View source for Iraq

{{short description|Country in West Asia}}
{{about|the country in West Asia}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Iraq
| native_name            = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq}}|{{native name|ku|کۆماری عێراق|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|ku|Komarî Êraq}}<ref>{{cite web |title=دەستووری کۆماری عێراق |url=https://iq.parliament.iq/ku/ده-ستور/ |publisher=Parliament of Iraq |access-date=15 October 2008 |language=ku}}</ref>}}
| common_name            = Iraq
| image_flag             = Flag of Iraq.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Iraq.svg
| coa_size               = 80
| image_map              = Iraq (orthographic).svg
| national_motto         =
| national_anthem        = {{lang|ar|مَوْطِنِيْ}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|[[Mawtini (Ibrahim Tuqan song)|Mawṭinī]]}}<br />"My Homeland"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Mawtini.ogg]]}}
| capital                = [[Baghdad]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|33|20|N|44|23|E|type:city(8,100,000)_region:IQ}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = {{hlist|[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]<ref name="Constitution of Iraq">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Iraq|access-date= 31 May 2024|publisher=Constitute|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005}}</ref>}}
| languages2_type        = {{ubl|Recognised regional languages}}
| languages2             = {{ubl|[[Suret language|Assyrian (Suret)]]|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]|[[Iraqi Turkmen#Language|Turkish/Turkmen]]<ref name="Constitution of Iraq" />}}
| religion               = {{ublist
| 90-95% [[Islam in Iraq| Islam]]
| 5-10% [[Christianity in Iraq|Christianity]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Yazidis|Yazidism]], [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Judaism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Irreligion in Iraq|irreligion]] and others<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqi religions |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iraq/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom |website=www.state.gov |date=12 May 2021 |quote= The constitution establishes Islam as the official religion and states no law may be enacted contradicting the "established provisions of Islam." It provides for freedom of religious belief and practice for all individuals, including Muslims, Christians, Yezidis, and Sabean-Mandeans, but does not explicitly mention followers of other religions or atheists.}}</ref>
}}
| religion_year          = 2020
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=111c | title=National Profiles }}</ref>
| demonym                = [[Iraqis|Iraqi]]
| government_type        = [[Federal parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Iraq|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Abdul Latif Rashid]]
| leader_title3          = [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3           = [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Iraq|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1     = [[Kingdom of Iraq|Independence declared]]
| established_date1      = 3 October 1932
| established_event2     = [[14 July Revolution|Republic declared]]
| established_date2      = 14 July 1958
| established_event3     = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Iraq|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date3      = 15 October 2005
| area_rank              = 58th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| area_km2               = 438,317
| area_sq_mi             = 169,234 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| percent_water          = 4.93 (as of 2024)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=10 October 2023|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref>
| population_estimate    =
| legislature            = [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]]
| lower_house            = [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]]
| upper_house            = [[Council of Representatives of Iraq#Council of Union|Federation Council]]<ref name="s760">{{cite web | title=FAOLEX | website=FAOHome | url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC128541/ | access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref> (not yet convened)<ref name="n980">{{cite web | title=Without a Federation Council, State-building in Iraq remains elusive | website=MERI | date=2024-02-29 | url=https://www.meri-k.org/publication/without-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive/ | access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 35th
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census      = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 45,407,895<ref>{{cite news |last1=Post |first1=Washington |title=Iraq's population grew to 45.4 million according to the first survey in decades
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/11/25/iraq-population-census/c59ed968-ab1c-11ef-b98c-b3bed6509e98_story.html}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 82.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 183.9 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| population_density_rank = 125th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $655.417 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=433,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, November 2023 Edition. (Iraq) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 November 2024 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 48th
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2024
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $14,756<ref name="IMFWEO.IQ" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 110th
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2024
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $264.149 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IQ" />
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 46th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,947.315<ref name="IMFWEO.IQ" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 106th
| Gini                   = 29.5<!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2012
| Gini_change            = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IQ |title=Gini Index - Iraq |publisher=World Bank |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-date=8 December 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank              =
| HDI                    = 0.673 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] }}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 128th
| currency               = [[Iraqi dinar]]
| currency_code          = IQD
| time_zone              = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset             = +3
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Iraq|+964]]
| cctld                  = {{ublist |[[.iq]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.العراق]]}}}}
| today                  =
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
| 75–80% [[Arabs]]
| 15–20% [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]]
| 5–10% [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]],  [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]], [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Jews]], [[Yazidis]], [[Mandaeans]], and [[Demographics of Iraq|Others]])}}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref name=cia />
| ethnic_groups_year     = 1987
}}
'''Iraq''',{{Efn|{{langx|ar|ٱلْعِرَاق|translit=al-ʿIrāq}}; {{langx|ku|عێراق|translit=Êraq}}, {{langx|arc|ܥܝܪܐܩ}}}} officially the '''Republic of Iraq''',{{Efn|{{langx|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق}} ''{{transliteration|ar|{{Audio|Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga|Jumhūriyya al-ʿIrāq|help=no}}}}''; {{langx|ku|کۆماری عێراق|translit=Komarî Êraq}}}} is a country in [[West Asia]] and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the [[Middle East]]. With a population exceeding 46 million, it is the 35th-most populous country. It consists of [[Governorates of Iraq|18 governorates]]. The country is bordered by [[Turkey]] to [[Iraq–Turkey border|the north]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to the [[Iraq–Saudi Arabia border|south]], [[Iran]] to [[Iran–Iraq border|the east]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Kuwait]] to the [[Iraq–Kuwait border|southeast]], [[Jordan]] to [[Iraq–Jordan border|the southwest]], and [[Syria]] to [[Iraq–Syria border|the west]]. The [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city is [[Baghdad]]. [[Iraqi people]] are diverse; mostly [[Arabs]], as well as [[Kurds]], [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]], [[Yazidis]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Armenians in Iraq|Armenians]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Iranians in Iraq|Persians]] and [[Shabaks|Shabakis]] with similarly diverse [[Geography of Iraq|geography]] and [[Wildlife of Iraq|wildlife]]. Most [[Iraqis]] are [[Muslims]] – minority faiths include [[Christianity in Iraq|Christianity]], [[Yazidism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Mandaeism]], [[Yarsanism]] and [[Judaism in Iraq|Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpnAAAAMAAJ |title=Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 |date=1958 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office }}</ref><ref name="cia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2.15. Religious and ethnic minorities, and stateless persons |url=https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-iraq-2021/215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=European Union Agency for Asylum }}</ref> The official languages of Iraq are [[Arabic]] and [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]; others also recognized in specific regions are [[Suret language|Assyrian]], [[Iraqi Turkmen language|Turkish]], and [[Armenian language|Armenian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en|title=Iraq's Constitution}}</ref>
Starting as early as the [[6th millennium BC]], the fertile [[alluvial plain]]s between Iraq's [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] Rivers, referred to as the region of [[Mesopotamia]], gave rise to some of the world's earliest [[City|cities]], [[civilization]]s, and [[empire]]s. It was known as a "[[Cradle of Civilisation]]" that saw the inventions of a [[Cuneiform|writing system]], [[History of mathematics|mathematics]], [[History of timekeeping devices|timekeeping]], a [[Babylonian calendar|calendar]], [[Babylonian astrology|astrology]], and a [[Code of Ur-Nammu|law code]]. Following the [[Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia|Muslim conquest]], [[Baghdad]] became the capital and the largest city of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. During the time of the [[Islamic Golden Age]], the city evolved into a significant cultural and intellectual center, and garnered a worldwide reputation for its academic institutions, including the [[House of Wisdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gutas|first=Dimitri|title=Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd/8th–10th Centuries)|publisher=London: Routledge|year=1998}}</ref> It was largely destroyed at the hands of the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1258 during the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|siege of Baghdad]], resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keith Maisels |first=Charles |title=The Near East: The Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization" |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-415-04742-5}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Iraq {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="World History Encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Mesopotamian Inventions |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1859/mesopotamian-inventions/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mesopotamia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mesopotamia/ |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
Since its independence, Iraq has experienced spells of significant [[Economy of Iraq|economic]] and [[Military of Iraq|military growth]] alongside periods [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East|instability and conflict]]. The region remained a part of the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I, after which [[Mandatory Iraq]] was established by the [[British Empire]] in 1921. It gained indepdence as the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] in 1932. Following a [[14 July Revolution|coup d'état in 1958]], Iraq became a republic, led by Abdul Karim Qasim followed by Abdul Salam Arif and then Abdul Rahman Arif. The [[Ba'ath Party]] came to power in the 1968 and ruled as [[one-party state]], under the leadership of [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]], followed by [[Saddam Hussein]], who started major wars against [[Iran–Iraq War|Iran]] and [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Kuwait]]. In 2003, the [[Iraq War]] started after the United States-led coalition forces [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]] and overthrew Saddam. The war subsequently turned into an [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|insurgency]] and [[Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)|sectarian civil war]], with American troops withdrawing in 2011. Between 2013 and 2017, Iraq was once more in a state of war, with the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|rise and subsequent fall]] of [[Islamic State]]. Today [[Iraqi conflict|post-war conflict in Iraq]] continues at a lower scale, which has been an obstacle to the country's stability.<ref name="cnn-dec11">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Moni |date=18 December 2011 |title=Deadly Iraq war ends with exit of last U.S. troops |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave/index.html |access-date=18 December 2011 |work=CNN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Kali |date=18 October 2022 |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |archive-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>
A [[federal parliamentary republic]] country, Iraq is considered an [[Middle power|emerging middle power]]. It is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the [[OPEC]] as well as of the [[Arab League]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. With a strategic location, the country has one of the [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|largest oil reserves in the world]] and is among global centers for [[Petroleum industry in Iraq|oil and gas industry]]. In addition, the country has been popular for its agriculture and tourism. Since its independence, it has experienced spells of significant [[Economy of Iraq|economic]] and [[Military of Iraq|military growth]] alongside periods [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East|instability and conflict]]. The country is putting efforts to [[Reconstruction of Iraq|rebuild]] after the war with [[Foreign aid to Iraq|foreign support]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=EBRD welcomes Iraq as its latest member |url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2023/ebrd-welcomes-iraq-as-its-latest-member.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Iraq - Reconstruction and Investment |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/846201597292562703/pdf/Iraq-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Iraq – The northeast">{{cite web |title=Iraq – The northeast |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/The-northeast |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Balancing Act {{!}} Strategic Monitor 2018–2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=www.clingendael.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Iraq's Tourism Potential |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/987321468159610496/pdf/802410BRI0Iraq0Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf}}</ref>
== Name ==
{{anchor|Etymology}}
