View source for International Numbering System for Food Additives

{{Short description|Naming system for food additives}}
The '''International Numbering System for Food Additives''' ('''INS''') is an international naming system for [[food additive]]s, aimed at providing a short designation of what may be a lengthy actual name.<ref name="1989doc">"Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives", [http://www.codexalimentarius.org/standards/list-of-standards/en/ CAC/GL 36-1989], in 1989, Revision 2008. Last amendment 2011. Published by Codex Alimentarius</ref> It is defined by [[Codex Alimentarius]], the international food standards organisation of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) of the [[United Nations]] (UN). The information is published in the  document ''Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives'', first published in 1989, with revisions in 2008 and 2011.  The INS is an open list, "subject to the inclusion of additional additives or removal of existing ones on an ongoing basis".<ref name="1989doc" />
==Numbering system==
INS numbers consist of three or four digits, optionally followed by an alphabetical suffix to further characterize individual additives. On packaging in the [[European Union]] (EU), approved food additives are written with a prefix of ''E''. An additive that appears in the INS does not automatically have a corresponding [[E number]].
INS numbers are assigned by the committee to identify each food additive. INS numbers generally correspond to E numbers for the same compound, e.g. INS 102, [[Tartrazine]], is also E102. INS numbers are not unique and, in fact, one number may be assigned to a group of similar compounds.
==List of INS numbers==
{{missing information|section|many/most US approvals; animal feed-only approval (very common on E numbers); approvals that have been retracted + retraction years|date=May 2019}}
*Except where stated, the list of INS numbers and associated food additives is based on the most recent publication of the Codex Alimentarius,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCFAC/ccfac32/INS_e.pdf|title=CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref> ''Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives'', first published in 1989, with revisions in 2008 and 2011.
*E number and American approval flags are derived from other sources.
*In the table below, food additives approved for the EU are listed with an 'E',<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]</ref> and those approved for Australia and New Zealand with an 'A'.<ref name=fanl>{{cite web|author=Food Standards Australia data is wrong New Zealand |author-link=Food Standards Australia New Zealand |title=Food Additives &mdash; Numerical List |publisher=foodstandards.gov.au |year=2009 |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |access-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name=faal>{{cite web |author=Food Standards Australia&mdash;New Zealand |author-link=Food Standards Australia New Zealand |title=Food additives &mdash; Alphabetical list |publisher=foodstandards.gov.au |location=Australia |year=2009 |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesalphaup1679.cfm |access-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516042810/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesalphaup1679.cfm |archive-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and for the US with a U, even though the US does not use the INS numbering system.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!rowspan=2|INS&nbsp;#
!colspan="3"|Approvals
!rowspan=2 style="text-align:left"|Names
!rowspan=2 style="text-align:left"|Type
|-
!{{flagdeco|Australia}}<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}}
!{{flagdeco|European Union}}
!{{flagdeco|United States}}
|-
|100
|A
|E
|U
|[[curcumin]]s
|colour
|-
|100(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[curcumin]]
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|100(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[turmeric]]
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|101
|A
|E
|U
|[[riboflavin]]s
|
|-
|101(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[riboflavin]], synthetic (vitamin B<sub>2</sub>)
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|101(ii)
|A
|E
|
|[[Riboflavin-5'-phosphate]]
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|101(iii)
|A
|E
|
|[[riboflavin]] from ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]''
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|102
|A
|E
|U
|[[tartrazine]]
|colour (yellow and orange) ([[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]: [[FD&C]] Yellow #5)
|-
|103
|A
|
|
|[[alkannin]], [[chrysoine resorcinol]]
|colour (red)
|-
|104
|A
|E
|
|[[Quinoline Yellow WS]]
|colour (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)
|-
|107
|
|E
|
|[[Yellow 2G]]
|colour (yellow and orange)
|-
|110
|A
|E
|U
|[[Sunset Yellow FCF]]
|colour (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
|-
|<s>111</s>
|?
