/> She was unable to master the endless acronyms specific to East Germany such as EOS, POS, NSW, SW, AWG, KWV....<ref name=EMSlautBP/> The decision was therefore made to "relaunch" her as a newly arrived immigrant from West Germany.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> That avoided the likely pitfalls from her failure to master East German idioms, but immigrants from West Germany were vanishingly rare in East Germany and she accordingly risked standing out in any crowd on account of her western provenance.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> The newly arrived migrant from [[West Germany]] settled in a quarter in [[Dresden]]. While West German police feverishly sought the terrorist Inge Viett, in the [[Dresden]] quarter of [[:de:Prohlis|Prohlis]] Eva-Maria Sommer started to build her new life.<ref name=EMSlautBP>{{cite web|title="Dresden vergessen"|url=http://www.sz-online.de/sachsen/dresden-vergessen-3739077.html|date=1 August 2017|author=Butz Peters|work=Während die Polizei in der Bundesrepublik in den 1980er-Jahren fieberhaft nach der RAF-Terroristin Inge Viett fahndete, lebte diese als Eva-Maria Sommer schon unauffällig in der damaligen Bezirkshauptstadt.|publisher=Sächsische Zeitung GmbH, [[Dresden]]|accessdate=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802045025/http://www.sz-online.de/sachsen/dresden-vergessen-3739077.html|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> She undertook and completed an apprenticeship in printing and copying and took a job at the "Völkerfreundschaft" (''"People's Friendship"'') printing shop at Riesaer Straße 32 in Dresden.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> She was also recruited to the [[Stasi]]'s vast network of  [[Informal collaborator]]s. On 25 February 1983, she was logged as "IMB Maria Berger" (''"Informal collaborator - watcher, Maria Berger"'') with the reference number XV/2385/83 for Department XXII/8.<ref name=IMBMRlautStaMed>{{cite web|url= http://www.stasi-mediathek.de/medien/auszug-aus-dem-besucherbuch-des-konspirativen-objektes-74/blatt/18/|title=Auszug aus dem Besucherbuch des konspirativen "Objektes 74"|publisher=Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU)|work=Stasi Mediathek: IMB Maria Berger is listed four lines from the bottom of this list|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>   (Department XXII/8 was the [[Stasi|ministry's]] sub-department for counter-terrorism.)<ref>Regine Igel: Terrorismuslügen; pp. 164–166</ref>
=== Dresden years ===
Colleagues must have realised quickly that their new comrade from the west was well connected. Just six months after taking her job, she acquired a car.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> Normally comrades would have had to save massively and then spend several years with their names on a waiting list before acquiring any car. Eva-Maria Sommer's car was not just any car: it was a [[Lada Riva|Lada]].<ref name=EMSlautBP/>  Aware of the envy her car attracted from colleagues she then switched her [[Lada Riva|Lada]] for a [[Trabant 601|Trabant]]. She acquired a new life-partner with a newspaper "lonely hearts" announcement placed in Autumn 1983: "Seeking hiking friend for passing the hours together" (''"Suche Wanderfreundin für gemeinsame Stunden..."'').<ref name=EMSlautBP/>
In 1987, Eva-Maria Sommer's time in Dresden ended abruptly after three and a half years.<ref name=EMSlautBP/>{{sfn|Belton|2020|page=38}} One colleague had been permitted to travel to [[West Germany]] where she had found herself with time to kill at [[Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof|Frankfurt Station (Frankfurt a/M Hbf)]].<ref name=EMSlautBP/> Her eye was caught by a "wanted" poster featuring twelve photo-portraits of [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] terrorist suspects.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> Only nine of the suspects were featured since for each of three of them - presumably the most important three - there were two pictures. Two faces on the bottom row showed a girl in a long blonde wig who looked strangely familiar.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> The poster also mentioned a distinguishing feature for Inge Viett.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> There was a 1&nbsp;cm scar on the right index finger: its position on the finger was described with teutonic precision.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> Eva-Maria Sommer was Inge Viett. Viett recognised she must disappear fast. Disclosure that East Germany was harbouring wanted West German terrorist suspects could be incalculably damaging to East Germany.<ref name=EMSlautBP/> The [[Stasi|ministry]] organised her disappearance with characteristic speed and thoroughness: Eva-Maria Sommer's true identity remained undisclosed for another six years. She needed to think and decided to travel to [[South Yemen]].<ref name=EMSlautBP/> But this time she stayed in East Germany, moving to a discreet apartment in [[East Berlin]]'s [[Marzahn]] district while work began on creating another new identity for her.<ref name=EMSlautBP/>
=== Magdeburg years ===
Viett's new identity, which she was ready to inhabit, after nine months of preparation, in 1987, was as Eva Schnell.<ref name="StaigerSteiner2009"/> She was evidently by now sufficiently familiar with East German culture and phrases to be able to present herself as an East German citizen of long standing, who had worked with her husband in his small business until she was widowed. Now, in her early 40s, she was embarking on a new life in [[Magdeburg]] where she lived at an address in an apartment block along the Hans-Grundig-Straße in a quarter in the [[:de:Kannenstieg|north of the city]]. She was employed as a group leader in a children's holiday camp run for employees of the "[[:de:Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Wolf|Karl-Liebknecht Heavy Machinery Conglomerate]]" (as it was known at that time).<ref name=IVlautDW/>   She was responsible for a budget of one million marks and a team of three co-workers: she would describe the work environment as "initially very tense".<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> To her the operation appeared "larger and more complex than the entire city of Magdeburg", and in those early months she frequently felt she had lost control.