There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the [[Sumer]]ian city of [[Uruk]] and is thus ultimately of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=10 December 1979 |access-date=23 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Halloran|first=John A.|title=Sumerian Lexicon|url=http://sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm|year=2000|quote=The name of the very ancient city of URUK- City of Gilgamesh is made up from the UR-city and UK- thought to mean existence (a-ku, a-Ki & a-ko. The Aramaic and Arabic root of IRQ and URQ denotes rivers or tributaries at the same times referring to condensation (of water).}}</ref> Another possible etymology for the name is from the [[Middle Persian]] word ''erāq'', meaning "lowlands."<ref>Wilhelm Eilers (1983). "Iran and Mesopotamia". In E. Yarshater, ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> An Arabic [[folk etymology]] for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; [[Fertile Crescent|fertile]]".<ref>"often said to be from Arabic ''araqa'', covering notions such as "perspiring, deeply rooted, well-watered," which may reflect the impression the lush river-land made on desert Arabs. [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iraq etymonline.com]; see also "{{cite book|last=Rassam|first=Suha|title=Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day|date=31 October 2005|publisher=Gracewing Publishing|isbn=978-0-85244-633-1|page=9}}</ref>
During the medieval period, there was a region called ''ʿIrāq ʿArabī'' ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower [[Mesopotamia]] and ''[[Persian Iraq|ʿIrāq ʿAjamī]]'' ("Persian Iraq"),{{sfn|Bosworth|1998|p=538}} for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran.{{sfn|Bosworth|1998|p=538}} The term historically included the plain south of the [[Hamrin Mountains]] and did not include the northernmost and [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|westernmost]] parts of the modern territory of Iraq.<ref name="Bernhardsson-97">{{cite book|author=Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson|title=Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology And Nation Building in Modern Iraq|url={{Google books|MVHtRZwU-cAC|page=PA97|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2005|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-70947-8|page=97|quote=The term Iraq did not encompass the regions north of the region of Tikrit on the Tigris and near Hīt on the Euphrates.}}</ref> Prior to the middle of the 19th century, the term ''Eyraca Arabica'' was commonly used to describe Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last= Salmon |first= Thomas |title= A New Geographical and Historical Grammar |date= 1767 |publisher= Sands, Murray, and Cochran |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FlttD01OMU4C&q=Eyraca |access-date= 22 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite periodical |last= Martin |first= Benjamin |publisher= W. Owen |location= London |magazine= A New and Comprehensive System of Philology or A Treatise of the Literary Arts and Sciences, According to their Present State. |title= Philosophical Geography of Turkey in Asia |page= 363 |date= 1761 | issue= 2 | volume =3 | series= The General Magazine of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical, Philological, Mathematical, and Mechanical |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MxdbAAAAYAAJ&q=Eyraca }}</ref>
The term ''[[Sawad]]'' was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the [[alluvial plain]] of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
As an Arabic word, {{lang|ar|عراق}} ''ʿirāq'' means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the [[escarpment]]", such as at the south and east of the [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]] Plateau, which forms the northern and western edge of the "al-Iraq arabi" area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boesch|first=Hans H.|title=El-'Iraq|journal=Economic Geography|date=1 October 1939|volume=15|issue=4|pages=325–361|doi=10.2307/141771|jstor=141771| issn=0013-0095 }}</ref>
The [[Arabic phonology|Arabic pronunciation]] is {{IPA|ar|ʕiˈrɑːq|}}. In English, it is either {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|r|ɑː|k}} (the only pronunciation listed in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' and the first one in ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iraq|title=Definition of IRAQ|website=merriam-webster.com}}</ref>) or {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|r|æ|k}} (listed first by [[Macquarie Dictionary|''MQD'']]), the ''American Heritage Dictionary'',<ref>{{cite web| title=Iraq | website=The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. | date=14 March 2008 | url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314173050/http://www.bartleby.com/61/81/I0228100.html | archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> and the ''Random House Dictionary''.<ref>{{cite web| title=Meaning of Iraq | website=InfoPlease | date=24 January 2017 | url=https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/iraq}}</ref>
When the British established the [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] king on 23 August 1921, [[Faisal I of Iraq]], the official English name of the country changed from ''Mesopotamia'' to the endonymic ''Iraq''.<ref name="Los Angeles Times-1990">{{Cite web |date=2 September 1990 |title=How Mesopotamia Became Iraq (and Why It Matters) |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-02-bk-1977-story.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times }}</ref> Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (''Jumhūriyyat al-ʿIrāq''), reaffirmed in the 2005 [[Constitution of Iraq|Constitution]].<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|title=Iraq, Ministry of Interior – General Directorate for Nationality: Iraqi Constitution (2005)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074809/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dds.crl.edu/item/252545|title = DDS Center for Research Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4df40.html|title = Refworld &#124; Iraq: Resolution No. 460 of 1991 (Official toponymy)}}</ref>
== History ==
{{main|Mesopotamia|History of Mesopotamia|History of Iraq}}Iraq largely coincides with the ancient region of [[Mesopotamia]], often referred to as the [[cradle of civilization]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kandela |first=Peter |date=July 2000 |title=The history and ancient civilisations of Iraq |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02460-0 |journal=The Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9224 |pages=171 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02460-0 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref> The history of Mesopotamia extends back to the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period, with significant developments continuing through the establishment of the [[Caliphate]] in the late 7th century AD, after which the region became known as Iraq.
=== Bronze and Iron Age ===
Within its borders lies the ancient land of [[Sumer]], which emerged between 6000 and 5000 BC during the [[Neolithic]] [[Ubaid period]].<ref name=":5" /> Sumer is recognized as the world's earliest civilization, marking the beginning of urban development, written language, and monumental architecture.<ref name=":5" /> Iraq's territory also includes the heartlands of the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Neo-Sumerian]], [[Babylonia]]n, [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]], and [[Neo-Babylonian]] empires, which dominated Mesopotamia and much of the [[Ancient Near East]] during the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron]] Ages.<ref name=":5" />
Iraq was a center of innovation in antiquity, producing early [[List of languages by first written accounts|written languages]], [[Sumerian literature|literary works]], and significant advancements in [[Babylonian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Babylonian mathematics|mathematics]], [[Babylonian law|law]], and [[Assyro-Babylonian literature#Philosophy|philosophy]]. This era of indigenous rule ended in 539 BC when the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] was conquered by the [[Achaemenid Empire]] under [[Cyrus the Great]], who declared himself the "[[King of Babylon]]." The city of [[Babylon]], the ancient seat of Babylonian power, became one of the key capitals of the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Iraq, known as the Mesopotamia, is home to world's first Jewish diaspora community, which emerged during the Babylonian exile.
The Babylonians were defeated by the Persian Empire, under the leadership of [[Cyrus the Great]]. Following {{History of Iraq}}the fall of Babylon, the [[Achaemenid Empire]] took control of the Mesopotamian region. Enslaved Jews were freed from the Babylonian captivity, though many remained in the land and thus the Jewish community grew in the region. Iraq is the location of numerous Jewish sites, which are also revered by the Muslims and Christians.
In the following centuries, the regions constituting modern Iraq came under the control of several empires, including the [[Seleucid Empire|Greeks]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], and [[Roman Empire|Romans]], establishing new centers like [[Seleucia]] and [[Ctesiphon]]. By the [[3rd century]] AD, the region fell under Persian control through the [[Sasanian Empire]], during which time Arab tribes from [[South Arabia]] migrated into Lower Mesopotamia, leading to the formation of the Sassanid-aligned [[Lakhmid kingdom]].
=== Middle Ages ===
The Arabic name ''al-ʿIrāq'' likely originated during this period. The Sasanian Empire was eventually [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquered]] by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in the 7th century, bringing Iraq under Islamic rule after the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] in 636. The city of [[Kufa]], founded shortly thereafter, became a central hub for the Rashidun dynasty until their [[First Fitna|overthrow]] by the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] in 661. Karbala is considered as one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam, following the [[Battle of Karbala]], which took place in 680.
With the rise of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the mid-8th century, Iraq became the center of Islamic rule, with [[Baghdad]], founded in 762, serving as the capital. Baghdad flourished during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], becoming a global center for culture, science, and intellectualism. However, the city's prosperity declined following the [[Buwayhid]] and [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuq]] invasions in the 10th century and suffered further with the [[Siege of Baghdad|Mongol invasion]] of 1258.
Iraq later came under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 16th century. During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a [[Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)|Mamluk dynasty]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] origin, who succeeded in obtaining autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and reimposed their direct control over Iraq.
=== Modern Iraq ===
{{Main|Mandatory Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq|Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)|Ba'athist Iraq}}
[[File:Shanidar Cave - overview.jpg|thumb|Inside the Shanidar Cave, where the remains of eight adults and two infant [[Neanderthal|Neanderthals]], dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago were found<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Tim |title=Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia |publisher=Abc-Clio |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-57607-186-1 |page=454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Owen |title="The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave" |publisher=Smithsonian |year=2010}}</ref>]]
[[File:Nouri_Al-Saeed,_1950s.jpg|left|thumb|234x234px|[[Nuri al-Said|Nuri Pasha al-Said]] served eight terms as [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] during  [[Mandatory Iraq]] and the [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]]]]
Iraq's modern history began in the wake of World War I, as the region emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Aldroubi |first1=Mina |last2=Mahmoud |first2=Sinan |title=The three kings of Iraq: How a short-lived monarchy changed the country forever |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2021/08/23/the-three-kings-of-iraq-how-a-short-lived-monarchy-changed-the-country-forever/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> Arab forces, inspired by the promise of independence, had helped dismantle the Ottoman hold on the Middle East, but the dream of a united, sovereign Arab state was soon dashed.<ref name=":02" /> Despite agreements made with [[Hussein ibn Ali]], the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharif of Makkah]], the European powers had different plans for the region. Following the British withdrawal of support for a [[Arab state|unified Arab state]], Hussein's son, [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]], briefly declared the [[Kingdom of Syria]] in 1920, encompassing parts of what are now [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]].<ref name=":02" /> However, the kingdom was short-lived, crushed by local opposition and the military might of France, which had been granted a [[Mandatory Syria|mandate over Syria]].<ref name=":02" />
In Iraq, under British mandate, tensions were rising as local forces increasingly resisted foreign control.<ref name=":02" /> A [[Iraqi Revolt|rebellion erupted]], challenging British authority, and the need for a new strategy became clear.<ref name=":02" /> In 1921, the [[Cairo Conference (1921)|Cairo Conference]], led by British officials including [[Winston Churchill]] and [[T.E. Lawrence]], decided that Faisal, now exiled in [[London]], would become the [[king of Iraq]].<ref name=":02" /> This decision was seen as a way to maintain British influence in the region while placating local demands for leadership.<ref name=":02" /> Upon his coronation, he focused on unifying a land formerly divided into three [[Ottoman provinces]]—[[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra vilayet|Basra]].<ref name=":02" /> He worked hard to gain the support of Iraq's diverse population, including both [[Sunnis]] and [[Shiites]], and paid special attention to the country's Shiite communities, symbolically choosing the date of his coronation to coincide with [[Eid al-Ghadir|Eid al-Ghadeer]], a key day for Shiite Muslims.<ref name=":02" />
His reign laid the foundations of modern Iraq.<ref name=":02" /> Faisal worked to establish key state institutions and fostered a sense of national identity.<ref name=":02" /> His education reforms included the founding of [[Ahl al-Bayt University]] in Baghdad, and he encouraged the migration of Syrian exiles to Iraq to serve as doctors and educators.<ref name=":02" /> Faisal also envisioned infrastructural links between Iraq, Syria, and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Jordan]], including plans for a railway and an [[Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline|oil pipeline to the Mediterranean]].<ref name=":02" /> Although Faisal succeeded in securing greater autonomy for Iraq, British influence remained strong, particularly in the country’s oil industry.<ref name=":02" /> In 1930, [[Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930|Iraq signed a treaty with Britain]] that gave the country a measure of political independence while maintaining British control over key aspects, including military presence and oil rights.<ref name=":02" /> By 1932, Iraq gained formal independence, becoming a member of the [[League of Nations]].<ref name=":02" /> Faisal's reign was marked by his efforts to balance the pressures of external influence and internal demands for sovereignty.<ref name=":02" /> He was admired for his diplomatic skill and his commitment to steering Iraq toward self-determination.<ref name=":02" /> Untimely, he died from a heart attack on 8 September 1933, leaving his son [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]] to inherit the throne.<ref name=":02" /> King Ghazi’s reign was brief and turbulent, as Iraq was impacted by numerous coup attempts.<ref name=":02" /> He died in a motor accident in 1939, passing the throne to his young son, [[Faisal II]], who ascended to the throne at just 3 years old.<ref name=":02" /> Faisal II’s uncle, [[Abd al-Ilah|Crown Prince Abdullah]], assumed regency until the young king came of age.<ref name=":02" />