|E
|
|[[Orange GGN]].  Delisted
|colour (orange)
|-
|120
|A
|E
|U
|[[Cochineal]], [[crimson|carmines]]
|colour (red)
|-
|121
|
|
|U
|[[Citrus red 2]], [[Orcein]], [[Orchil]]
|colour (red)
|-
|122
|A
|E
|
|[[azorubine]], [[carmoisine]]
|colour (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
|-
|123
|
|E
|
|[[amaranth (dye)|amaranth]] Delisted
|colour (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2)
|-
|124
|A
|E
|
|[[Brilliant Scarlet 4R]], [[Ponceau 4R]]
|colour (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
|-
|125
|
|
|
|[[Ponceau SX]], [[Scarlet GN]]
|colour
|-
|<s>126</s>
|
|
|
|[[Ponceau 6R]]. Delisted
|colour
|-
|127
|
|E
|U
|[[erythrosine]]
|colour (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
|-
|128
|
|E
|
|[[Red 2G]]
|colour
|-
|129
|A
|E
|U
|[[Allura red AC]]
|colour (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
|-
|130
|
|
|U
|[[Indanthrene blue RS]]
|colour (blue)
|-
|131
|
|E
|
|[[Patent blue V]]
|colour (blue)
|-
|132
|A
|E
|U
|[[Indigo dye|indigo carmine]], [[Indigo dye|indigotine]]
|colour (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
|-
|133
|A
|E
|U
|[[Brilliant blue FCF]]
|colour (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
|-
|140
|A
|E
|U
|[[chlorophyll]]s
|colour (green)
|-
|141
|A
|E
|U
|[[Chlorophyll]]s and [[chlorophyllin]]s, copper complexes
|
|-
|141(i)
|
|
|U
|[[Chlorophylls]], copper complexes
|colour (green)
|-
|141(ii)
|
|
|U
|[[Chlorophyllin]]s, copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts
|colour (green)
|-
|142
|A
|E
|
|[[Green S]]
|colour (green)
|-
|143
|A
|
|U
|[[Fast green FCF]]
|colour (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
|-
|150
|A
|E
|U
|[[Caramel]]s
|
|-
|150a
|A
|E
|U
|[[caramel coloring|caramel]] I – plain
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|150b
|A
|E
|U
|[[caramel coloring|caramel]] II – [[sulfite]] caramel
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|150c
|A
|E
|U
|[[caramel coloring|caramel]] III – [[ammonia]] caramel
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|150d
|A
|E
|U
|[[caramel coloring|caramel]] IV – sulfite ammonia caramel
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|151
|A
|E
|
|[[Brilliant Black BN]] (Black PN)
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|152
|?
|?
|
|[[Carbon black]]
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|153
|A
|E
|
|[[Activated carbon|Vegetable carbon]]
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|154
|
|E
|
|[[Brown FK]]
|colour (brown and black)
|-
|155
|A
|E
|
|[[Chocolate Brown HT]]
|colour
|-
|160a
|A
|E
|U
|[[carotene]]s
|
|-
|160a(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-carotene]], synthetic
|colour
|-
|160a(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-carotene]], vegetable
|colour
|-
|160a(iii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-carotene]], [[Blakeslea trispora]]
|colour
|-
|160a(iv)
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-carotene]], [[algae]]
|colour
|-
|160b
|
|E
|U
|[[annatto]] extracts
|
|-
|160b(i)
|
|E
|U
|[[annatto]] extracts, [[bixin]]-based
|colour
|-
|160b(ii)
|
|E
|U
|[[annatto]] extracts, [[norbixin]]-based
|colour
|-
|160c
|A
|E
|U
|[[paprika oleoresin]] (paprika extract)
|colour
|-
|160d
|A
|E
|U
|[[lycopene]]s
|
|-
|160d(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[lycopene]], synthetic
|colour
|-
|160d(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[lycopene]], tomato
|colour
|-
|160d(iii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[lycopene]], ''[[Blakeslea trispora]]''
|colour
|-
|160e
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-apo-8'-carotenal]] (C 30)
|colour
|-
|160f
|A
|E
|U
|[[beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester]]
|colour
|-
|161a
|A
|
|U
|[[flavoxanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161b
|A
|E
|U
|[[lutein]]s
|
|-
|161b(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[lutein]] from ''[[Tagetes erecta]]''
|colour
|-
|161b(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[Tagetes erecta|Tagetes]] extract
|colour
|-
|161c
|A
|
|U
|[[cryptoxanthin|kryptoxanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161d
|A
|
|U
|[[rubixanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161e
|A
|
|U
|[[violaxanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161f
|A
|
|U
|[[rhodoxanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161g
|
|E
|U
|[[canthaxanthin]]
|colour
|-
|161h
|?
|?
|U
|[[zeaxanthin]]s
|colour
|-
|161h(i)
|?
|?
|U
|[[zeaxanthin]], synthetic
|colour
|-
|161h(ii)
|?
|?
