View source for Intef I

{{Short description|11th dynasty (Theban) Pharaoh}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
| Name= Intef I
| Image= Intef I.jpg
| caption = [[Serekh]] of Intef I reading "Horus Sehertawy", inscribed posthumously for him by [[Mentuhotep II]] in the Temple of Montu at [[El-Tod|Tod]], now in the [[Egyptian Museum]].
| NomenHiero=
| Nomen=Sa-Re Intef<br>''Sȝ-rˁ-in-it.f''<br>''Son of [[Ra]], Intef <small>(litt. His father brought him)</small>''<ref name=Clayton>Clayton, Peter A. <cite>Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt</cite>. Thames &amp; Hudson. p72. 2006. {{ISBN|0-500-28628-0}}</ref><br><hiero><-G39-N5-W25-n:t:f-></hiero>
| Prenomen=
| Golden=
| Nebty=
| Horus= Sehertawy<br>''Shr-tȝ.wy''<br>''Maker of peace in the two lands''<ref name=Clayton/>
| HorusHiero= <hiero>S29-O4:D21-Y1-N16:N16</hiero>
| Reign= 4 to 16 years, 2134—2118 BC,<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Egyptian King List|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|date=2001|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5|pages=626–628}}</ref> c. 2120 BC or c. 2070 BC<ref name="schneider">[[Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)|Thomas Schneider]]: ''Ancient Egyptian Chronology'' - Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, And David a. Warburton, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/56781350/Ancient-Egyptian-Chronology-Edited-by-Erik-Hornung-Rolf-Krauss-And-David-a-Warburton available online], see p. 491</ref>
| Predecessor=[[Mentuhotep I]]
| Successor=[[Intef II]]
| Alt = Antef, Inyotef, Anjotef, Anyotef, Enyotef
| Dynasty=[[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|11th&nbsp;Dynasty]]
| Mother= [[Neferu I]]
| Father = uncertain, most probably [[Mentuhotep I]]<ref name="encyclo"/>
| Children=
|burial = Saff tomb at [[El-Tarif]] known as "Saff el-Dawba"<ref name="encyclo">Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, {{ISBN|978-1-905299-37-9}}, 2008, pp. 143-144</ref>
}}
'''Sehertawy Intef I''' was a local [[nomarch]] at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] during the early [[First Intermediate Period]] and the first member of the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|11th Dynasty]] to lay claim to a [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary#Horus name|Horus name]]. Intef reigned from 4 to 16 years c. 2120 BC or c. 2070 BC<ref name="schneider"/> during which time he probably waged war with his northern neighbor, the [[Nomos of Harawî|Coptite]] nomarch Tjauti. Intef was buried in a saff tomb at [[El-Tarif]], known today as Saff el-Dawaba.<ref name="encyclo"/>
== Sources ==
{{see also|Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}
Intef is known for certain from only one near-contemporary monument: two inscribed blocks from the temple of [[Montu]] at [[El-Tod|Tod]] which were erected during [[Mentuhotep II]]'s reign. The blocks represent Mentuhotep II facing the names of three of his ancestors which are identified by their proper name (nomen) and Horus name.
These are Intef (I) Sehertawy, [[Intef II|Intef (II) Wahankh]] and [[Intef III|Intef (III) Nakht-neb-tep-nefer]] (although in this case only the Horus names Sehertawy and Wahankh are preserved).<ref>Labib Habachi: ''King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in the form of gods'', in ''Mitteilungen des deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Kairo'' 19 (1963), fig. 22)</ref> This relief establishes the succession of kings of the 11th Dynasty.
There are no contemporary monuments which can be positively attributed to Intef I.<ref>Schneider, op. cit. p. 161</ref> A possible exception is a short inscription discovered in the western desert: "''the assault troops of the son of Re, Intef''". In the original publication of the inscription this king Intef is identified with Intef I, although Intef II has also been proposed as a possibility.<ref name="encyclo"/> The inscription is located in the vicinity of an inscription commissioned by the contemporary Coptite nomarch named Tjauti (see below).<ref>{{Cite book |first1= John Coleman |last1= Darnell |author-link=John Coleman Darnell |first2= Deborah |last2= Darnell |year= 2002 |title= Theban Desert Road Survey in the Egyptian Western Desert |volume= 1 |location= Chicago |publisher= Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |isbn= 9781885923172 |pages=38–46}}</ref>
Intef I is most likely attested on later king lists, but this remains uncertain as his name is either lost or damaged. In the [[Karnak king list]] a king Intef appears next to "Men...", most likely [[Mentuhotep I]], as part of the latter's Horus name, "the ancestor", is still visible. The few remains of Intef I's Horus name fit to Sehertawy. The name and duration of the reign of Intef I are not preserved in the [[Turin Canon]], although from an analysis of the available space, it is possible that Intef I was mentioned in what is now a lacuna affecting entry 5.13. The durations of the reigns of the other 11th Dynasty kings are preserved in the Turin Canon and add up to 127 years. Furthermore, the summary of reigns of this Dynasty is also preserved in the Turin Canon and is given as 143 years. On the strength of these much later fragments, the two lost reigns of Mentuhotep I and Intef I have been calculated to add up to 16 years, further implying that Intef's reign lasted for less than 16 years. Thus the duration of Intef's reign is often reported to be between 4 and 16 years.<ref name="encyclo"/> Intef I was succeeded by his brother Intef II who pursued the war with the northern neighbors of the Theban kingdom.