On 1 April 1941, [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]] and members of the [[Golden Square (Iraq)|Golden Square]] staged a [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|coup d'état]] and installed a [[Nazism|pro-German]] and [[Fascism|pro-Italian]] government.<ref name=":02" /> During the subsequent [[Anglo-Iraqi War]], the [[United Kingdom]] invaded Iraq for fear that the government might cut oil supplies to [[Western nations]] because of its links to the [[Axis powers]].<ref name=":02" /> The war started on 2 May, and the British, together with loyal [[Assyrian Levies]], defeated the forces of Al-Gaylani, forcing an armistice on 31 May.<ref name=":02" /> Regency of King Faisal II began in 1953.<ref name=":02" /> The hopes for Iraq’s future under Faisal II were high, but the nation remained divided.<ref name=":02" /> Iraq's Sunni-dominated monarchy struggled to reconcile the diverse ethnic and religious groups, particularly the Shiite, Assyrian, Jewish and Kurdish populations, who felt marginalized.<ref name=":02" /> In 1958, these tensions culminated in a military coup, inspired by the revolutionary wave sweeping across the Arab world, particularly the [[1952 Egyptian Revolution]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Katharine |date=May 2018 |title=Revolutionary Fervor: The History and Legacy of Communism in Abd al-Karim Qasim's Iraq 1958-1963 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/dd07e7e5-ad39-4300-a0eb-f5bb698ae016}}</ref>
=== Republic and Ba'athist Iraq ===
{{Main|Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)|Ba'athist Iraq}}
A coup d'état known as the [[14 July Revolution]] in 1958 was led by the Brigadier General and [[Iraqi nationalism|nationalist]] [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]].<ref name=":13" /> This revolt was strongly anti-imperial and anti-monarchical in nature and had strong socialist elements.<ref name=":13" /> King [[Faysal II]], Prince [[Abd al-Ilah]], and [[Nuri al-Sa'id]], along with the royal family were killed brutally.<ref name=":13" /> Qasim controlled Iraq through military rule and in 1958 he began a process of forcibly reducing surplus land owned by a few citizens and having the state redistribute the land.<ref name=":13" /> In 1959, [[Abd al-Wahab al-Shawaf]] led an uprising in Mosul against Qasim. The uprising was crushed by the government forces.<ref name=":13" /> He claimed [[Kuwait]] as part of Iraq, when it the former was granted independence in 1961.<ref name=":13" /> The United Kingdom deployed its army on [[Iraq–Kuwait border]], which forced Qasim to back down.<ref name=":13" /> He was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in [[Ramadan Revolution|February 1963 coup]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Musings on Iraq: Arif Brothers Govt (1963-68) |url=http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/p/iraq-history-sub-timeline-arif-brothers.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=musingsoniraq.blogspot.com}}</ref> However internal division with Ba'athist factions caused another coup in November, which brought Colonel Abdul Salam Arif to power.<ref name=":14" /> The new regime recognized Kuwait's independence.<ref name=":14" /> After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]].<ref name=":14" /> Under his rule, Iraq participated in the Six Day War in 1967.<ref name=":14" />
[[File:Saddam_Hussein_1979.jpg|left|thumb|253x253px|[[Saddam Hussein]], president of Iraq (1979–2003)]]
Arif was overthrown in the [[17 July Revolution]] in 1968.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-12 |title=The Ba'ath party in Iraq |url=https://www.encyclopediaofmigration.org/en/the_bath_party_in_iraq/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Encyklopedie Migrace |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Party]] came to power, with [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] as the president of Iraq.<ref name=":15" /> However, the government gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein]], Iraq's then vice-president.<ref name=":15" /> Saddam sought to achieve stability between Iraq's ethnic and religious groups.<ref name=":15" /> The [[First Iraqi–Kurdish War|first Iraqi–Kurdish war]] ended in 1970, after which a peace treaty was signed between Saddam and Barzani, granting autonomy to [[Kurds]].<ref name=":15" /> He introduced free healthcare and education, nationalized oil, promoted women's rights and developed infrastructure. Within few years, Iraq became one of the most developed countries in the world.<ref name=":15" />
In 1974, the [[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War|second Iraqi–Kurdish war]] began and [[1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict|border clashes with Iran]] took place on [[Shatt al-Arab]]. Iran supported Kurdish militants.<ref name=":15" /> The [[1975 Algiers Agreement|Algiers Agreement]] signed in 1975, by [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] and Saddam solved the dispute and Iran withdrew support for the Kurds, resulting their defeat in the war.<ref name=":15" /> In 1973, Iraq participated in the [[Yom Kippur War]] against Israel, alongside [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name=":15" /> An attempt to ban an annual pilgrimage Karbala caused an [[1977 Shia uprising in Iraq|uprising by Shia Muslims across Iraq]].<ref name=":15" /> Another Shia uprising took place from 1979 to 1980, as a followup to the [[Islamic Revolution]] in Iran.<ref name=":15" /> On 16 July 1979, Saddam was acceded to the presidency and chairmanship of the [[Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)|supreme executive body]] in July 1979.<ref name=":15" />
Following months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the [[Iran–Iraq War]] (or First Persian Gulf War).<ref name=":15" /> Taking advantage of the post-[[Iranian Revolution]] chaos in Iran, Iraq captured some territories in southwest Iran, but Iran recaptured all of the lost territories within two years, and for the next six years Iran was on the offensive.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|page needed]]'']</sup> The [[Arab countries|Sunni-led Arab countries]] and the [[United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War|United States supported Iraq throughout the war]].<ref name=":15" /> In 1981, Israel destroyed a nuclear reactor of Iraq.<ref name=":15" /> In midst of the war, between 1983 to 1986, Kurds led [[1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq|rebellion against the regime]].<ref name=":15" /> In retaliation, the government coordinated [[Anfal campaign]], led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians.<ref name=":15" /> During the war, Saddam extensively used [[Iraqi chemical weapons program|chemical weapons]] against Iranians.<ref name=":15" /> The war, which ended in [[stalemate]] in 1988, killed between half a million and 1.5 million people.<ref name=":15" />
Kuwait's refusal to waive Iraq's debt and reducing oil prices pushed Saddam to take military action against it.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The Complex Legacy of Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-complex-legacy-of-saddam-hussein |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> On 2 August 1990, the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi forces invaded]] and annexed Kuwait as its [[Kuwait Governorate|19th governorate]], starting the [[Gulf War]].<ref name=":6" /> This led to military intervention by the [[Coalition of the Gulf War|United States-led alliance]].<ref name=":6" /> The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in southern Iraq and Kuwait.<ref name=":6" /> Iraq also attempted to invade Saudi Arabia and attacked Israel.<ref name=":6" /> Iraq's armed forces were devastated during the war.<ref name=":6" /> Sanctions were imposed on Iraq, following the invasion of Kuwait, which resulted economic decline.<ref name=":6" /> After the end of the war in 1991, Iraqi Kurds and Shi'ite Muslims in northern and southern Iraq, led several [[1991 Iraqi uprisings|uprisings against Saddam's regime]], but these were repressed.<ref name=":6" /> It is estimated that as many as 100,000 people, including many civilians were killed.<ref name=":6" /> During the uprisings, the United States, the United Kingdom, Turkey and France, claiming authority under [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 688|UNSC Resolution 688]], established the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] to protect Kurdish population from attacks and autonomy was given to Kurds.<ref name=":6" /> raq was also affected by the [[Iraqi Kurdish Civil War]] from 1994 to 1997.<ref name=":6" /> Around 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed.<ref name=":6" /> Between 2001 and 2003, the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] and [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] engaged in conflict, which would merge with the upcoming war.<ref name=":6" />
=== Post-Saddam Iraq ===
{{Main|Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|Iraq War|History of Iraq (2011–present)}}
After the [[September 11 attacks]], [[George W. Bush]] began planning the overthrow of Saddam in what is now widely regarded as a [[Rationale for the Iraq War|false pretense]].<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> Saddam's Iraq was included in Bush's "[[axis of evil]]". The [[United States Congress]] passed [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002|joint resolution]], which authorized the use of armed force against Iraq.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> In November 2002. The [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441|resolution 1441]].<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> On 20 March 2003, the United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, as part of [[global war on terror]].<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> Within weeks, coalition forces occupied much of Iraq, with the Iraqi Army adopting guerrilla tactics to confront coalition forces.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> Following the [[Battle of Baghdad (2003)|fall of Baghdad]] in the first week of April, Saddam's regime had completely lost control of Iraq.<ref name="www.cfr.org">{{Cite web |title=Timeline: The Iraq War |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/iraq-war |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.cfr.org }}</ref> A [[Firdos Square statue destruction|statue of Saddam was toppled]] in Baghdad, symbolizing the end of his rule.<ref name="www.cfr.org" />
The [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] began disbanding the Ba'ath Army and expelling Ba'athists from the new government.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> The insurgents fought against the coalition forces and the newly installed government.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> Saddam was captured and executed.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> The Shia–Sunni civil war took place from 2006 to 2008.<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> The coalition forces were criticized for war crimes such as the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib torture]], the [[Fallujah killings of April 2003|Fallujah massacre]], the [[Mahmudiyah rape and killings]] and the [[Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre]].<ref name="www.cfr.org" /> Following the [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)|withdrawal of US troops]] in 2011, the occupation ceased and war ended. The war in Iraq has resulted in [[Casualties of the Iraq War|between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed]].<ref name="www.cfr.org" />
The subsequent efforts to rebuild the country amidst sectarian violence and the rise of the [[Islamic State]] began after the war. Iraq was galvanized by the civil war in Syria. Continuing discontent over [[Nouri al-Maliki]]'s government led to [[2012–2013 Iraqi protests|protests]], after which a  coalition of Ba'athist and Sunni militants launched an [[Anbar campaign (2013–2014)|offensive]] against the government, initiating [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|full-scale war in Iraq]]. The climax of the campaign was an [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|offensive]] in Northern Iraq by the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) that marked the beginning of the rapid [[Territory of the Islamic State|territorial expansion]] by the group, prompting an [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)|American-led intervention]]. By the end of 2017, ISIS had lost all its territory in Iraq.  [[Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|Iran has also intervened]] and [[The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution|expanded its influence]] through sectarian [[Khomeinism|Khomeinist]] militias.
In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the [[Islamic State]] group seized control of large swathes of land including several major cities, like [[Tikrit]], [[Fallujah]] and [[Mosul]], creating hundreds of thousands of [[internally displaced persons]] amid reports of atrocities by ISIL fighters. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from Mosul. Around 5,000 Yazidis were killed in the genocide by ISIS, as a part of the war. With the help of [[US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)|US-led intervention in Iraq]], the Iraqi forces successfully defeated ISIS. The war officially ended in 2017, with the Iraqi government declaring victory over ISIS. In October 2022, [[Abdul Latif Rashid]] was elected [[President of Iraq|president]] after winning the parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2022 |title=Who are Iraq's new president Abdul Latif Rashid and PM nominee Mohammed Shia Al Sudani? |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2022/10/14/who-are-iraqs-new-president-abdul-lateef-rasheed-and-pm-nominee-mohammad-al-sudani/ |work=The National }}</ref> In 2022, [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Mohammed Shia al-Sudani]] became [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq gets a new government after a year of deadlock – DW – 10/28/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iraq-gets-a-new-government-after-a-year-of-deadlock/a-63581601 |work=dw.com }}</ref>
The electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Blasts at power station fire cut off electricity in much of scorching Iraq |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iraq-explosion-fire-power-station-heat-wave-electricity-rcna97123 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Iraq substation fire causes major power outage – DW – 07/30/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iraq-substation-fire-causes-major-power-outage/a-66386036 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref><ref name="Rodgers-2023">{{Cite web |last=Rodgers |first=Winthrop |date=25 July 2023 |title=The Cradle of Civilization Is Drying Up |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/07/25/iraq-kurdistan-climate-change-rivers-tigris-euphrates/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] }}</ref> Corruption remains endemic throughout Iraqi governance while the United States-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Alissa J. |date=18 March 2023 |title=20 Years After U.S. Invasion, Iraq Is a Freer Place, but Not a Hopeful One |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/world/middleeast/iraq-war-20th-anniversary.html |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Karam">{{Cite web |last=Karam |first=Patricia |date=16 June 2023 |title=Sudani's Premiership Is Failing in the Iraqi Fight Against Corruption |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/sudanis-premiership-is-failing-in-the-iraqi-fight-against-corruption/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=Arab Center Washington DC }}</ref><ref name="Rodgers-2023" /> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<ref name="Lukas">{{Cite web |last=Lukas |first=Stefan |date=26 July 2023 |title=Iraq is running out of water |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/economy-and-ecology/iraq-is-running-out-of-water-6872/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=ips-journal.eu }}</ref> The country has been in a [[Climate change in Iraq|prolonged drought]] since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] are down 30-40%. Half the country's farmland is at risk of [[desertification]].<ref name="Rodgers-2023" /> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year."<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J. |last2=Denton |first2=Bryan |date=30 July 2023 |title=A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/world/middleeast/iraq-water-crisis-desertification.html |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Iraq|}}
[[File:Cheekha Dar seen from Halgurd.jpg|thumb|[[Cheekha Dar]], highest point in Iraq]]
Iraq lies between latitudes [[29th parallel north|29°]] and [[38th parallel north|38° N]], and longitudes [[39th meridian east|39°]] and [[49th meridian east|49° E]] (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning {{convert|437072|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, it is the 58th-largest country in the world.