|U
|[[zeaxanthin]]-rich extract from ''[[Tagetes erecta]]''
|colour
|-
|<s>161i</s>
|
|
|
|[[citranaxanthin]]. Delisted
|colour
|-
|<s>161j</s>
|
|
|
|[[astaxanthin]]. Delisted
|colour
|-
|162
|A
|E
|U
|[[beet red]]
|colour
|-
|163
|A
|E
|U
|[[anthocyanin]]s
|colour
|-
|163(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|Grape skin extract
|colour
|-
|163(iii)
|A
|E
|U
|Blackcurrant extract
|colour
|-
|163(iv)
|A
|E
|U
|[[Purple corn colour]]
|colour
|-
|163(v)
|A
|E
|U
|Red cabbage colour
|colour
|-
|164
|A
|
|U
|[[Gardenia]] yellow
|-
|165
|
|
|U
|[[Gardenia]] blue
|colour
|-
|166
|
|
|U
|[[sandalwood]]
|colour
|-
|170
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium carbonate]]s
|
|-
|170(i)
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium carbonate]]
|Acidity regulator, [[anticaking agent]], stabilizer, surface colourant
|-
|170(ii)
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium hydrogen carbonate]]
|Acidity regulator, anticaking agent, stabilizer, surface colourant
|-
|171
|A
|E
|U
|[[titanium dioxide]]
|colour (white)
|-
|172
|A
|E
|U
|[[iron oxide]]s
|
|-
|172(i)
|A
|E
|U
|[[iron oxide]], black
|colour
|-
|172(ii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[iron oxide]], red
|colour
|-
|172(iii)
|A
|E
|U
|[[iron oxide]], yellow
|colour
|-
|173
|
|E
|U
|[[aluminium]]
|colour (silver)
|-
|174
|
|E
|U
|[[silver]]
|colour (silver)
|-
|175
|
|E
|U
|[[gold]]
|colour (gold)
|-
|180
|
|E
|
|[[Lithol Rubine BK]]
|colour
|-
|181
|
|E
|U
|[[tannin]]s
|colour, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
|-
|182
|
|
|U
|[[orchil]]
|colour
|-
|200
|
|E
|U
|[[sorbic acid]]
|[[preservative]]
|-
|201
|
|
|U
|[[sodium sorbate]]
|preservative
|-
|202
|
|E
|U
|[[potassium sorbate]]
|preservative
|-
|203
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium sorbate]]
|preservative
|-
|209
|
|
|U
|[[heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|210
|
|E
|U
|[[benzoic acid]]
|preservative
|-
|211
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium benzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|212
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium benzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|213
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium benzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|214
|
|E
|U
|[[ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|215
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|216
|A
|
|U
|[[propylparaben]] (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate)
|preservative
|-
|217
|
|
|U
|[[sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|218
|A
|E
|U
|[[methylparaben]] (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate)
|preservative
|-
|219
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate]]
|preservative
|-
|220
|A
|E
|U
|[[sulfur dioxide]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|221
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium sulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|222
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium bisulfite]] (sodium hydrogen sulfite)
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|223
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium metabisulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
|-
|224
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium metabisulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|225
|A
|
|U
|[[potassium sulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|226
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium sulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|227
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium bisulfite]], [[calcium hydrogen sulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|228
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium bisulfite]], [[potassium hydrogen sulfite]]
|preservative, antioxidant
|-
|230
|
|E
|U
|[[diphenyl]] (biphenyl)
|preservative
|-
|231
|
|E
|U
|[[orthophenyl phenol]] (2-hydroxybiphenyl)
|preservative
|-
|232
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium orthophenyl phenol]]
|preservative
|-
|233
|
|
|U
|[[thiabendazole]]
|preservative
|-
|234
|A
|E
|U
|[[nisin]]
|preservative
|-
|235
|A
|E
|U
|[[natamycin]] (pimaricin)
|preservative
|-
|236
|
|
|U
|[[formic acid]]
|preservative
|-
|237
|
|
|U
|[[sodium formate]]
|preservative
|-
|238
|
|
|U
|[[calcium formate]]
|preservative
|-
|239
|
|E
|U
|[[hexamethylene tetramine]] (hexamine)
|preservative
|-
|240
|
|
|U
|[[formaldehyde]]
|preservative
|-
|241
|
|
|U
|[[gum guaicum]]
|preservative
|-
|242
|A
|E
|U
|[[dimethyl dicarbonate]]
|preservative
|-
|249
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium nitrite]]
|preservative, colour fixative
|-
|250
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium nitrite]]
|preservative, colour fixative
|-
|251
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium nitrate]]
|preservative, colour fixative
|-
|252