An annual cultural high-point for Eva Schnell was the Magdeburg Cabaret which was "permanently sold out", but for which she was nevertheless able frequently to obtain tickets.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
=== Reacting to the changes in the 1980s ===
After spending the first 36 years of her life as a spectacularly critical citizen of [[West Germany]], Viett was broadly supportive of the "[[East Germany|East German]] project". She was nevertheless critical, in particular, of the level of press reporting and, above all, of the political analysis that appeared in the press.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/> Inge Viett lived in East Germany during a decade of changes which, at the time, were reported only superficially in western media.   There was a rising tide of underground political protest which, as the 1980s progressed, increasingly spilled onto the streets. As the bracing winds of [[Glasnost]] swept across from, of all places, [[Moscow]], the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|ruling party]] was no longer confident that it could rely on fraternal intervention of Soviet troops that had brutally suppressed the protests in [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|1953]], or, in [[Prague]] in [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|1968]].   In the context of the country's important industrial sector, of which the [[:de:Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Wolf|"Karl-Liebknecht Heavy Machinery Conglomerate"]] was a part, industrial modernisation in the [[Soviet Union]] meant that in commercial terms the two socialist partner countries were increasingly finding themselves competing as rivals in shared export markets. Viett was critical of the [[Die Wende|changes]] and what came to be known as the [[Peaceful Revolution]]. She attended a [[Monday demonstrations in East Germany|"Monday demonstration"]] in [[Magdeburg Cathedral|the cathedral]]. Unlike others present, she found the speeches "aggressive". A "group of churchmen in black skirts" pushed her aside as they made their way past. "Fascist leaflets" were on display by the main door. Viett wondered where to find the "counter-revolution".<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/>
At [[East German general election, 1990|East Germany's first and last free and fair general election]], held on 18 March 1990, Eva Schnell helped out as an [[:de:Wahlhelfer (Deutschland)|election assistant]] at her local polling station. Innovative features of the election included giving voters a choice between several different candidate lists. Under the "single list" system used previously voters were invited to vote "yes" or "no" to the party's list of candidates and then, if they exercised the right to vote "no", risking serious social and economic penalties such as being demoted or fired from their jobs or expelled from school, etc., used a different box for their voting paper. The 1990 election in March effectively marked the end of [[one-party state|one-]] [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|party]] [[Constitution of East Germany|dictatorship]] and operated as a precursor to [[German reunification|reunification]] which formally took place in October 1990. The [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]], which had sponsored Viett's presence in the country, had also been terminated. She nevertheless continued to live and work, as before, in Magdeburg even after the arrest, on 6 June 1990, of [[Susanne Albrecht]] who was the first of eight former [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] members to be found living with new identities in what was still, in June 1990, known as the [[German Democratic Republic]].<ref name=RAFarrests1990>{{cite magazine|title=Terrorism: Out of the Woodwork|url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970493,00.html?iid=digg_share|date=25 June 1990|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref>
=== Arrest in Magdeburg and conviction in Koblenz ===
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFDEAD|align=right|width=38%|
{{left|'''Soon after her arrest in June 1990 Inge Viett wrote a letter which she addresses to "her dear collective" (''"ihr Liebes Kollektiv"''). It amounted to a timely Paean of praise to the [[German Democratic Republic]].'''}}<br>
"Ein Land, das sich die Werte, für die ich lebte, auf seine Fahnen, seine Verfassung und Gesetze geschrieben hat: Antifaschismus, Solidarität, Völkerfreundschaft und Kollektivität. Für diese gesellschaftlichen Ziele hab ich all die Jahre in der DDR mit großer Kraft gelebt und gearbeitet. Es sind die wichtigsten Jahre in meinem Leben."<br>''"A land that had inscribed the values for which I have lived on its flags, in its constitution and in its laws: anti-fascism, solidarity, the friendship of peoples', collectivism. I have worked and lived for these social objectives during my years in the German Democratic Republic with all my strength. These are the most important years in my life."''<ref name=spiegel02juni2017/>
}}
On 12 June 1990, Viett was arrested as she walked towards the lift/elevator in the entrance hall of the Magdeburg apartment block in which she lived.<ref name=Niewarichfurchtloser/><ref name=spiegel02juni2017>{{cite web|author= Michael Sontheimer|url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/raf-mitglieder-in-der-ddr-untergetaucht-im-sozialistischen-exil-a-1034857.html|title= RAF in der DDR .... Asyl beim kleinen Bruder|work="Die wichtigsten Jahre in meinem Leben" .... Vor 25 Jahren verhafteten ostdeutsche Kriminalpolizisten zehn ehemalige RAF-Mitglieder in der DDR. Die Aussteiger hatten jahrelang versteckt im sozialistischen Exil gelebt. Wie kam es dazu?|date=2 June 2016|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)| accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref> A neighbour had recognised her and reported her to the police as one of the terrorist suspects.  She was held for four weeks in East Germany and then handed over to the [[West Germany|West German]] authorities.