It has a coastline measuring {{convert|58|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} on the northern [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 November 2007|title=Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071126-11.html}}</ref> Further north, but below the main headwaters only, the country easily encompasses the [[Tigris–Euphrates river system|Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain]]. Two major rivers, the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]], run south through Iraq and into the [[Shatt al-Arab]], thence the Persian Gulf. Broadly flanking this estuary (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) are marshlands, semi-agricultural. Flanking and between the two major rivers are fertile [[alluvial plains]], as the rivers carry about {{convert|60000000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]].
The central part of the south, which slightly tapers in favour of other countries, is natural vegetation marsh mixed with rice paddies and is humid, relative to the rest of the plains.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} Iraq has the northwestern end of the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros mountain range]] and the eastern part of the [[Syrian Desert]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at {{convert|3611|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: [[Zagros Mountains forest steppe]], [[Middle East steppe]], [[Mesopotamian Marshes]], [[Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests]], [[Arabian Desert]], [[Mesopotamian shrub desert]], and [[South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
{{main|Geography of Iraq#Climate{{!}}Climate of Iraq}}
[[File:Views along the way and at the Shrine of Raban Boya in Shaqlawa 17.jpg|left|thumb|Views along the way and at the Shrine of Raban Boya in [[Shaqlawa]]]]
Much of Iraq has a hot [[arid]] climate with [[subtropical]] influence. Summer temperatures average above {{convert|40|°C}} for most of the country and frequently exceed {{convert|48|°C|1}}. Winter temperatures infrequently exceed {{convert|15|°C|1}} with maxima roughly {{convert|5|to|10|°C|°F|1}} and night-time lows {{convert|1|to|5|°C|°F|1}}. Typically, precipitation is low; most places receive less than {{convert|250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} annually, with maximum rainfall occurring during the winter months. Rainfall during the summer is rare, except in northern parts of the country.
The northern mountainous regions have cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} [[Climate change in Iraq|Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration, Environment, and Climate Change in Iraq |url=https://iraq.un.org/en/194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq,%20https://iraq.un.org/en/194355-migration-environment-and-climate-change-iraq |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=iraq.un.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing [[water scarcity]] for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.<ref>{{cite web|last=[[USAID]]|title=Climate Risk Profile: Iraq|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-iraq|access-date=10 August 2019|website=Climatelinks|date=3 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="watercrisis">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title='All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.<ref name="nbcnews.com"/><ref name="auto"/> Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the political system has exacerbated sectarian conflict.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref name="Karam"/> Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.<ref name="Lukas"/> The country has been in a [[Climate change in Iraq|prolonged drought]] since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] are down between 30 and 40%. Half of the country's farmland is at risk of [[desertification]].<ref name="Rodgers-2023"/> Nearly 40% of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year".<ref name="The New York Times"/>
However, in 2023, [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Mohammed Shia al-Sudani]] announced that government was working on a wider "Iraqi vision for climate action". The plan would include promoting clean and renewable energy, new irrigation and water treatment projects and reduced industrial gas flaring, he said. Sudani said Iraq was "moving forward to conclude contracts for constructing renewable energy power plants to provide one-third of our electricity demand by 2030". In addition, Iraq will plant 5 million trees across the country and will create green belts around cities to act as windbreaks against dust storms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Iraqi prime minister promises action to tackle climate change, transition to renewables |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/iraqi-prime-minister-promises-action-to-tackle-climate-change-transition-to-renewables |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=PBS News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Iraq announces new plans to tackle climate change, will plant 5 million trees |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iraq-announces-new-plans-tackle-climate-change}}</ref>
In the same year, Iraq and [[TotalEnergies]] signed a $27 billion energy deal that aims to increase oil production and boost the country's capacity to produce energy with four oil, gas and renewables projects. According to experts, the project will "accelerate Iraq’s path to energy self-sufficiency and advance Iraq’s collective climate change objectives".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Iraq, TotalEnergies sign massive oil, gas, renewables deal |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iraq-totalenergies-sign-27-bln-deal-energy-projects-2023-07-10/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Empowering Iraq: 27$ Billion Deal for Iraq's Energy Sufficiency |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2023/09/empowering-iraq-the-27-billion-deal-for-iraqs-energy-sufficiency/}}</ref>
=== Biodiversity ===
{{main|Wildlife of Iraq}}
[[File:Little Lion King.jpg|thumb|The [[Asiatic lion]], a prominent symbol of Iraq throughout history.<ref name="Benjamin Sass">Benjamin Sass, Joachim Marzahn. Aramaic and figural stamp impressions on bricks of the sixth century B.C. from Babylon. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. Pp. 181-182.</ref>]]
The wildlife of Iraq includes its [[flora]] and [[fauna]] and their natural [[habitats]].<ref name="Hatt1959">{{cite book |author=Hatt, R. T. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56350/MP106.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The mammals of Iraq |publisher=Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan |year=1959 |location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> Iraq has multiple and diverse biomes which include the mountainous region in the north to the wet [[marsh]]lands along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, while western part of the country comprises mainly [[desert]] and some semi-arid regions. Many of Iraq's bird species were endangered, including seven of Iraq's [[mammal]] [[species]] and 12 of its [[bird]] species. The [[Mesopotamian Marshes|Mesopotamian marches]] in the middle and south are home to approximately 50 species of birds, and rare species of fish.<ref name="Wildlife Extra" /> At risk are some 50% of the world's [[marbled teal]] population that live in the marshes, along with 60% of the world's population of [[Basra reed-warbler]].<ref name="Wildlife Extra">{{cite web |title=Iraq's Marshes Show Progress toward Recovery |url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/good-iraqimarshes.html#cr |access-date=7 August 2010 |publisher=Wildlife Extra}}</ref>
The [[Asiatic lion]], in the present-day extinct in the region, has remained a prominent symbol of the country throughout history.<ref name="Benjamin Sass" /> [[Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes]], during the time of Saddam's government, caused there a significant drop in biological life.<ref name="Med-O-Med" /> Since the 2003–2011, flow is restored and the ecosystem has begun to recover.<ref name="Med-O-Med">{{Cite web |title=The Marshlands of Mesopotamia, IRAK |url=https://medomed.org/featured_item/the-marshlands-of-mesopotamia-cultural-landscape-irak/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Med-O-Med }}</ref> Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34&nbsp;°C.<ref name="sr">{{cite journal |author=Thomas Pohl |author2=Sameh W. Al-Muqdadi |author3=Malik H. Ali |author4=Nadia Al-Mudaffar Fawzi |author5=Hermann Ehrlich |author6=Broder Merkel |date=6 March 2014 |title=Discovery of a living coral reef in the coastal waters of Iraq |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=4250 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4.4250P |doi=10.1038/srep04250 |pmc=3945051 |pmid=24603901}}</ref> Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes are [[Lake Habbaniyah]], [[Lake Milh]], [[Lake Qadisiyah]] and [[Lake Tharthar]].<ref name="Scott1995">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Derek A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEDwAAAAMAAJ |title=A directory of wetlands in the Middle East |publisher=IUCN |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-8317-0270-4}}</ref>
== Government and politics ==
{{main|Politics of Iraq}}{{multiple image
| total_width       = 280
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = Abdul Latif Rashid in 2023.jpg
| caption1          = [[President of Iraq|President]]<br />[[Abdul Latif Rashid]]
| image2            = Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, Prime Minister of Iraq, at the Pentagon, Virginia on 15 April 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]]<br />[[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani]]
| align             = right
}}
The [[federal government of Iraq]] is defined under the current [[Constitution of Iraq|Constitution]] as a [[Democracy in Iraq|democratic]], [[Federation|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]]. The federal government is composed of the [[executive branch|executive]], [[legislative branch|legislative]], and [[judicial branch|judicial]] branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Aside from the federal government, there are regions (made of one or more governorates), governorates, and districts within Iraq with jurisdiction over various matters as defined by law.<ref name="Constitution" /><ref name=":12" /> The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]] and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Iraq – Government and society |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Government-and-society |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
[[File:Baghdad Convention Center inside.jpg|left|thumb|[[Council of Representatives of Iraq]] meeting at Baghdad]]
The [[National Alliance (Iraq)|National Alliance]] is the main Shia parliamentary bloc, and was established as a result of a merger of Prime Minister Nouri Maliki's [[State of Law Coalition]] and the [[Iraqi National Alliance]].<ref name="bbc-gpi">{{cite news |date=11 November 2010 |title=Guide to political groups in Iraq |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11730332 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The [[Iraqi National Movement]] is led by [[Iyad Allawi]], a secular Shia widely supported by Sunnis.<ref name="bbc-gpi" /> The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals.<ref name="bbc-gpi" /> The [[Kurdistan List]] is dominated by two parties, the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq)|Kurdistan Democratic Party]] led by [[Masood Barzani]] and the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] headed by [[Jalal Talabani]].<ref name="bbc-gpi" /> Baghdad is Iraq's capital, home to the seat of government.<ref name="bbc-gpi" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name="vdem_dataset" /> Located in the  [[Green Zone]], which contains governmental headquarters and the army, in addition to containing the headquarters of the [[Embassy of the United States, Baghdad|American embassy]] and the headquarters of foreign organizations and agencies for other countries.