|A
|
|U
|[[potassium nitrate]]
|preservative, colour fixative
|-
|260
|A
|E
|U
|glacial [[acetic acid]]
|preservative, acidity regulator
|-
|261
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium acetate]]s
|preservative, acidity regulator
|-
|262
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium acetate]], [[sodium hydrogen acetate]]
|preservative, acidity regulator
|-
|263
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium acetate]]
|preservative, acidity regulator
|-
|264
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium acetate]]
|preservative, acidity regulator
|-
|265
|
|
|U
|[[dehydroacetic acid]]
|preservative
|-
|266
|
|
|U
|[[sodium dehydroacetate]]
|preservative
|-
|270
|A
|E
|U
|[[lactic acid]]
|acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
|-
|280
|A
|E
|U
|[[propionic acid]]
|preservative
|-
|281
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium propionate]]
|preservative
|-
|282
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium propionate]]
|preservative
|-
|283
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium propionate]]
|preservative
|-
|284
|
|E
|U
|[[boric acid]]
|preservative
|-
|285
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium tetraborate]], [[borax]]
|preservative
|-
|290
|A
|E
|U
|[[carbon dioxide]]
|acidity regulator, propellant
|-
|296
|A
|E
|U
|[[malic acid]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|297
|A
|E
|U
|[[fumaric acid]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|300
|A
|E
|U
|[[ascorbic acid]]
|[[antioxidant]] (water-soluble)
|-
|301
|A
|E
|U
|[[ascorbic acid|sodium ascorbate]]
|antioxidant (water-soluble)
|-
|302
|A
|E
|U
|[[ascorbic acid|calcium ascorbate]]
|antioxidant (water-soluble)
|-
|303
|A
|
|U
|[[ascorbic acid|potassium ascorbate]]
|antioxidant (water-soluble)
|-
|304
|A
|E
|U
|[[ascorbyl palmitate]], [[ascorbyl stearate]]
|antioxidant (fat soluble)
|-
|307
|A
|E
|U
|[[tocopherol]]s
|
|-
|307a
|A
|E
|U
|[[Alpha-Tocopherol|l-alpha-tocopherol]]
|antioxidant
|-
|307b
|A
|E
|U
|mixed [[tocopherol]] concentrate
|antioxidant
|-
|307c
|A
|E
|U
|[[dl-alpha-tocopherol]]
|antioxidant
|-
|308
|A
|E
|U
|[[gamma-tocopherol]](synthetic)
|antioxidant
|-
|309
|A
|E
|U
|[[delta-tocopherol]](synthetic)
|antioxidant
|-
|310
|A
|E
|U
|[[propyl gallate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|311
|A
|E
|U
|[[octyl gallate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|312
|A
|E
|U
|[[dodecyl gallate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|315
|A
|E
|U
|[[erythorbic acid]]
|antioxidant
|-
|316
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium erythorbate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|317
|?
|?
|U
|[[erythorbin acid]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}
|antioxidant
|-
|318
|?
|?
|U
|[[sodium erythorbin]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}
|antioxidant
|-
|319
|A
|
|U
|[[tert-butylhydroquinone]]
|antioxidant
|-
|320
|A
|E
|U
|[[butylated hydroxyanisole]] (BHA)
|antioxidant (fat soluble)
|-
|321
|A
|E
|U
|[[butylated hydroxytoluene]] (BHT)
|antioxidant (fat soluble)
|-
|322
|A
|E
|U
|[[lecithin]]s
|antioxidant, [[emulsifier]]
|-
|325
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium lactate]]
|food acid
|-
|326
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium lactate]]
|food acid
|-
|327
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium lactate]]
|food acid
|-
|328
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium lactate]]
|food acid
|-
|329
|A
|
|U
|[[magnesium lactate]]
|food acid
|-
|330
|A
|E
|U
|[[citric acid]]
|food acid
|-
|331
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium citrate]]s
|food acid
|-
|332
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium citrate]]s
|food acid
|-
|333
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium citrate]]s
|food acid, firming agent
|-
|334
|A
|E
|U
|L(+)-[[tartaric acid]]
|food acid
|-
|335
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium tartrate]]s
|food acid
|-
|336
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium tartrate]]s
|food acid
|-
|337
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium sodium tartrate]]
|food acid
|-
|338
|A
|E
|U
|[[phosphoric acid]]
|food acid
|-
|339
|A
|E
|U
|[[trisodium phosphate|sodium phosphates]]
|[[mineral]] [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]
|-
|340
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium phosphate]]s
|mineral salt
|-
|341
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium phosphate]]s
|mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
|-
|342
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium phosphate]]s
|mineral salt
|-
|343
|A
|E
|U
|[[magnesium phosphate]]s
|mineral salt, anti-caking agent
|-
|344
|
|
|U
|[[lecithin citrate]]
|preservative
|-
|345
|
|
|U
|[[magnesium citrate]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|349
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium malate]]
