View source for International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

{{Short description|Code of nomenclature}}
The '''International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes''' ('''ICNP''') or '''Prokaryotic Code''', formerly the '''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria''' ('''ICNB''') or '''Bacteriological Code''' ('''BC'''), governs the [[scientific name]]s for [[Bacteria]] and [[Archaea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-icsp.org|title=Home|website=the-icsp.org}}</ref><ref name=Sneath>P. H. A. Sneath, 2003. A short history of the Bacteriological Code [http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm URL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524070542/http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref> It denotes the rules for naming [[taxon|taxa]] of bacteria, according to their relative rank. As such it is one of the [[Nomenclature Codes|nomenclature codes]] of [[biology]].
Originally the ''[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]]'' dealt with bacteria, and this kept references to bacteria until these were eliminated at the 1975 [[International Botanical Congress]]. An early Code for the nomenclature of bacteria was approved at the 4th International Congress for Microbiology in 1947, but was later discarded.
The latest version to be printed in book form is the 1990 Revision,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8808/|title=Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations|first1=S. P.|last1=Lapage|first2=P. H. A.|last2=Sneath|first3=E. F.|last3=Lessel|first4=V. B. D.|last4=Skerman|first5=H. P. R.|last5=Seeliger|first6=W. A.|last6=Clark|date=March 5, 1992|publisher=ASM Press|via=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> but the book does not represent the current rules. The 2008 and 2022 Revisions have been published in the ''[[International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology]]'' (IJSEM).<ref name=Sneath/> Rules are maintained by the [[International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes]] (ICSP; formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, ICSB).
The baseline for bacterial names is the Approved Lists<ref>VBD Skerman, Vicki McGowan, and PHA Sneath, 1989. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=bacname ''Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, Amended edition''] Washington (DC): [[ASM Press]]</ref> with a starting point of 1980. New bacterial names are reviewed by the ICSP as being in conformity with the Rules of Nomenclature and published in the ''IJSEM''.
==Cyanobacteria==
Since 1975, most bacteria were covered under the bacteriological code. However, [[cyanobacteria]] were still covered by the botanical code. Starting in 1999, cyanobacteria were covered by both the botanical and bacteriological codes. This situation has caused nomenclatural problems for the cyanobacteria.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Oren, A.|year=2011|title=Cyanobacterial systematics and nomenclature as featured in the International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy / International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology / International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=61|issue=1|pages=10–15|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.018838-0|pmid=21097637|doi-access=free|s2cid=206169872 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f2d0/627a6aa76217775a319c7e175dd22b8d122f.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, ((Ventura S.)) | journal = Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | year = 2017 | volume = 110 | issue = 10 | pages = 1257–1269 | doi = 10.1007/s10482-017-0848-0 | title = The current status of cyanobacterial nomenclature under the "prokaryotic" and the "botanical" code | pmid = 28243951| s2cid = 23489558 }}</ref> By 2020, there were three proposals for how to resolve the situation:
# Exclude cyanobacteria from the bacteriological code.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, ((Garrity GM.)) | title = Proposal to change General Consideration 5 and Principle 2 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2014 | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 309–10 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.059568-0 | pmid = 24408952}}</ref>
# Apply the bacteriological code to all cyanobacteria.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pinevich AV. | title = Proposal to consistently apply the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) to names of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria), including those validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)/International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN), and proposal to change Principle 2 of the ICNP | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 1070–4 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.000034 | pmid = 25505344| doi-access = free }}</ref>
# Treat valid publication under the botanical code as valid publication under the bacteriological code.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Oren A. | title = Three alternative proposals to emend the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to resolve the status of the Cyanobacteria in the prokaryotic nomenclature | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2020 | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 4406–4408 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.004268 | pmid = 32602831| s2cid = 220270571 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In 2021, the ICSP held a formal vote on the three proposals and the third option was chosen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Arahal DR, Rosselló-Móra R, Sutcliffe IC, ((Moore ERB.)) | title = Emendation of General Consideration 5 and Rules 18a, 24a and 30 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to resolve the status of the ''Cyanobacteria'' in the prokaryotic nomenclature | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 71 | issue = 8 | year = 2021 | pages = 004939 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.004939 | pmid = 34342563| s2cid = 236884663 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Type strain==
{{main|Type (biology)}}