Till 1990 prosecutors in West Germany had been unable to unravel with sufficient precision the roles of individual [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] members for the series of terrorist murders that took place in 1977. After 1990, with the suspected ex-terrorists extracted from East Germany, prosecutors were able to offer reduced sentences in exchange for information that could be used to secure convictions in court.<ref name=spiegel02juni2017/> Nevertheless, when the [[:de:Oberlandesgericht Koblenz|district high court]] in [[Koblenz]] convicted Inge Viett in 1992, the charge was one of "[[attempted murder]]". The prosecutors had chosen to charge her not in respect of alleged terrorist offences in the 1970s, but in respect of her having shot a policeman in Paris during the summer of 1981, a case concerning which the evidence was less inscrutable. She was sentenced to thirteen years in jail.
=== Release ===
In January 1997 Viett reached the halfway point in her sentence. She was therefore released, and the remaining seven-year term was converted into a [[suspended sentence]].<ref name=IVlautWG/> Her first book, the autobiographical work ''"Nie war ich furchtloser: Autobiographie"'' had already been published by the time she was released, and she has worked as an author since that time. She has never sought to distance herself from the "armed actions" of the [[Red Army Faction|Red Army Faction (RAF)]].
The film producer [[Volker Schlöndorff]] used themes from her autobiographical work for his film [[:de:Die Stille nach dem Schuss|Die Stille nach dem Schuss]] (''[[The Legend of Rita]]''). Viett accused him and his script-writer, [[Wolfgang Kohlhaase]], of plagiarism. The parties reached an "out of court" settlement.<ref name=kinoselonULT>{{cite book|pages=167–168|title=The RAF goes East|work=Paradise for Provocation: Plotting Berlin’s Political Underground|author=Charity Scribner|isbn=978-0-230-57665-0|date=2009|url=http://197.14.51.10:81/pmb/ARCHITECTURE/Memory%20Culture%20and%20the%20Contemporary%20City.pdf|publisher=[[:fr:Université libre de Tunis|Université libre de Tunis]]|accessdate=1 September 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015539/http://197.14.51.10:81/pmb/ARCHITECTURE/Memory%20Culture%20and%20the%20Contemporary%20City.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== The unbowed radical ===
On 24 February 2007, Viett published a piece in ''[[Junge Welt]]'' in which she contextualised and defended the terrorism of the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]]. The "political-military struggle" was at that time "the appropriate expression for [their] opposition to [[capitalism]]".   Looking back, she lamented the way that in the appetite for liberation "the guerilla fight in West Germany and in all the imperialist countries excluded from the headlines the more experienced, intelligent, persistent and constructitive aspects" of the movement. The "armed actions" by the [[Red Army Faction|RAF]] represented one element as "class struggle from below". Forty years ago there was a small collection of people who took the decision to take up the struggle against the German elite and their power structure. Viett asserted that they were motivated by anti-colonialism and national liberation movements.<ref name=IVlautAF>{{cite news|title=Wie Inge Viett den Terrorismus der RAF verteidigt "Wieso haben nur wir zu den Waffen gegriffen?"|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wie-inge-viett-den-terrorismus-der-raf-verteidigt--wieso-haben-nur-wir-zu-den-waffen-gegriffen---15684124|author=Andreas Förster|date=2 March 2007|newspaper=[[Berliner Zeitung]]|accessdate=2 September 2017|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311162522/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wie-inge-viett-den-terrorismus-der-raf-verteidigt--wieso-haben-nur-wir-zu-den-waffen-gegriffen---15684124|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 28 July 2008, Viett was briefly arrested at a demonstration against the German army being held at [[Berlin]]'s [[Brandenburg Gate]].<ref name=TVVerhaftung21072008>{{cite web|title=Ex-Terroristin Inge Viett wieder frei|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/polizei-justiz/bundeswehr-geloebnis-ex-terroristin-inge-viett-wieder-frei/1284150.html|date=21 July 2008| publisher= Der Tagesspiegel, Berlin|accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref> A few months later, following criticism by politicians, she was quoted in the Berlin edition mass market ''[[Bild]]'' newspaper defending her involvement, "That was an anti-militarist action. And every anti-militarist action is good."