|food acid
|-
|350
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium malate]]s
|food acid
|-
|351
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium malate]]
|food acid
|-
|352
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium malate]]s
|food acid
|-
|353
|A
|E
|U
|[[metatartaric acid]]
|food acid, emulsifier
|-
|354
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium tartrate]]
|food acid, emulsifier
|-
|355
|A
|E
|U
|[[adipic acid]]
|food acid
|-
|356
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium adipate]]
|food acid
|-
|357
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium adipate]]
|food acid
|-
|359
|
|
|U
|[[ammonium adipate]]s
|acidity regulator
|-
|363
|
|E
|U
|[[succinic acid]]
|food acid
|-
|364
|
|
|U
|[[sodium succinate]]s
|acidity regulator, flavour enhancer
|-
|365
|A
|
|U
|[[sodium fumarate]]
|food acid
|-
|366
|A
|
|U
|[[potassium fumarate]]
|food acid
|-
|367
|A
|
|U
|[[calcium fumarate]]
|food acid
|-
|368
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium fumarate]]
|food acid
|-
|370
|
|
|U
|[[1,4-heptonolactone]]
|food acid
|-
|375
|A
|
|U
|[[Niacin (substance)|niacin]] (nicotinic acid), [[nicotinamide]] (vitamin B<sub>3</sub>)
|colour retention agent
|-
|380
|A
|E
|U
|[[triammonium citrate]]
|food acid
|-
|381
|A
|
|U
|[[ferric ammonium citrate]], [[ammonium ferrocitrate]]
|food acid
|-
|384
|
|
|U
|[[isopropyl citrate]]s
|antioxidant, preservative
|-
|385
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium disodium EDTA]]
|preservative
|-
|386
|
|
|U
|[[disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate]]
|antioxidant, preservative
|-
|387
|
|
|U
|[[oxystearin]]
|antioxidant, sequestrant
|-
|388
|
|
|U
|[[thiodipropionic acid]]
|antioxidant
|-
|389
|
|
|U
|[[dilauryl thiodipropionate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|390
|
|
|U
|[[distearyl thiodipropionate]]
|antioxidant
|-
|391
|
|
|U
|[[phytic acid]]
|preservative
|-
|399
|
|
|U
|[[calcium lactobionate]]
|stabilizer
|-
|400
|A
|E
|U
|[[alginic acid]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|401
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium alginate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|402
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium alginate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|403
|A
|E
|U
|[[ammonium alginate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|404
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium alginate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|405
|A
|E
|U
|[[propylene glycol alginate]], [[propane-1,2-diol alginate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
|-
|406
|A
|E
|U
|[[agar]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
|-
|407
|A
|E
|U
|[[carrageenan]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|407a
|A
|E
|U
|processed [[eucheuma]] seaweed
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|409
|A
|
|U
|[[arabinogalactan]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|410
|A
|E
|U
|[[locust bean gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
|-
|412
|A
|E
|U
|[[guar gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
|-
|413
|A
|E
|U
|[[tragacanth]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
|-
|414
|A
|E
|U
|[[gum acacia]], [[gum arabic]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
|-
|415
|A
|E
|U
|[[xanthan gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
|-
|416
|A
|E
|U
|[[karaya gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
|-
|417
|
|E
|U
|[[tara gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
|-
|418
|A
|E
|U
|[[gellan gum]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
|-
|420
|A
|E
|U
|[[sorbitol]]
|humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
|-
|421
|A
|E
|U
|[[mannitol]]
|humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
|-
|422
|A
|E
|U
|[[glycerin]]
|humectant, sweetener
|-
|425
|
|E
|U
|[[konjac]], [[konjac gum]], [[konjac glucomannate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|428
|A
|E
|U
|[[gelatin]], gelatine (not classified as an additive)
|carrier, emulsifier, gelling agent, stabiliser, thickener
|-
|430
|
|?
|U
|[[polyoxyethylene (8) stearate]]
|emulsifier, stabilizer
|-
|431
|
|E
|U
|[[polyoxyethylene (40) stearate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|432
|
|E
|U
|[[polysorbate 20]]
|emulsifier
|-
|433
|A
|E
|U
|[[polysorbate 80]]
|emulsifier
|-
|434
|
|E
|U
|[[polysorbate 40]]
|emulsifier
|-
|435
|A
|E
|U
|[[polysorbate 60]]
|emulsifier
|-
|436
|A
|E
|U
|[[polysorbate 65]]
|emulsifier
|-
|440
|A
|E
|U
|[[pectin]]
|vegetable gum, emulsifier
|-
|441
|
|
|U
|Superglycerinated hydrogenated rapeseed oil, Hydrogenated rapeseed oil superglycerinated, Superglycerinated fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil
|[[Emulsifier]]
|-
|442
|A
|E
|U
|[[Mixed ammonium salts of phosphorylated glycerides]]s
|emulsifier
|-
|443
|?
