View source for Iquicha War of 1839

{{Short description|1839 conflict in South America}}
{{for|the conflict from 1825 to 1828|Iquicha War of 1825–1828}}
{{infobox military conflict
|partof=the [[War of the Confederation]]
|image = Intendencia-1800-29.png
|image_size = 325
|caption = Map of the Iquichan Republic.
|date = March–November 1839
|place = [[Huanta]], [[Iquicha]]
|result = Peruvian–Chilean victory:
* [[#Treaty of Yanallay|Treaty of Yanallay]] signed
* Huachaca exiles himself to [[Department of Apurímac|Apurímac]]
|territory =
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|Chile|expedition}} [[United Restoration Army]]
|combatant2 = {{flagicon_image|Flag of Huanta.svg}} [[Iquicha]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Peru|1825}} Manuel Lopera
|commander2 = {{flagicon_image|Flag of Huanta.svg}} [[Antonio Huachaca]]<br>{{flagicon_image|Flag of Huanta.svg}} Tadeo Choque
|strength1 =
|strength2 =
|casualties1 =
|casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Civil wars in Peru}}
The '''Iquicha War of 1839''' was a brief armed conflict during and after the [[War of the Confederation]] between the United Restoration Army and indigenous peasants from Huanta who tried to defend the defeated [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]].
==Background==
On July 24, 1833, the ''Callao'' Battalion<ref name=galdo1>[[#Galdo|Galdo]], 1992: 179</ref> and several squadrons of the ''[[Hussars of Junín]]'' regiment<ref name=cisu>{{Cite book|title=Informe|last=Comisión Investigadora de los Sucesos de Uchuraccay|publisher=Editora Perú|year=1983|location=Lima|pages=43|language=Spanish}}</ref> rebelled in [[Ayacucho]] under the command of Captains Alejandro Deustua and Tomás Flores, assassinating the prefect, Colonel Juan Antonio González, and the head of the military department, Colonel Mariano Guillén, and rebelled on the side of the Iquichans.<ref name=cisu/> On August 15 they confronted Generals [[Pedro Pablo Bermúdez]] and [[Miguel de San Román]] and the ''Piquisa'' Battalion<ref>[[#Gavilán|Gavilán]], 1941: 206</ref> in Pultunchara. Then, on October 26, General [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry|Felipe Salaverry]] revolted in [[Cajamarca]]<ref>[[#Echenique|Echenique]], 1952: 349</ref> but was defeated at the Garita de Moche by [[Juan Francisco de Vidal]] on November 19.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biografías|last=de Mendiburu|first=Manuel|publisher=Instituto histórico del Perú|pages=131|language=Spanish|work=Revista histórica|volume=25|author-link=Manuel de Mendiburu}}</ref>
For this reason, in the [[Peruvian Civil War of 1834]], the Iquichans supported the liberal president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]] against the coup of the conservative generals [[Pedro Pablo Bermúdez]]<ref>[[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2002: 21; 2005: 128s</ref> and [[Agustín Gamarra]], a key figure in politics of the time, and an enemy of the ''republiqueta''.<ref>[[#Husson|Husson]], 1992: 86; [[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2002: 21; 2005: 128</ref> During his presidency, Gamarra had favored the merchants of Lima and neglected the rest of the country, especially the rural areas and their population.<ref>[[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2005: 133</ref>
After defeating the revolt in the capital, Orbegoso had to face Gamarra in the southern highlands of the country seeking an alliance with the inhabitants of Huanta. The liberals mobilized an army of 4,000 Indians under the command of landowner Juan José Urbina,<ref>[[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2005: 137</ref> who knew how to unify under his command Republicans and monarchists.<ref>[[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2002: 14, nota 19; 2005: 138</ref> He had to face the conservatives, who mobilized four to five thousand combatants in the area.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Carta del prefecto de Ayacucho, general Domingo Tristán, a Antonio Huachaca, Luna Huana, 4 de marzo de 1834.|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|year=1997}}</ref> In April he seized Huanta and Huamanga, and a month later the civil war ended with the victory of the Liberals.<ref>Méndez Gastelumendi, 2005: 138s</ref>
==Conflict==
In 1836, the Iquichianos adhered to the idea of the [[Peru-Bolivian Confederation]] seen as "the continuation of the [[Spanish Empire|Empire]] by other means",<ref>[[#Altuve-Febres|Altuve-Febres]], 1999: 3</ref> for which Huachaca participated in the [[War of the Confederation|wars of the Confederation]] between 1836 and 1839. In 1838 Huachaca became ''Justice of the Peace and Governor of the Carhuaucra district'' and ''Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha''.