According to the 2023 [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Iraq was the third most [[Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa|electoral democratic country in the Middle East]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> In 2023, according to the [[List of countries by Fragile States Index|Fragile States Index]], Iraq was the world's 31st most politically unstable country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fragile States Index 2023 – Annual Report {{!}} Fragile States Index |url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/2023/06/14/fragile-states-index-2023-annual-report/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=fragilestatesindex.org}}</ref> Transparency International ranks Iraq's government as the 23rd most corrupt government in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Iraq |url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/2023/06/14/fragile-states-index-2023-annual-report/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Transparency.org }}</ref> Under Saddam, the government employed 1 million employees, but this increased to around 7 million in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21696954-two-new-governments-month-abadi-agonistes|title=Abadi agonistes|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
In September 2017, a one-sided [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum|referendum]] was held in Iraq’s [[Kurdistan Region]] regarding [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish independence]], which resulted in 92% (of those participating in the region) voting in favor of independence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2017 |title=92% of Iraqi Kurds back independence from Baghdad, election commission says |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20170927-iraqi-kurds-vote-overwhelmingly-independence-referendum |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=France 24 }}</ref> The referendum was rejected by the federal government and regarded as illegal by the [[Federal Supreme Court of Iraq|Federal Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2017 |title=Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/iraqcourt-rules-no-region-can-secede-after-kurdish-independence-bid-idUSKBN1D617O |work=Reuters}}</ref>  Following this, an [[2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict|armed conflict]] ensued between the federal government and the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] which resulted in Kurdish defeat and capitulation; Kurdistan Region subsequently lost territory it had previously occupied, and the president of Kurdistan Region officially resigned,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/kurdish-leader-barzani-resigns-after-independence-vote-backfires-idUSKBN1CY0JR/|title=Kurdish leader Barzani resigns after independence vote backfires|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and finally, the regional government announced that it would respect the Federal Supreme Court's ruling that no Iraqi province is allowed to secede, effectively abandoning the referendum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=Iraq's Kurdistan says to respect court decision banning secession |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/iraqs-kurdistan-says-to-respect-court-decision-banning-secession-idUSKBN1DE0XD |work=Reuters}}</ref> According to a report published by [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], a U.S-based think tank, since Kurdistan Region’s failed bid to gain independence, the federal government has been severely punishing it both politically and economically. In gradual steps, the federal government has consistently weakened Kurdistan Region’s ability to administer its own affairs by revoking crucial authorities that had previously defined its autonomy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/house-divided-can-kurdistan-preserve-its-autonomy|title=A House Divided: Can Kurdistan Preserve Its Autonomy?|publisher=Washington Institute}}</ref> Furthermore, since it won a pivotal [[International Chamber of Commerce|ICC]] arbitration case, the federal government has also been refusing Kurdistan Region access to its most important source of income, namely, oil exports, and the latter has had no other option but to concede.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iraq-halts-northern-crude-exports-after-winning-arbitration-case-against-turkey-2023-03-25/|title=Iraq halts northern crude exports after winning arbitration case against Turkey|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Some have argued that this signals the Iraqi government’s intention to abandon federalism and return to a [[Centralized government|centralized political system]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iraq-demise-federalism|title=Iraq: The Demise of Federalism|publisher=The Wilson Center}}</ref> and in a leaked letter sent in 2023 to the U.S president, the prime minister of Kurdistan region wrote of an impending collapse of Kurdistan Region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/09/letter-biden-barzani-warns-iraqi-kurdistans-collapse-urges-mediation|title=In letter to Biden, Barzani warns of Iraqi Kurdistan's collapse, urges mediation|publisher=Al-Monitor}}</ref>
=== Law ===
{{main|Law of Iraq}}
In October 2005, the new [[Constitution of Iraq]] was approved in a referendum with a 78% overall majority, although the percentage of support varied widely between the country's territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218133809/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 |archive-date=18 February 2006 |title=Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters |author=Wagner, Thomas |work=ABC News |date=25 October 2005 |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new constitution was backed by the Shia and Kurdish communities, but was rejected by Arab Sunnis. Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted [[Iraqi parliamentary election, December 2005|fresh nationwide parliamentary elections]] on 15 December 2005. All three major [[ethnic groups in Iraq]] voted along ethnic lines, as did Assyrian and Turcoman minorities.
Law no. 188 of the year 1959 (Personal Status Law)<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq Personal Status Law of 1959 (ABA Translation)|url=http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf|publisher=American Bar Association|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055355/http://apps.americanbar.org/rol/publications/iraq_personal_status_law_1959_english_translation.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16.<ref name="unesco1">{{cite web|title=Women In Personal Status Laws: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Women_in_Personal_Status_Laws.pdf|work=SHS Papers in Women's Studies/ Gender Research, No. 4|publisher=UNESCO|date=July 2005}}</ref> Article 1 of Civil Code also identifies Islamic law as a formal source of law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/iraq.htm |title=Iraq, Republic of |publisher=Law.emory.edu |date=16 March 1983 |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> Iraq had no Sharia courts but civil courts used Sharia for issues of personal status including marriage and divorce. In 1995 Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offences.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fox, Jonathan |title=A World Survey of Religion and the State|url={{Google books|rE0NcgxNaKEC|page=PA238|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47259-3|page=238|access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> The code is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari ([[Shi'ite]]) interpretations of Sharia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/iraq/islam-and-legal-system/religion-law-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-personal-status-code |title=Religion, Law, and Iraq's Personal Status Code |publisher=Islamopedia Online |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530225211/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/iraq/islam-and-legal-system/religion-law-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-personal-status-code |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2004, the [[Coalition Provisional Authority|CPA]] chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bremer will reject Islam as source for law|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4276149|work=NBC News|date=16 February 2004 |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shia fume over Bremer sharia threat|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/02/20084916951281437.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> and by 2005 the United States had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.<ref>{{cite news|title=US relents on Islamic law to reach Iraq deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/22/iraq.rorycarroll|publisher=The Guardian, 21 August 2005 | location=London|first1=Rory|last1=Carroll|first2=Julian|last2=Borger|date=22 August 2005}}</ref> The [[Iraqi Penal Code]] is the statutory law of Iraq.
=== Military ===
{{main|Iraqi Armed Forces|List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces}}
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Iraqi F-16 (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = An [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], the main combat aircraft of the [[Iraqi Air Force]], during a take-off
| image2            = القوات الخاصه العراقيه.jpg
| caption2          = [[Iraqi Special Operations Forces|ISOF]] during training in [[Babylon Governorate|Babylon]], 2021
}}
[[Iraqi security forces]] are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau (CTB), which oversees the [[Iraqi Special Operations Forces]], and the Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC). Both CTB and PMC report directly to the [[Prime Minister of Iraq]]. MOD forces include the [[Iraqi Army]], the [[Iraqi Air Force]], [[Iraqi Navy]], and the [[Iraqi Air Defence Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en|title=Iraq's constitution 2005}}</ref> The MOD also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the [[NATO Training Mission - Iraq]]. The college was established at [[Ar Rustamiyah]] on 27 September 2005.<ref>[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211242/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm|date=12 June 2007}} – NATO Training Mission – Iraq</ref> The center runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for [[First Lieutenant|first lieutenants]] to [[Major (rank)|major]]s.
The current Iraqi armed forces was rebuilt on American foundations and with huge amounts of American military aid at all levels. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one [[motorised infantry]]. Each division consists of four brigades and comprises 14,000 soldiers. Before 2003, Iraq was mostly equipped with Soviet-made military equipment, but since then the country has turned to Western suppliers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military balance|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191050/http://csis.org/files/publication/100422_GulfMilBal.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The Iraqi air force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance and troop lift. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops and one air transportation squadron uses [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. The air force currently has 5,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arab Aviation > Air Power > Iraqi Air Force|url=http://www.arabaviation.com/en-us/airpower/iraqiairforce.aspx|access-date=28 December 2021|website=arabaviation.com}}</ref>
As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800 [[Marines (military)|marines]]. The navy consists of an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two marine battalions, designed to protect shorelines and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. On 4 November 2019, more than 100 [[Australian Defence Force]] personnel left [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] for the 10th rotation of Task Group [[Taji]], based north of [[Baghdad]]. The Australian contingent mentors the Iraqi School of Infantry, where the [[Iraqi Security Forces]] are trained. However, [[Australia]]'s contribution was reduced from 250 to 120 ADF personnel, which along with [[New Zealand]] had trained over 45,000 ISF members before that.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/6474585/iraqis-take-on-military-training-from-aust/|title=Iraqis take on military training from Aust|access-date=4 November 2019|website=The Islander|date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104091431/https://www.theislanderonline.com.au/story/6474585/iraqis-take-on-military-training-from-aust/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{main|Foreign relations of Iraq}}
[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Iraqi Prime Minister.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Al Sudani]] meets with Secretary [[Antony Blinken|Blinken]] in Munich, Germany, 2023.]]
The [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraqi monarchy]] followed a [[Pro-Western|pro-Western foreign policy]] and was part of the [[Baghdad Pact]], an alliance against the Soviet Union, during the [[Cold War]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Yash |date=2022-12-30 |title=Reminiscing Saddam Hussein and India-Iraq Ties |url=https://www.thepamphlet.in/english/reminiscing-saddam-hussein-and-india-iraq-ties/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Pamphlet}}</ref> In 1958, Iraq and Jordan formed a [[Arab Federation|confederation]], as a response to [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s [[United Arab Republic]] between [[Egypt]] and [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]].<ref name=":9" /> During the time of Qasim's rule, Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and formed close ties with the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name=":9" /> Qasim also claimed Kuwait. However, the [[Nasserism|pro-Nasserist government]] recognized Kuwait's independence in 1963, after Qasim was overthrown and killed.<ref name=":9" /> The [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist Regime]] maintained ties with [[Eastern Bloc|pro-Soviet countries]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Geraint |first1=Hughes |title=Who used whom? Baathist Iraq and the Cold War, 1968–1990 |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/cold/articles/hughes.html |access-date=19 June 2011 |website=Institute of Historical Research |publisher=Defence Studies Department, King's College London}}</ref> Saddam provided financial aid to [[North Vietnam]], during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=":9" /> After the end of the war in 1975, Saddam provided economic aid, to rebuild [[Vietnam]].<ref name=":9" /> He even refused to ask for repaying the amount of the financial assistance, a move, which is respected even by his opponents.<ref name=":9" /> [[France]] and [[India]] were the biggest trade partners of Iraq during Saddam's presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=étrangères |first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires |title=France and Iraq |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/iraq/france-and-iraq-65105/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> During the Iran–Iraq War, the [[United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War|United States supported Iraq]]. [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Egypt]] and Kuwait provided financial support to Saddam, throughout the eight-year-long war.<ref name=":9" /> Saddam was widely known for his pro-Palestinian and anti-Israel stance.<ref name=":9" /> He provided financial aid to the State of Palestine. He also funded to support Palestinians during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name=":9" /> France, [[Russia]] and [[China]] strongly condemned the U.S. invasion of Iraq.<ref name=":9" />[[File:Diplomatic relations of Iraq.svg|thumb|States with which Iraq has diplomatic relations.|left]]After the end of the Iraq War, Iraq sought and strengthened regional economic cooperation and improved relations with neighboring countries.<ref name="in">{{cite journal |last1=Deepika |first1=Saraswat |date=7 December 2018 |title=Iraq's Relations with its Arab Neighbours and Iran: Quest for a Pragmatic Balance |url=https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=4824&lid=2828 |journal=Research Fellow |publisher=Indian Council of World Affairs}}</ref> On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]]. Under the provisions of this treaty, Iraq is considered a party with declared stockpiles of [[chemical weapons]]. Because of their late accession, Iraq is the only State Party exempt from the existing timeline for destruction of their chemical weapons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq Joins the Chemical Weapons Convention |url=http://www.opcw.org/news/article/iraq-joins-the-chemical-weapons-convention |access-date=19 June 2011 |publisher=The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons -Opcw.org}}</ref> Since the situation eased, Iraq re-engaged with its Arab neighbors while maintaining relations with Iran in an attempt to position Iraq as a country that would not exacerbate the security concerns of its neighbors and seeking a pragmatic balance in foreign relations.<ref name="in" /> [[Iran–Iraq relations]] have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high-level visits.<ref name="in" /> A conflict occurred in December 2009, when Iraq accused Iran of seizing an oil well on the border.<ref>{{cite news |author=Muhanad Mohammed |date=19 December 2012 |title=Iran, Iraq seek diplomatic end to border dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-iran-idUSTRE5BH1Y920091219 |access-date=18 August 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[Iraq–Turkey relations|Relations with Turkey]] are tense, largely because of the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]], as clashes between Turkey and the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] continue.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=Turkey: Relations with Iraq become explosive |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/10/turkey-relations-with-iraq-become-explosive/ |publisher=Ipsnews.net}}</ref> In October 2011, the [[Turkish parliament]] renewed a law that gives Turkish forces the ability to pursue rebels over the [[Iraq–Turkey border|border in Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 October 2011 |title=24 soldiers killed in attack in Turkey |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/19/world/meast/turkey-attack/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref> Turkey's [[Southeastern Anatolia Project|"Great Anatolia Project"]] reduced Iraq's water supply and affected agriculture.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Why water is a growing faultline between Turkey and Iraq |url=https://www.ft.com/content/82ca2e3c-6369-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref name="watercrisis" /> Prime Minister [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Mohammed Shia al-Sudani]] has sought to normalise [[Iraq–Syria relations|relations with Syria]] in order to expand co-operation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi PM al-Sudani visits Syria to normalize relations |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iraqi-pm-al-sudani-visits-syria-to-normalize-relations/a-66248830 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Iraq is also seeking to deepen its ties with the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Layal |first1=Niazy |date=1 June 2022 |title=Tumultuous yet Promising: The Evolution of GCC-Iraq Relations |url=https://www.grc.net/documents/62a9917b71502GCCIRAQLAYAL.pdf |publisher=Gulf research center}}</ref> Foreign ministers of Iraq and Kuwait have announced that they were working on a definitive agreement on border demarcation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Iraq And Kuwait Seek To Solve Contested Border Issue |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/iraq-and-kuwait-seek-to-solve-contested-border-issue-211370a9 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Azhari |first=Timour |date=16 July 2023 |title=Iraqi PM Sudani, Syria's Assad hold talks on security, water in Damascus |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-pm-visits-syria-first-trip-since-syrian-war-2023-07-16/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