|
|U
|[[brominated vegetable oil]]
|emulsifier, stabiliser
|-
|444
|A
|E
|U
|[[sucrose acetate isobutyrate]]
|emulsifier, stabiliser
|-
|445
|
|E
|U
|[[glycerol esters of wood rosins]]
|emulsifier
|-
|450
|A
|E
|U
|[[diphosphate]]s
|mineral salt, emulsifier
|-
|451
|A
|E
|U
|[[triphosphate]]s
|mineral salt, emulsifier
|-
|452
|A
|E
|U
|[[polyphosphate]]s
|mineral salt, emulsifier
|-
|459
|
|E
|U
|[[cyclodextrin|beta-cyclodextrin]]
|emulsifier
|-
|460
|A
|E
|U
|powdered [[cellulose]], microcrystalline cellulose
|anti-caking agent
|-
|461
|A
|E
|U
|[[methylcellulose]]
|thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
|-
|463
|
|E
|U
|[[hydroxypropyl cellulose]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
|-
|464
|A
|E
|U
|[[hydroxypropyl methylcellulose]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
|-
|465
|A
|E
|U
|[[methyl ethyl cellulose]], [[ethyl methyl cellulose]]
|thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
|-
|466
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium carboxymethylcellulose]]
|emulsifier
|-
|468
|
|
|U
|crosslinked [[sodium carboxymethylcellulose]]
|emulsifier
|-
|469
|
|
|U
|enzymatically hydrolyzed [[carboxymethyl cellulose]]
|emulsifier
|-
|470
|A
|
|U
|[[magnesium stearate]]
|emulsifier, stabiliser
|-
|470a
|
|E
|U
|sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids
|emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
|-
|470b
|
|E
|U
|magnesium salts of fatty acids
|emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
|-
|471
|A
|E
|U
|mono- and diglycerides of [[fatty acid]]s – [[glyceryl monostearate]], [[glyceryl distearate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|472a
|A
|E
|U
|acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
|emulsifier
|-
|472b
|A
|E
|U
|lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
|emulsifier
|-
|472c
|A
|E
|U
|citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
|emulsifier
|-
|472d
|A
|E
|U
|tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
|emulsifier
|-
|472e
|A
|E
|U
|[[DATEM|diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids]]
|emulsifier
|-
|472f
|
|E
|U
|mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
|emulsifier
|-
|473
|A
|E
|U
|[[sucrose esters of fatty acids]]
|emulsifier
|-
|474
|
|E
|U
|[[sucroglyceride]]s
|emulsifier
|-
|475
|A
|E
|U
|[[polyglycerol esters of fatty acids]]
|emulsifier
|-
|476
|A
|E
|U
|[[polyglycerol polyricinoleate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|477
|A
|E
|U
|[[propylene glycol esters of fatty acids]]
|emulsifier
|-
|478
|?
|?
|U
|[[lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol]]
|emulsifier
|-
|479b
|
|E
|U
|[[thermally oxidised soya bean oil]]
|emulsifier
|-
|480
|A
|
|U
|[[dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|481
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium stearoyl lactylate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|482
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium stearoyl lactylate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|483
|
|E
|U
|[[stearyl tartarate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|491
|A
|E
|U
|[[sorbitan monostearate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|492
|A
|E
|U
|[[sorbitan tristearate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|493
|
|E
|U
|[[sorbitan monolaurate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|494
|
|E
|U
|[[sorbitan monooleate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|495
|
|E
|U
|[[sorbitan monopalmitate]]
|emulsifier
|-
|500
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium carbonate]], [[sodium bicarbonate|sodium bicarbonate (E500ii)]]
|mineral salt
|-
|501
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium carbonate]], [[potassium bicarbonate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|503
|A
|E
|U
|[[ammonium carbonate]], [[ammonium bicarbonate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|504
|A
|E
|U
|[[magnesium carbonate]]
|anti-caking agent, mineral salt
|-
|507
|A
|E
|U
|[[hydrochloric acid]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|508
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium chloride]]
|mineral salt
|-
|509
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium chloride]]
|mineral salt
|-
|510
|A
|
|U
|[[ammonium chloride]]
|mineral salt
|-
|511
|A
|E
|U
|[[magnesium chloride]]
|mineral salt
|-
|512
|A
|E
|U
|[[tin(II) chloride|stannous chloride]]
|colour retention agent, antioxidant
|-
|513
|
|E
|U
|[[sulfuric acid]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|514
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|515
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium sulfate]]
|mineral salt, seasoning
|-
|516
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium sulfate]]
|flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
|-
|517
|
|E
|U
|[[ammonium sulfate]]
|mineral salt, improving agent
|-
|518
|A
|
|U
|[[magnesium sulfate]], [[Epsom salts]]
|mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
|-
|519
|A
|
|U
|[[cupric sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|520
|
|E
|U
|[[aluminium sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|521
|
|E
|U
|[[aluminium sodium sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|522
|
|E
|U
|[[aluminium potassium sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|523
|
|E
|U
|[[aluminium ammonium sulfate]]
|mineral salt
|-
|524