<ref name=Bild06032009>{{cite news|url=http://www.bild.de/regional/berlin/brandanschlag-gelobt-wer-stopft-der-ex-raf-frau-den-schandmaul-5949812.bild.html|title=Wer stopft der Ex-Terroristin das Schandmaul?|date=6 March 2009|newspaper=[[Bild]]|author=M. Lukaschewitsch|accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref>   Eventually she faced trial, on 22 October 2009. Noting that she was "a pensioner",<ref name=IVlautJH/> the court released Viett on the original charges but fined her 225 Euros for "resisting the power of the state" (''"Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt"''), reflecting the manner in which she had resisted the police arresting her.<ref name=IVGeldstrafe2009>{{cite web|date=22 October 2009|title=Ex-RAF-Terroristin Viett zu Geldstrafe verurteilt| url=http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/deutschland/ex-raf-terroristin-viett-zu-geldstrafe-verurteilt-aid-1.2013020|publisher= RP Digital GmbH, Düsseldorf|accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref>
On 8 January 2011, Viett participated in a panel discussion at the International Rosa Luxemburg Conference in Berlin. The press were in attendance. She called for the construction of a "revolutionary communist organisation with secret structures". That was all part of a "kämpferische Praxis",<ref name=IVlautJH/> a (barely) nuanced phrase capable of interpretation as a call for violence. "Bourgeois legal structures" (''"bürgerliche Rechtsordnung"'') could not set the standards in this context.<ref name=IVlautJH/> "If Germany conducts war, and German army weaponry is torched in an anti-war action, then the action is a legitimate one: so is sabotaging munitions stores. Wildcat strikes, occupation of businesses or homes, militant anti-fascist actions, countering police attacks etc....".<ref name=IVlautJH/>  The [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] lawyer-politician [[Wolfgang Bosbach]], at that time chairman of the parliamentary home affairs committee, went on record with his opinion that this amounted to a "call for a violent struggle against the state" (''einen "Aufruf zum gewaltsamen Kampf gegen den Staat"'').<ref name=IVlautJH/> In November 2011 a Berlin district court fined Viett 1200 Euros for "endorsing criminal acts" (''"Billigung von Straftaten"'').<ref name=IVlautMH/><ref name=IVlautFAZ2011>{{cite news|title=Anklage gegen Inge Viett: "Gewalt gebilligt"|work=Weil die ehemalige RAF-Terroristin in einem Zeitungsbeitrag Gewalt gegen Bundeswehreinrichtungen gebilligt habe, hat die Berliner Staatsanwaltschaft gegen Anklage gegen Inge Viett erhoben.|publisher=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|date=5 June 2011|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/ehemalige-raf-terroristin-anklage-gegen-inge-viett-gewalt-gebilligt-1651781.html|accessdate=2 September 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114154719/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/ehemalige-raf-terroristin-anklage-gegen-inge-viett-gewalt-gebilligt-1651781.html|archivedate=14 November 2011}}</ref>
== Published output (selection) ==
{{div col}}
* ''Einsprüche! Briefe aus dem Gefängnis''. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 1996, {{ISBN|3-89401-266-8}}
* ''Nie war ich furchtloser: Autobiographie''. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 1997, {{ISBN|3-89401-270-6}}. Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag Reinbek 1999, {{ISBN|3-499-60769-7}}.
* ''Cuba libre bittersüß: Reisebericht''. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 1999, {{ISBN|3-89401-340-0}}
* ''Morengas Erben: eine Reise durch Namibia''. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 2004, {{ISBN|3-89401-447-4}}
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}
*{{cite book |last=Belton |first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Belton |title=Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, Giroux]] |date=23 June 2020 |isbn=978-0374238711}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Viett, Inge}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the 2 June Movement]]
[[Category:Members of the Red Army Faction]]
[[Category:German people convicted of attempted murder]]
[[Category:21st-century German writers]]
[[Category:German autobiographers]]
[[Category:People from Eckernförde]]
[[Category:People from Stormarn (district)]]
[[Category:Writers from Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Writers from Magdeburg]]
[[Category:People from Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]]
[[Category:West German defectors to East Germany]]
[[Category:East German women]]
[[Category:Criminals from Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Stasi informants]]