Since 2001, when a new bacterial or archaeal species is described, a type strain must be designated.<ref name="ICNP 18a">[https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000778 Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision)], Rule 18a.</ref> The type strain is a living culture to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. For a new species name to be validly published, the type strain must be deposited in a public [[culture collection]] in at least two different countries.<ref name="ICNP 30">[https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000778 Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision)], Rule 30.</ref>  Before 2001, a species could also be typified using a description, a preserved specimen, or an illustration.<ref name="ICNP 18a"/> There is a single type strain for each prokaryotic species, but different culture collections may designate a unique name for the same strain. For example, the type strain of ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' (originally strain U5/41) is called ATCC 11775 by the [[American Type Culture Collection]], DSM 30083 by the [[German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures]], JCM 1649 by the [[Japan Collection of Microorganisms]], and LMG 2092 by the [[Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms]].<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, ((Parte AC.)) | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/escherichia-coli | title = ''Escherichia coli'' | access-date = June 21, 2022 | publisher = [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Reimer LC, ((Sardà Carbasse J)), Koblitz J, Ebeling C, Podstawka A, ((Overmann J.)) | url = https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/4907 | title = ''Escherichia coli'' U5/41 | access-date = June 21, 2022 | publisher = BacDive}}</ref> When a prokaryotic species cannot be cultivated in the laboratory (and therefore cannot be deposited in a culture collection), it may be given a provisional ''[[candidatus]]'' name, but is not considered validly published.<ref name="ICNP A11">[https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000778 Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision)], Appendix 11.</ref>
==Versions==
* Buchanan, R. E., and Ralph St. John-Brooks. (1947, June) (Editors). ''Proposed Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature''. Developed from proposals approved by International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature at the Meeting of the Third International Congress for Microbiology. Publication authorized in Plenary Session, pp.&nbsp;61. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. U.S.A. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009111230 Hathi Trust].
* {{cite journal | author = Buchanan R. E., St , John-Brooks R., Breed R. S. | year = 1948 | title = International bacteriological code of nomenclature | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–306 | doi = 10.1128/jb.55.3.287-306.1948 | doi-access = free | pmid = 16561459 | pmc = 518444 }} Reprinted 1949, ''Journal of General Microbiology'' 3, 444–462.
* International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature. (1958, June). ''International code of nomenclature of bacteria and viruses''. Ames, Iowa State College Press. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6959#/summary BHL].
* Lapage, S.P., Sneath, P.H.A., Lessel, E.F., Skerman, V.B.D., Seeliger, H.P.R. & Clark, W.A. (1975). ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria''. 1975 Revision. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
* Lapage, S.P., Sneath, P.H.A., Lessel, E.F., Skerman, V.B.D., Seeliger, H.P.R. & Clark, W.A. (1992). ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria''. Bacteriological Code. 1990 Revision. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8817/ link].
* Parker, C.T., Tindall, B.J. & Garrity, G.M., eds. (2019). [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000778 International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision)]. ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology'' 69(1A): S1–S111. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000778
* {{cite journal |last1=Oren |first1=Aharon |last2=Arahal |first2=David R. |last3=Göker |first3=Markus |last4=Moore |first4=Edward R. B. |last5=Rossello-Mora |first5=Ramon |last6=Sutcliffe |first6=Iain C. |title=International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2022 Revision) |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=1 May 2023 |volume=73 |issue=5a |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005585|doi-access=free|pmid=37219928 |hdl=10261/338243 |hdl-access=free }}
== See also ==
* [[Glossary of scientific naming]]
* [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]
* [[Microbiology Society]]
* [[Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data]] &ndash; separate system
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Online'']
* {{cite journal | pmid = 10425796 | volume=49 | title=Misunderstanding the Bacteriological Code | date=July 1999 | journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | pages=1313–6 | author=Tindall BJ | doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1313 | doi-access=free | issue=3 }}
* [https://lpsn.dsmz.de List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature]
* [https://www.namesforlife.com/search Search of Prokaryotic Nomenclature provided by NamesforLife]
[[Category:International standards]]
[[Category:Bacterial nomenclature]]
[[Category:Nomenclature codes]]
[[Category:International classification systems]]