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium hydroxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|525
|
|E
|U
|[[potassium hydroxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|526
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium hydroxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|527
|
|E
|U
|[[ammonium hydroxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|528
|
|E
|U
|[[magnesium hydroxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|529
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium oxide]]
|mineral salt
|-
|530
|
|E
|U
|[[magnesium oxide]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|535
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium ferrocyanide]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|536
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium ferrocyanide]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|538
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium ferrocyanide]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|540
|
|
|U
|[[dicalcium diphosphate]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|541
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium aluminium phosphate]]
|acidity regulator, emulsifier
|-
|542
|A
|
|U
|[[bone phosphate]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|544
|
|
|U
|[[calcium polyphosphate]]s
|anti-caking agent
|-
|545
|
|
|U
|[[ammonium polyphosphate]]s
|anti-caking agent
|-
|551
|A
|E
|U
|[[silicon dioxide]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|552
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium silicate]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|553(i)<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/ | title=Food Additives DB (GSFA Online) &#124; CODEXALIMENTARIUS FAO-WHO }}</ref>
|A<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/additives/additiveoverview/Pages/default.aspx | title=Additives }}</ref>
|E<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list | title=Food Additive Status List | journal=FDA | date=25 August 2022 }}</ref>
|U
|[[magnesium silicate, synthetic]]<ref name="fao.org"/>
|anti-caking agent
|-
|553b
|A
|E
|U
|[[talc]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|554
|A
|E
|U
|[[sodium aluminosilicate]] (sodium aluminium silicate)
|anti-caking agent
|-
|555
|
|E
|U
|[[potassium aluminium silicate]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|556
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium aluminosilicate]] (calcium aluminium silicate)
|anti-caking agent
|-
|558
|A
|E
|U
|[[bentonite]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|559
|A
|E
|U
|[[kaolin]], [[aluminium silicate]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|570
|A
|E
|U
|[[stearic acid]]
|anti-caking agent
|-
|575
|A
|E
|U
|[[glucono delta-lactone]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|576
|
|E
|U
|[[sodium gluconate]]
|stabiliser
|-
|577
|A
|E
|U
|[[potassium gluconate]]
|stabiliser
|-
|578
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium gluconate]]
|acidity regulator
|-
|579
|A
|E
|U
|[[ferrous gluconate]]
|colour retention agent
|-
|585
|
|E
|U
|[[ferrous lactate]]
|-
|-
|620
|A
|E
|U
|[[glutamic acid]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|621
|A
|E
|U
|[[monosodium glutamate]] (MSG)
|flavour enhancer
|-
|622
|A
|E
|U
|[[monopotassium glutamate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|623
|A
|E
|U
|[[calcium diglutamate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|624
|A
|E
|U
|[[monoammonium glutamate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|625
|A
|E
|U
|[[magnesium diglutamate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|626
|
|
|U
|[[guanylic acid]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|627
|A
|E
|U
|[[disodium guanylate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|628
|
|E
|U
|[[dipotassium guanylate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|629
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium guanylate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|630
|
|E
|U
|[[inosinic acid]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|631
|A
|E
|U
|[[disodium inosinate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|632
|
|E
|U
|[[dipotassium inosinate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|633
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium inosinate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|634
|
|E
|U
|[[calcium 5'-ribonucleotides]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|635
|A
|E
|U
|[[disodium 5'-ribonucleotides]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|636
|A
|
|U
|[[maltol]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|637
|A
|
|U
|[[ethyl maltol]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|640
|A
|E
|U
|[[glycine]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|641
|A
|
|U
|[[leucine]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|650
|
|E
|U
|[[zinc acetate]]
|flavour enhancer
|-
|900
|A
|E
|U
|[[dimethylpolysiloxane]]
|emulsifier, anti-caking agent
|-
|901
|A
|E
|U
|[[beeswax]]
|glazing agent
|-
|902
|
|E
|U
|[[candelilla wax]]
|glazing agent
|-
|903
|A
|E
|U
|[[carnauba wax]]
|glazing agent
|-
|904
|A
|E
|U
|[[shellac]]
|glazing agent
|-
|905
|A
|E
|U
|[[Paraffin wax|paraffin]]s
|glazing agent
|-
|907
|
|
|U
|[[refined microcrystalline wax]]
|glazing agent
|-
|912
|
|E
|U
|[[montanic acid ester]]s
|humectant
|-
|914
|A
|E
|U
|[[oxidised polyethylene wax]]