On 17 November 2008, the US and Iraq agreed to a [[Status of Forces Agreement]],<ref>{{cite web |title=US-Iraq SOFA |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825022056/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SOFA.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> as part of the broader [[Strategic Framework Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic Framework Agreement |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081127-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414161624/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/SE_SFA.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010 |access-date=16 November 2015 |page=8 |format=PDF}}</ref> On 5 January 2020, the [[Iraqi parliament]] voted for a resolution that urges the government to work on expelling US troops from Iraq.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=What is the Iran-backed Axis of Resistance, and what does it mean for Israel? |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-09-26/axis-of-resistance-explained-iran-israel |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The resolution was passed two days after [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike|a U.S. drone strike]] that killed Iranian Major General [[Qasem Soleimani]] of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], commander of the [[Quds Force]].<ref name=":10" /> The resolution specifically calls for ending of a 2014 agreement allowing Washington to help Iraq against [[Islamic State of Iraq|Islamic State groups]] by sending troops.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqi parliament votes to expel US troops |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iraqi-parliament-votes-to-expel-us-troops-awaits-government-approval/a-51892888 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> This resolution will also signify ending an agreement with Washington to station troops in Iraq as [[Iran]] vows to retaliate after the killing.<ref>{{cite web |title=US to send more troops to Middle East |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-to-send-more-troops-to-middle-east-as-iran-vows-retaliation-after-killing-of-top-general-as-it-happened/a-51874503 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> On 28 September 2020, Washington made preparations to withdraw diplomats from Iraq, as a result of Iranian-backed militias firing rockets at the [[Embassy of the United States, Baghdad|American Embassy in Baghdad]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{cite news |date=28 December 2021 |title=Armed group in Iraq demands U.S. forces withdraw by end of 2021, threatens violence |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/armed-group-in-iraq-demands-u-s-forces-withdraw-by-end-of-2021-threatens-violence |agency=PBS}}</ref> The officials said that the move was seen as an escalation of American confrontation with Iran.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Jakes |first2=Lara |last3=Schmitt |first3=Eric |date=29 September 2020 |title=Pompeo Threatens to Close U.S. Embassy in Iraq Unless Militias Halt Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/politics/pompeo-embassy-baghdad-iraq.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/politics/pompeo-embassy-baghdad-iraq.html |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=29 September 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> The United States significantly [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)|reduced its military presence in Iraq]] after [[US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)|the defeat of ISIS]].<ref name=":11" />
[[Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|Iran has also intervened]] since 2014, expanding through sectarian parties and [[Khomeinism|Khomeinist militias]].<ref name=":10" /> The intervention traces its roots in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.<ref name=":10" /> Various militia groups that have emerged in the country since 2003 have ties with Iran.<ref name=":10" /> The [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq]] and groups within the [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] are part of Iran's proxies — the [[Axis of Resistance]], which includes other proxies from [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]], [[Yemen]], [[Bahrain]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Syria]].<ref name=":10" /> These Iraqi militias have also participated in confronting Israel, during the [[Israel–Hamas War]], along with other groups of the Axis of Resistance.<ref name=":10" />
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|Governorates of Iraq}}
Iraq is composed of eighteen [[governorate]]s (or [[province]]s) ({{langx|ar|italic=yes|muhafadhat}}, singular {{lang|ar|muhafadhah}}). The governorates are subdivided into [[Districts of Iraq|districts]] (or {{lang|ar|qadhas}}), which are further divided into [[Nahiyah|sub-districts]] (or {{lang|ar|nawāḥī}}). A nineteenth governorate, [[Halabja Governorate]], is unrecognised by the Iraqi government.
{{Portal:Iraq/Governorates Image Map}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em
|* [[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk]]
* [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]]
* [[Erbil Governorate|Erbil]]
* [[Kirkuk Governorate|Kirkuk]]
* [[Sulaymaniyah Governorate|Sulaymaniyah]]
* [[Saladin Governorate|Saladin]]
* [[Al Anbar Governorate|Al Anbar]]
* [[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad]]
* [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]]
* [[Karbala Governorate|Karbala]]
* [[Babil Governorate|Babylon]]
* [[Wasit Governorate|Wasit]]
* [[Najaf Governorate|Najaf]]
* [[Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate|Al-Qādisiyyah]]
* [[Maysan Governorate|Maysan]]
* [[Muthanna Governorate|Muthanna]]
* [[Dhi Qar Governorate|Dhi Qar]]
* [[Basra Governorate|Basra]]
* [[Halabja Governorate|Halabja]]
}}
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Iraq}}
[[File:Empire World Erbil.jpg|thumb|Empire World in [[Erbil]]|left]]
Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/ |title=Iraq |work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=27 September 2021 }}</ref> Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.<ref name=usaid11>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Threatens Democracy in Iraq|url=https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf|publisher=USAID Iraq|date=January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015353/https://www.inma-iraq.com/sites/default/files/10_unemployment_threatens_democracy_2011jan00.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates very little employment.<ref name=usaid11/> Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.<ref name=usaid11/>
Prior to [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|US occupation]], Iraq's [[Central planning|centrally planned economy]] prohibited foreign ownership of Iraqi businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large [[tariff]]s to keep out foreign goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future |title=Iraq's economy: Past, present, future |publisher=Reliefweb.int |date=3 June 2003 |access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> During the regime of Saddam Hussein in the 1970s, Iraq developed as one of the most developed countries in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tooze |first=Adam |date=2023-03-24 |title=Chartbook 204: Iraq's economic impasse twenty years after the invasion. |url=https://adamtooze.substack.com/p/chartbook-204-iraqs-economic-impasse |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Chartbook}}</ref> After the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] quickly began issuing many binding orders [[Privatization|privatising]] Iraq's economy and opening it up to [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]]. On 20 November 2004, the [[Paris Club]] of creditor countries agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown another $5 billion by 2004. The [[debt relief]] was to be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/https://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 |archive-date=21 November 2004 |title=G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief |date=21 November 2004 |access-date=19 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The official currency in Iraq is the [[Iraqi dinar]]. The [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by [[De La Rue]] using modern anti-forgery techniques.<ref>{{cite web|author=Coalition Provisional Authority |url=http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html |title=Iraq Currency Exchange |access-date=28 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515093736/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/IraqCurrencyExchange.html |archive-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead |author-link=Coalition Provisional Authority }}</ref> [[Jim Cramer]]'s 20 October 2009 endorsement of the [[Iraqi dinar]] on [[CNBC]] has further piqued interest in the investment.<ref name="Jim Cramer on the Iraqi Dinar">Odio, Sam. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724214847/http://dinarprofits.com/iraqi_dinar_information/jim_cramer_mad_money/ Jim Cramer on the Iraqi Dinar]. dinarprofits.com</ref>
Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]] (with a further two million refugees outside Iraq), four million Iraqis were considered food-insecure (a quarter of children were chronically malnourished) and only a third of Iraqi children had access to safe drinking water.<ref name="ODI1">{{cite web|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1089&title=humanitarian-action-iraq |title=Humanitarian action in Iraq: putting the pieces together |author=Sarah Bailey and Rachel Atkinson |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515071043/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1089&title=humanitarian-action-iraq |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> In 2022, and after more than 30 years after the [[UN Compensation Commission]] (UNCC) was created to ensure restitution for Kuwait following the Iraqi invasion of 1990, the reparations body announced that Iraq has paid a total of $52.4 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 February 2022|title=Iraq makes final reparation payment to Kuwait for 1990 invasion|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111632|access-date=12 February 2022|website=UN News}}</ref> According to the [[Overseas Development Institute]], [[International non-governmental organization|international NGOs]] face challenges in carrying out their mission, leaving their assistance "piecemeal and largely conducted undercover, hindered by insecurity, a lack of coordinated funding, limited operational capacity and patchy information".<ref name="ODI1" /> International NGOs have been targeted and during the first 5 years, 94 aid workers were killed, 248 injured, 24 arrested or detained and 89 kidnapped or abducted.<ref name="ODI1" /> Although overthrow of Saddam in 2003 have caused post-war conflict in Iraq, affecting the economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-10 |title=Iraqi holy cities bow to capitalist impulse |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4491607 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=NBC News }}</ref><ref>https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Firaqs-economic-boom-bypasses-man-on-street%2Fnews-story%2F34c1c90faabc5b73eddb8508f084c3b5&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=HIGH-Segment-2-SCORE&V21spcbehaviour=appendend {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> However, the Kurdish and Shia populated regions of Iraq have experienced economic boom since the end of the 2003–2011 war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-30 |title=The Mini Economic Boom in Iraq That Is Hardly Reported |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/292817 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Arab News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The pilgrimage sites of Iraq's timeless and holy cities |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240611-the-pilgrimage-sites-of-iraqs-timeless-and-holy-cities |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www.bbc.com }}</ref><ref name="alarabiya.net">{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/art-and-culture/2013/04/04/Iraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism|title=Iraq's holy cities enjoy boom in religious tourism|date=4 April 2013 }}</ref>  In addition, Iraq is an agricultural country. Tourism in Iraq stands to be a major growth sector, including [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq|archaeological tourism]] and religious tourism while the country is also considered to be a potential location for [[ecotourism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq: the world's next big eco-tourism destination? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10000817/Iraq-the-worlds-next-big-eco-tourism-destination.html |access-date=2015-11-18 |newspaper=Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-24 |title=Iraqis turn to budding ecotourism to save marshes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190524-iraqis-turn-budding-ecotourism-save-marshes |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=coordinator |date=2020-07-15 |title=New Project Launched to Promote Socio-Economic Growth through Eco-Tourism and Heritage Preservation in Dhi Qar, Iraq |url=https://savethetigris.org/new-project-launched-to-promote-socio-economic-growth-through-eco-tourism-and-heritage-preservation-in-dhi-qar-iraq/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Save the Tigris Foundation}}</ref>
=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Iraq}}
[[File:Street in Babylon.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Babylon]]]]
Iraq was an important [[tourist destination]] for many years but that changed dramatically during the [[Iran–Iraq War|war with Iran]] and after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion by US and allies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-03-07 |title=Iraq war seen devastating for world tourism sector |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/iraq-war-seen-devastating-for-world-tourism-sector.154980 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Times of Malta }}</ref> As Iraq continues to develop and stabilises, the tourism in Iraq is still facing many challenges, little has been made by the government to meet its tremendous potential as a global tourist destination, and gain the associated economic benefits, mainly due to conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After years of bloody conflict, Iraq is enjoying a 'mini-boom' in tourism |url=https://ina.iq/eng/18557-after-years-of-bloody-conflict-iraq-is-enjoying-a-mini-boom-in-tourism.html |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Iraqi News Agency}}</ref> Sites from Iraq's ancient past are numerous and many that are close to large cities have been excavated. Babylon has seen major recent restoration; known for its famous [[Ziggurat of Ur|''Ziggurat'']] (the inspiration for the Biblical [[Tower of Babel]]), the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon|Hanging Gardens]] (one of the [[Wonders of the World|Seven Wonders of the World]]), and the [[Ishtar Gate]], making it a prime destination.