The Iquichans first supported the Confederation in their support of [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] during the [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War]], since "he came to respond to the demands of the southern Andean groups who, since at least 1814, have defended a more decentralized country, in which they take into account the interests of the regional elites against the centralist coastal hegemonic groups."<ref>[[#Sala i Vila|Sala i Vila]], 2001: 37</ref> In March 1839 he took up arms against the [[Restoration Army of Peru|Restoration Army]] and put Huanta under siege to no avail.
===Treaty of Yanallay===
{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Treaty of Yanallay
| long_name           =
| image               =
| image_width         =
| caption             =
| type                = [[Peace treaty]]
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = {{Start date|1839|11|15|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=La historia oculta: La lucha del pueblo argentino por su independencia del imperio inglés|last=Gullo|first=Marcelo|publisher=Editorial Biblos|year=2013|isbn=978-9876912969|language=Spanish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfyDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
| location_signed     = [[Department of Ayacucho|Yanallay]], [[Guano Era|Peru]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration     =
| negotiators         =
| signatories         =
* {{flagicon|Peru|1825}} Manuel Lopera
* {{flagicon|Peru|spain}} Tadeo Choque
| depositor           =
| citations           =
| languages           = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| wikisource          =
}}
Finally tired of the conflict, after several confrontations, the Yanallay Treaty was signed on November 15, between the prefect of Ayacucho, Colonel Manuel Lopera, and the guerrilla Tadeo Choque (or Chocce). The Iquichans decide to recognize and submit to the Peruvian State. Huachaca refuses to participate in that agreement and retires to the Apurímac jungles, where he would later die in 1848.<ref>[[#Altuve-Febres Lores|Altuve-Febres Lores]], 1996: 4; [[#Husson|Husson]], 1992: 88</ref> By 1838, the authorities used the expression ''republiqueta'' to refer to the territories under the control of Huachaca.<ref>[[#Méndez Gastelumendi|Méndez Gastelumendi]], 2002: 30</ref>
After the defeat of [[Iquicha]], Huachaca changed his name to ''José Antonio Navala Huachaca'', with ''José'' having been chosen in reference to the name of [[Antonio José de Sucre]] and his surname ''Navala'' referring to the [[Peruvian Navy]].<ref>[[#Bonilla|Bonilla]], 1996: 148</ref>
==See also==
* [[Antonio Huachaca]]
* [[Battle of Yungay]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|ref=Altuve-Febres Lores|first=Fernán|last=Altuve-Febres Lores|year=1996|title=Los Reinos del Perú: apuntes sobre la monarquía peruana|url=|publisher=|isbn=}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Echenique|first=José Rufino|last=Echenique|author-link=José Rufino Echenique|year=1952|title=Memorias para la historia del Perú (1808-1878). Tomo I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtxAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Editorial Huascarán}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Galdo|first=Virgilio|last=Galdo Gutiérrez|year=1992|title=Ayacucho: conflictos y pobreza, historia regional (siglos XVI-XIX)|publisher=[[San Cristóbal of Huamanga University|Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga]]}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Gavilán|first=Narciso|last=Gavilán|year=1941|title=Ensayos históricos|url=|publisher=Imprenta diocesana|isbn=}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Husson|first=Patrick|last=Husson|year=1992|title=De la guerra a la rebelión: (Huanta, siglo XIX)|publisher=Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas" & Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|year=1997|title=Pactos sin tributo. Caudillos y campesinos en el Perú postindependiente: el caso de Ayacucho|work=La reindianización de América, siglo XIX|publisher=Siglo XXI. Coordinación de Leticia Reina|isbn=978-968-23-2097-2}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|year=2002|title=El poder del nombre, o la construcción de identidades étnicas y nacionales en el Perú: Mito e historia de los iquichanos|journal=Documento de Trabajo|publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP)|issn=1022-0356}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|year=2005b|title=Tradiciones liberales en los Andes o la ciudadanía por las armas: campesinos y militares en la formación del Estado peruano|work=La mirada esquiva: reflexiones históricas sobre la interacción del Estado y la ciudadanía en los Andes (Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú), siglo XIX|publisher=Concejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Coordinación de Marta Irurozqui Victoriano|isbn=978-8-40008-338-0}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Sala i Vila|first=Nuria|last=Sala i Vila|year=2001|title=Selva y Andes: Ayacucho, 1780-1929, historia de una región en la encrucijada|publisher=Editorial Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)|isbn=9788400079222}}
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:War of the Confederation]]