|humectant
|-
|920
|A
|E
|U
|[[L-cysteine]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|924
|
|
|
|[[potassium bromate]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|925
|A
|
|U
|[[chlorine]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|926
|A
|
|U
|[[chlorine dioxide]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|927b
|
|E
|U
|[[carbamide]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|928
|A
|
|U
|[[benzoyl peroxide]]
|flour treatment agent
|-
|938
|
|E
|U
|[[argon]]
|propellant
|-
|939
|
|E
|U
|[[helium]]
|propellant
|-
|941
|A
|E
|U
|[[nitrogen]]
|propellant
|-
|942
|A
|E
|U
|[[nitrous oxide]]
|propellant
|-
|943a
|
|E
|U
|[[butane]]
|propellant
|-
|943b
|
|E
|U
|[[isobutane]]
|propellant
|-
|950
|A
|E
|U
|[[Acesulfame potassium]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|951
|A
|E
|U
|[[aspartame]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|952
|A
|E
|
|[[cyclamic acid]], [[cyclamate]]s
|artificial sweetener
|-
|953
|A
|E
|U
|[[isomalt]]
|humectant
|-
|954
|A
|E
|U
|[[saccharin]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|955
|A
|
|U
|[[sucralose]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|956
|A
|
|U
|[[alitame]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|957
|A
|E
|U
|[[thaumatin]]
|flavour enhancer, artificial sweetener
|-
|959
|
|E
|U
|[[neohesperidin dihydrochalcone]]
|artificial sweetener
|-
|965
|A
|E
|U
|[[maltitol]]
|humectant, stabiliser
|-
|966
|A
|E
|U
|[[lactitol]]
|humectant
|-
|967
|A
|E
|U
|[[xylitol]]
|humectant, stabiliser
|-
|999
|
|E
|U
|[[quillaia]] extract
|humectant
|-
|1001
|A
|
|U
|[[choline]] salts and esters
|emulsifier
|-
|1100
|A
|
|U
|[[amylase]]s
|flour treatment agent
|-
|1102
|A
|
|U
|[[glucose oxidase]]
|antioxidant
|-
|1103
|
|E
|U
|[[invertase]]
|?
|-
|1104
|A
|
|U
|[[lipase]]s
|flavour enhancer
|-
|1105
|A
|E
|U
|[[lysozyme]]
|preservative
|-
|1200
|A
|E
|U
|[[polydextrose]]
|humectant
|-
|1201
|A
|E
|U
|[[poly vinyl pyrrolidone]]
|?
|-
|1202
|A
|E
|U
|[[polyvinylpolypyrrolidone]]
|colour stabiliser
|-
|1400
|A
|
|U
|[[dextrin]] roasted starch
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1401
|A
|
|U
|[[acid treated starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1402
|A
|
|U
|[[alkaline treated starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1403
|A
|
|U
|[[bleached starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1404
|A
|E
|U
|[[oxidised starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1405
|A
|
|U
|[[enzyme treated starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1410
|A
|E
|U
|[[monostarch phosphate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1412
|A
|E
|U
|[[distarch phosphate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1413
|A
|E
|U
|[[phosphated distarch phosphate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1414
|A
|E
|U
|[[acetylated distarch phosphate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1420
|A
|E
|U
|[[acetylated starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1422
|A
|E
|U
|[[acetylated distarch adipate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1440
|A
|E
|U
|[[hydroxypropyl starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1442
|A
|E
|U
|[[hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1450
|A
|E
|U
|[[starch sodium octenylsuccinate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1451
|
|E
|U
|[[acetylated oxidised starch]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1505
|A
|E
|U
|[[triethyl citrate]]
|thickener, vegetable gum
|-
|1510
|
|
|
|[[ethanol]] (not classified as an additive)
|[[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]
|-
|1518
|A
|E
|U
|[[triacetin]]
|humectant
|-
|1520
|A
|E
|U
|[[propylene glycol]]
|humectant
|-
|1521
|A
|E
|U
|[[Polyethylene glycol]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
|antifoaming agent
|-
!rowspan=2|INS&nbsp;#&nbsp;
!colspan="3"|Approvals&nbsp;
!rowspan=2 align="left"|Names
!rowspan=2 align="left"|Type
|-
|{{flagdeco|Australia}}<br/>{{flagdeco|New Zealand}}
|{{flagdeco|European Union}}
|{{flagdeco|United States}}
|-
|}
==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
*[[Codex Alimentarius]]
*[[Codex Alimentarius Austriacus]]
*[[E number]]
*[[Food additive|Food Additives]]
*[[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]
*[[Food Chemicals Codex]]
*[[List of food additives]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/gsfa/en/ Codex Alimentarius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127010303/http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/gsfa/en/ |date=2017-11-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031108024135/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/mediareleasespublications/publications/shoppersguide/index.cfm Food Standards Australia New Zealand]
* [http://www.faia.org.uk/ Food Additives and Ingredients Association]
* [http://www.x-sitez.com/allergy/additives/ Northern Allergy Centre's Guide to Food Additives]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060818132159/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/colorfac.html USFDA: Food Color Facts]
[[Category:1989 introductions]]
[[Category:1989 establishments]]
[[Category:Food additives| ]]
[[Category:Lists of abbreviations|Food additives]]
[[Category:Lists of foods|Additives]]
[[Category:Chemistry-related lists|Food additives, Codex Alimentarius]]
[[it:Additivi alimentari]]
[[vi:Danh sách các phụ gia thực phẩm]]