[[Nineveh]], a rival to [[Babylon]], has also seen significant restoration and reconstruction. [[Ur]], one of the first Sumerian cities, which is near [[Nasiriyah|Nasiriyya]], has been partially restored. This is a list of examples of some significant sites in a country with a tremendous archaeological and historic wealth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/547671468040505626/pdf/780700BRI0QN870nowledge0note0series.pdf|title=Iraq's Tourism Potential}}</ref> Iraq is considered to be a potential location for [[ecotourism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel And Tourism in Iraq|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-iraq/report|access-date=11 February 2022|website=Euromonitor|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211110210/https://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-iraq/report|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tourism in Iraq includes also making pilgrimages to [[Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)|holy Shia Islamic sites]] near [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]].<ref name="alarabiya.net" /> Since 2003, Najaf and Karbala have experienced economic boom, due to religious tourism.<ref name="alarabiya.net" /> [[Mosul Museum]] is the second largest museum in Iraq after the [[Iraq Museum]] in [[Baghdad]]. It contains ancient [[Mesopotamia]]n artifacts.
Saddam built hundreds of palaces and monuments across the country. Some of them include [[Al-Faw Palace]], [[As-Salam Palace]] and [[Radwaniyah Palace]].<ref name="Vince-2016">{{Cite web |last=Vince |first=Owen |date=2016-09-04 |title=Architecture After Excess: The Palaces of Saddam's Baghdad |url=https://failedarchitecture.com/architecture-after-excess-the-palaces-of-saddams-baghdad/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Failed Architecture }}</ref> Al-Faw Palace is currently occupied by the [[American University of Iraq - Baghdad|American University of Iraq]]. Since Saddam's overthrow, the palaces are open to tourists, though they are not officially functioning, and the [[government of Iraq]] is considering to sell them for useful purposes. A majority of these structures were built after the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]], when Iraq was put under sanctions by the United Nations.<ref name="Vince-2016" /> Saddam Hussein reconstructed part of Babylon, one of the world's earliest cities, using bricks inscribed with his name to associate himself with the region's past glories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Ruins, Palaces And Cult Of Saddam Hussein |url=https://mypluralist.com/2023/02/27/saddam-hussein-iraq/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MyPluralist }}</ref> One of his palaces in Basra was turned into a museum, despite it was time when Iraq allied with the United States was engaged in war with the ISIS.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Andrew |last=Lawler |date=2016-05-07 |title=Iraq Is Turning Saddam Hussein's Palace Into a Museum |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/160411-iraq-saddam-palace-basra-art-museum#:~:text=Iraq%20Is%20Turning%20Saddam%20Hussein's%20Palace%20Into%20a%20Museum&text=Saddam's%20former%20palace%20in%20Basra,turning%20it%20into%20a%20museum. |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Andrew Lawler }}</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2024|reason=second clause doesn't make sense}}
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Iraq}}
Iraq has a modern network of highways. [[Roads in Iraq|Roadways]] extended {{convert|45,550|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sites.google.com">{{Cite web |title=Road numbering systems - Iraq national roads |url=https://sites.google.com/site/roadnumberingsystems/home/route-lists/iraq-national-roads |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=sites.google.com }}</ref> The roadway also connect Iraq to neighboring countries of [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]].<ref name="sites.google.com" /> There are more than seven million passenger cars, over million commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major highways the maximum speed is {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905 | title=Iraq: France's Alstom signs high-speed highways with KRG deal | publisher=BBC News | date=24 June 2011 | access-date=27 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627032731/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13909905 | archive-date=27 June 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Iraq has about 104 airports as of 2012. Major airports include [[Baghdad International Airport]], [[Basra International Airport]], [[Erbil International Airport]], [[Kirkuk International Airport]], [[Sulaimaniyah International Airport]] and [[Al Najaf International Airport|Najaf International Airport]].<ref name="Frbiu 03-2017">{{cite news |date=2017-03-07 |title=$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala |url=https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala |access-date=2018-11-21 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)|Foreign Relations Bureau - Iraq]]}}</ref> [[Mosul International Airport]] was captured by ISIS militants during the [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|2014 Northern Iraq offensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tastekin |first=Fehim |date=2021-01-13 |title=France scores big Iraqi construction project at Turkey's expense |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2021/01/turkey-iraq-france-ankara-lost-construction-project-in-mosul.html |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Al-Monitor }}</ref> Despite the government re-taking of the city, the airport remained closed. The government is constructing an international airport for [[Karbala]] and proposed an international airport in [[Nasiriyah]], with partnership with China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pramod |date=2024-07-17 |title=Iraq signs deals to advance new civil airport project |url=https://www.agbi.com/aviation/2024/07/iraq-signs-deals-to-advance-new-civil-airport-project/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=AGBI }}</ref>
=== Oil and energy ===
{{main|Oil reserves in Iraq|Energy in Iraq}}
[[File:Al Basrah Oil Terminal (ABOT).jpg|left|thumb|Basra oil terminal, southern Iraq]]
With its {{convert|143.1|Goilbbl|m3}} of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of [[oil reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html |title=World Proved Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Most Recent Estimates |publisher=Energy Information Administration |date=3 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/10/04/iraq.oil.reserves/index.html | work=CNN | title=Iraqi oil reserves estimated at 143B barrels | date=4 October 2010}}</ref> Oil production levels reached 3.4 million barrels per day by December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/3/iraqs-flood-of-cheap-oil-could-rock-world-markets-/?page=all |title=Iraq's flood of 'cheap oil' could rock world markets |newspaper=The Washington Times |date=3 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> Only about 2,000 [[oil well]]s have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 million wells in [[Texas]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109035129/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html |archive-date=9 November 2010 |title=U.S. Electricity Imports from and Electricity Exports to Canada and Mexico Data for 2008 |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iraq was one of the founding members of [[OPEC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/164.htm |title=Iraq facts and figures |publisher=OPEC |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqidinar123.com/opec-announces-it-will-absorb/ |title=OPEC Announces it Will Absorb The Increase in Iraq's |publisher=Iraqidinar123 |access-date=29 January 2014}}</ref>
During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million [[Barrel (unit)|barrels per day]], but [[Sanctions against Iraq|sanctions imposed against Iraq]] after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990 crippled the country's oil sector. The sanctions prohibited Iraq from exporting oil until 1996 and Iraq's output declined by 85% in the years following the First [[Gulf War]]. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict.<ref name=atlantic /> {{As of|2010}}, despite improved security and billions of dollars in oil revenue, Iraq still generates about half the electricity that customers demand, leading to protests during the hot summer months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128000162|title=Iraqi Minister Resigns Over Electricity Shortages|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=23 July 2010|date=22 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Iraq oil law (2007)|Iraq oil law]], a proposed piece of legislation submitted to the [[Council of Representatives of Iraq]] in 2007, has failed to gain approval due to disagreements among Iraq's various political blocs.<ref>Lionel Beehner and Greg Bruno, [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-iraqis-cannot-agree-oil-law Backgrounder: Why Iraqis Cannot Agree on an Oil Law], Council on Foreign Relations (last updated 22 February 2008).</ref><ref>Ahmed Rasheed, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-oil-law/iraq-oil-law-deal-festers-as-crisis-drags-on-idUSTRE80P0S720120126 Iraq oil law deal festers as crisis drags on], Reuters (26 January 2012).</ref> [[Al Başrah Oil Terminal]] is a trans-shipment facility from the pipelines to the tankers and uses [[Oil tanker|supertankers]].
According to a US Study from May 2007, between {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} and {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/oil/2007/0512billionsoil.htm | title=Billions in Oil Missing in Iraq, US Study Says | newspaper=New York Times | author=Glanz, James |date=12 May 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Al Jazeera reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in US care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noT9auswz0A|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/noT9auswz0A |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inside Story – Iraq's missing billions |publisher=YouTube |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=19 June 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq Country Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214351/https://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/iraq/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the [[Ministry of Oil (Iraq)|Iraqi ministry of oil]] awarded service contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.<ref name="aljazeera091211">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/12/200912117243440687.html |title=Oil firms awarded Iraq contracts|publisher=English.aljazeera.net |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera090630">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/06/200963093615637434.html |title="BP group wins Iraq oil contract", Al Jazeera English, 30 June 2009 |publisher=English.aljazeera.net |date=30 June 2009 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> Oil fields contracted include the "super-giant" [[Majnoon oil field]], [[Halfaya Field]], [[West Qurna Field]] and [[Rumaila oil field|Rumaila Field]].<ref name="aljazeera090630"/> [[BP]] and [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest Iraqi oil field.<ref>Wong, Edward (28 June 2011) [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/world/asia/29chinairaq.html "China Opens Oil Field in Iraq"]. The New York Times.</ref><ref>1 October 2013 [http://www.iraqidinar123.com/export-of-iraq/ "Development is Main Dependent on Export of Iraq"]. Iraq123 News.</ref> On 14 March 2014, the [[International Energy Agency]] said Iraq's oil output jumped by half a million barrels a day in February to average 3.6 million barrels a day. The country had not pumped that much oil since 1979, when Saddam Hussein rose to power.<ref>14 March 2014 [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304914904579438860227481506 "Iraq's Oil Output Surges to Highest Level in Over 30 Years"]. The Wall Street Journal.</ref> However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and [[Kirkuk Field|Kirkuk]] oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. Baghdad condemned the seizure and threatened "dire consequences" if the fields were not returned.<ref name="KurdsOilfields">{{cite news|title=Tensions mount between Baghdad and Kurdish region as Kurds seize oil fields|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/tensions-mount-between-baghdad-and-iraqs-kurds/2014/07/11/7baeea5e-2bfe-4d07-942b-1653af3d60a3_story.html|access-date=11 July 2014|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> On 2018, the UN estimated that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue.<ref name="atlantic">{{Cite news| issn = 1072-7825| last = Calamur| first = Krishnadev| title = Oil Was Supposed to Rebuild Iraq| work = The Atlantic| access-date = 20 March 2018| date = 19 March 2018| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/iraq-oil/555827/}}</ref> As of 2021, the oil sector provided about 92% of foreign exchange earnings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مستشار الكاظمي يؤكد تراجع دين العراق إلى 20 مليار دولار بفضل انتعاش أسعار النفط |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/ebusiness/2021/11/13/دين-العراق-الخارجي-انخفض-إلى-20-مليار |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref>
=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Iraq}}
[[File:Mosul Dam Lake 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Mosul Dam]] Lake]]
Three decades of war greatly cut the existing [[Water resource management|water resources management]] system for several major cities. This prompted widespread [[water supply]] and [[sanitation]] shortfalls thus poor [[Water quality|water]] and service quality.<ref name="watercrisis"/> This is combined with few businesses and households who are fully environmentally aware and legally compliant however the large lakes, as pictured, alleviate supply relative to many comparators in Western Asia beset by more regular drought. Access to potable water diverges among governorates and between urban and rural areas.