== Reign ==
[[File:TarifDawabaCourt.jpg|thumb|Court of the saff tomb of Intef I, at Saff el-Dawaba]]
Sehertawy Intef I was the first member of his Dynasty to assume a [[pharaoh|pharaonic]] title with the [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary#Horus name|Horus name]] of '''Sehertawy''' variously rendered as ''"Maker of peace in the two lands"'', ''"He who has brought calm to the two Lands"'' and ''"Pacifier of the two lands"''.<ref name=Clayton/><ref name="encyclo"/><ref name=Grimal-143>Nicholas Grimal,'' A History of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford: Blackwell Books, 1992), p. 143</ref> Intef's parents may possibly have been [[Mentuhotep I]] and [[Neferu I]].<ref name="encyclo"/>
By taking a Horus name with both crowns, Intef declared himself ruler of all Egypt.<ref name="encyclo"/> However, his authority was contested by the other [[nomarch]]s of Egypt, chief among them being the [[Tenth dynasty of Egypt|10th Dynasty]] rulers at [[Herakleopolis Magna]] who also laid claim to the title of pharaoh and their powerful ally [[Ankhtifi]], nomarch of [[Nekhen|Hierakonpolis]], and a faithful follower of the Herakleopolitan Dynasty.<ref>Grimal, p.142</ref> On his accession to the Theban throne, Intef probably ruled only the Theban (fourth) nome, but it is conjectured that after defeating Ankhtifi or one of his successors, Intef acquired the three nomes to the south of Thebes, down to [[Elephantine]], and to the north all territories south of the border with the Coptite nome. Alternatively, this may have been achieved by Intef's predecessor Mentuhotep I.<ref name="encyclo"/> Both hypotheses remain conjectural given the paucity of historical records on this period.
Intef I got rapidly embroiled in a war with his northern neighbors. A [[Graffito (archaeology)|graffito]] discovered by the [[Theban Desert Road Survey]] in the [[Gebel Tjauti]] northwest of Thebes reports the presence there of "the assault troops of the son of [[Ra]], Intef".<ref name="encyclo"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Theban Desert Road Survey |website=[[yale.edu]] |url=http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_theban.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201042406/http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_theban.htm |archive-date=2013-12-01}}</ref> It has been posited that this inscription refers to Intef I whose soldiers were fighting the [[Qift|Coptite]] nomarch Tjauti. In support of this hypothesis is a nearby worn out stele erected by [[Tjauti]] reporting the construction of a road to allow his people to cross the desert "which the ruler of another nome had sealed off [when he came in order to] fight with my nome...".<ref name="encyclo"/> Although not named explicitly, Darell Baker and other Egyptologists contend that this ruler must either be Intef I or his successor Intef II.<ref name="encyclo"/> In any case, the subsequent defeat of Tjauti ultimately put Koptos, Dendera and the three nomes of Hierakonpolis under Theban control, expanding the Theban kingdom 250&nbsp;km northward with a border near [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]].<ref name="encyclo"/>
== Tomb ==
Intef's funerary complex was dug in a hill side at El-Tarif on the opposite bank of the Nile at Thebes and is known today as Saff el-Dawaba. The site of El-Tarif comprises three monumental royal tombs, known as saff tombs. Inscriptions found in one tomb indicate that it belonged to Wahankh Intef II, Intef I's successor. At the opposite, the Saff el-Dawaba is devoid of inscriptions but yielded the earliest type of pottery found at El-Tarif and, for this reason, is most often assigned to Intef I.<ref name="schneider"/><ref>Rasha Soliman: ''Old and Middle Kingdom Theban Tombs'', London 2009 {{ISBN|978-1-906137-09-0}}, 31-35</ref>
The Saff el-Dawaba comprises a large {{convert|300|x|75|m}} sunken courtyard backed by a colonnade leading to a mortuary chapel carved into the hill and flanked by two chambers. The burial chamber of Intef I was dug beneath the mortuary chapel.<ref name="encyclo"/>
<gallery class="center" widths="200px">
File:Saff el-Dawaba1.jpg|Court of the tomb of Intef I.
File:Saff el-Dawaba3.jpg|Portico of the tomb, columns half buried in the sand.
File:Saff el-Dawaba4.jpg|Pillared gallery in front of the burial chamber.
File:Saff el-Dawaba5.jpg|Burial chamber.
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef | before=[[Mentuhotep I]] }}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt]] | years=[[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] }}
{{S-aft | after=[[Intef II]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{authority control}}
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[[Category:22nd-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:21st-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Nomarchs]]
[[Category:Mentuhotep I]]