91% of the population has access to potable water. Forming this figure: in rural areas, 77% of people have access to improved (treated or fully naturally filtered) drinking water sources; and 98% in urban areas.<ref name="UNWater">{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqicivilsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Water-Factsheet.pdf|title=Water in Iraq Factsheet|access-date=3 February 2018|date=March 2013|author=((UN Iraq Joint Analysis and Policy Unit))}}</ref> Much water is discarded during treatment, due to much outmoded equipment, raising energy burden and reducing supply.<ref name="UNWater" />
=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Investment in post-invasion Iraq}}
[[File:5. Lake Dukan, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Dukan]]]]
Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then very war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-housing-idUSL5N0HC2GD20130916 | work=Reuters | first=Matt | last=Smith | title=Iraq faces chronic housing shortage, needs foreign investment -minister | date=16 September 2013}}</ref> In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne|Lady Nicholson]]. In mid 2013, South Korean firm Daewoo reached a deal to build [[Bismayah New City]] of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bismayah – National Investment Commission |url=https://investpromo.gov.iq/bismayah/ |access-date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:Mosque - panoramio (6).jpg|left|thumb|Construction of the Al-Raham Mosque in Baghdad, 2000]]
In December 2020, the Prime Minister launched the second phase of the [[Grand Faw Port]] via winning bid of project manager/head contractor Daewood at $2.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2020 |title=Iraq to sign $2.625 billion Grand Faw port contract with S.Korea's Daewoo |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-ports-int-idUSKBN28X1C3 |access-date=23 December 2021 |work=Reuters }}</ref> In late 2023, the Iraqi government announced that it will build a total of 15 new cities across the country, in an attempt to tackle a persistent housing problem, according to officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq approves plans for 15 new cities |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/construction/iraq-approves-plans-for-15-new-cities-vd1esfgl |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.zawya.com }}</ref> This project falls under the Iraqi government's plan and strategy to establish new residential cities outside city centers, aiming to alleviate the urban housing crisis. The first 5 new cities cities will be located in [[Baghdad]], [[Babylon Governorate|Babylon]], [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]], [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar]] and [[Karbala]], while another 10 new residential cities will be launched in other governorates. The initial phase of the [housing] plan began in late 2023, when Iraqi Prime Minister [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Al-Sudani]] laid the foundation stone of Al-Jawahiri city. Located west of the capital, the new city will host 30,000 housing units which will cost $2 billion. It is expected to be completed in four to five years. According to officials, none of it is financed by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Iraq Breaks Ground on $2 Billion Project to Build New City |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/iraq-breaks-ground-on-2-billion-project-to-build-new-city-1.2016197 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=BNN}}</ref><ref name="iraqinews.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Iraq to unveil 10 new cities in different governorates |url=https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq/iraq-to-unveil-10-new-cities-in-different-governorates/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Iraqi News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Abu Ghraib district, Al-Sudani places the foundation stone for Al-Jawahiri city |url=https://ina.iq/eng/30598-in-abu-ghraib-district-al-sudani-places-the-cornerstone-for-future-al-jawahiri-city.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Iraqi News Agency}}</ref>
In early 2024, the Iraqi government signed a contract for the new Ali El-Wardi residential city project with the director of Ora Real Estate Development Company, [[Naguib Sawiris]], which is the largest project among the five new residential city projects in its first phase.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Sharqiya |date=31 Jan 2024 |title=Signing the Contract for The Ali Al-Wardi Residential City Project |url=https://www.alsharqiya.com/en/news/signing-the-contract-for-the-ali-al-wardi-residential-city-project}}</ref> Located east of Baghdad, the city will offer over 100,000 residential units. First of its kind in the country, the city will specialize in providing advanced technological infrastructure for smart cities and will match up to the highest sustainability standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Ora Developers Enters the Iraqi Market with "Ali El Wardy" Project |url=https://invest-gate.me/news/ora-developers-enters-the-iraqi-market-with-ali-el-wardy-project/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=invest-gate.me }}</ref> The goal for the Iraqi government is to build 250,000 to 300,000 housing units for poor and middle-class families and address a housing crisis. In addition, the cities will include universities, commercial centers, schools and health centers.<ref name="iraqinews.com" /> In 2024, and during a visit to Baghdad by Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdogan]], a quadrilateral memorandum of understanding regarding cooperation in [[Iraq Development Road]] project was signed between Iraq, [[Turkey|Türkiye]], [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. The deal was inked by the transportation ministers from each country. The 1,200-kilometer project with railway and highways which will connect the [[Grand Faw Port]], aimed to be the largest port in the Middle East. It is planned to be completed by 2025 to the Turkish border at an expected cost of $17 billion. According to Iraqi officials, the Development Road is a strategic national project for Iraq, and will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=April 22, 2024 |title=Iraq, Turkey, Qatar, UAE sign preliminary deal to cooperate on Development Road project |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-turkey-qatar-uae-sign-preliminary-deal-cooperate-development-road-project-2024-04-22/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Iraq's Al Faw port to become largest in Middle East |url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/iraqs-al-faw-port-to-become-largest-in-middle-east/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Global Construction Review }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=PM lays Foundation Stone for next phase of Grand Faw Port {{!}} Iraq Business News |url=https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2021/04/14/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-next-phase-of-grand-faw-port/ |access-date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Iraq|List of largest cities of Iraq}}
{{further|Iraqis}}
The {{UN_Population|Year}} estimate of the total Iraqi population is {{UN_Population|Iraq}}.{{UN_Population|ref}} Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.<ref name="Issawi1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Philip Issawi|title=The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History|url={{Google books|F2TGkO7G43oC|page=PA17|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504951-0|page=17|access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |title=Iraqi population reaches about 35 million |publisher=Aswat Al Iraq |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |archive-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref> Those three vilayets of the Ottoman Empire — Mosul, Basra and Baghdad — were designated as concentration of different ethnic groups.
=== Cities and towns ===
{{Main|List of cities in Iraq}}
{{Largest cities|img_1=5628442718 b10fc2c47f o.jpg|city_1=Baghdad|div_1=Baghdad Governorate {{!}} Baghdad|city_2=Mosul|div_2=Mosul Governorate {{!}} Nineveh|img_2=Presidential Site, Mosel, Iraq.jpg|img_3=Bridge of Basra 2.jpg|img_4=Views around the city center of Erbil 03.jpg|city_3=Basra|city_4=Erbil|pop_1=6,719,477|pop_2=1,361,819|pop_3=1,340,827|pop_4=1,550,071|pop_5=972,272|pop_6=747,261|pop_7=711,530|pop_8=676,492|pop_9=558,446|pop_10=527,472|pop_11=455,741|pop_12=403,796|pop_13=389,376|pop_14=340,871|pop_15=300,751|pop_16=279,133|pop_17=250,884|pop_18=223,525|pop_19=221,743|pop_20=211,964|city_5=Kirkuk|city_6=Najaf|city_7=Karbala|city_8=Sulaymaniyah|city_9=Nasiriyah|city_10=Amarah|city_11=Hillah|city_12=Diwaniyah|city_13=Kut|city_14=Dohuk|city_15=Az Zubayr|city_16=Baqubah|city_17=Fallujah|city_18=Ramadi|city_19=Samawah|city_20=Zakho|country=Iraq|div_name=Governorate|div_3=Basra Governorate {{!}} Basra|div_4=Erbil Governorate {{!}} Erbil|div_15=Basra Governorate {{!}} Basra|div_5=Kirkuk Governorate {{!}} Kirkuk|div_6=Najaf Governorate {{!}} Najaf as-Sharif|div_7=Karbala Governorate {{!}} Karbala|div_8=Sulaymaniyah Governorate {{!}} Sulaymaniyah|div_9=Dhi Qar Governorate {{!}} Dhi Qar|div_19=Muthanna Governorate {{!}} Muthanna|div_11=Babylon Governorate {{!}} Babylon|div_10=Maysan Governorate {{!}} Maysan|div_12=Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate {{!}} Al-Qādisiyyah|div_13=Wasit Governorate {{!}} Wasit|div_14=Dohuk Governorate {{!}} Dohuk|div_16=Diyala Governorate {{!}} Diyala|div_17=Anbar Governorate {{!}} Anbar|div_18=Anbar Governorate {{!}} Anbar|div_20=Dohuk Governorate {{!}} Dohuk|stat_ref=<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Iraq cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/cities/ |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref>}}
=== Ethnic groups ===
[[File:Ethnoreligious Iraq.svg|thumb|
{{legend|#aaffcc|Sunni Arabs}}
{{legend|#ffaaaa|Shiite Arabs}}
{{legend|#eeffaa|Sunni Kurds}}
{{legend|#ccaaff|Assyrians}}
{{legend|#cdde87|Yazidis}}
{{legend|#ff9955|Turkmen}}
Map of all majority-group clusters of the country's ethnic groups in large, deliberately grouped, census output areas as at the 2006 to 2008 study|224x224px]]
Iraq's native population is predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]], but also includes other ethnic groups such as [[Kurds]], [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmens]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Yazidis]], [[Shabaks]], [[Armenians in Iraq|Armenians]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Circassians]], and [[Kawliya]].
A report by the [[European Parliamentary Research Service]] suggests that, in 2015, there were 24 million Arabs (14 million [[Shia]] and 9 million [[Sunni]]); 4.7 million Sunni [[Kurds]] (plus 500,000 [[Faili Kurds]] and 200,000 [[Kaka'i]]); 3 million (mostly Sunni) [[Iraqi Turkmens]]; 1 million [[Black Iraqis]]; 500,000 [[Christians]] (including [[Assyrians in Iraq|Assyrians]] and [[Armenians in Iraq|Armenians]]); 500,000 [[Yazidis]]; 250,000 [[Shabaks]]; 50,000 [[Gypsies in Iraq|Roma]]; 3,000 [[Mandaeans]]; 2,000 [[Circassians in Iraq|Circassians]]; 1,000 of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]; and a few dozens [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Jews]].<ref name="EPRS">{{cite web|year=2015|title=Minorities in Iraq Pushed to the brink of existence|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/548988/EPRS_BRI(2015)548988_REV1_EN.pdf|access-date=19 June 2018|publisher=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]]|pages=3–4}}</ref>
According to the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], citing a 1987 Iraqi government estimate,<ref name="cia" /> the population of Iraq is 75–80% [[Arabs|Arab]] followed by 15–20% [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]].<ref name="cia" /> In addition, the estimate claims that other minorities form 5% of the country's population, including the [[Iraqi Turkmens|Turkmen/Turcoman]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Yezidis]], [[Shabak people|Shabak]], [[Kaka'i]], [[Bedouins]], [[Gypsies in Iraq|Roma]], [[Circassians in Iraq|Circassians]], Mandaeans, and [[Iranians in Iraq|Persians]].<ref name="cia" /> However, the [[International Crisis Group]] points out that figures from the 1987 census, as well as the 1967, 1977, and 1997 censuses, "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups;<ref name="ICG">{{cite web|year=2008|title=Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|page=16|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808043240/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Iraq_08_11_13_Turkey_and_Iraqi_Kurds_Conflict_or_Cooperation.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmens.<ref name="ICG" />
The historic Assyrian Quarter in Baghdad housed 150,000 Armenians in 2003. Most of them fled, following the escalation of war, and today only 1,500 Armenians are found in the city. Around 20,000 [[Marsh Arabs]] live in southern Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2807821.stm|title=BBC News – Iraq's 'devastated' Marsh Arabs|date=3 March 2003|access-date = 1 May 2008 | first=Heather | last=Sharp}}</ref> Iraq has a community of 2,500 [[Chechen people|Chechens]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html |title=Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures |publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs |date=18 September 2002 |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061015/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12785/chechens_in_the_middle_east.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some 20,000 [[Iraqi Armenians|Armenians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=Darren L.|date=2010|title=A Remnant Remaining: Armenians amid Northern Iraq's Christian Minority|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703837|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=14|issue=1|pages=143–157|doi=10.1163/157338410X12743419189540|jstor=25703837|issn=1609-8498}}</ref> In southern Iraq, [[Afro Iraqis|there is a community of Iraqis of African]] descent, a legacy of the [[slavery]] practised in the Islamic Caliphate beginning before the [[Zanj Rebellion]] of the 9th century, and [[Basra]]'s role as a key port.<ref name="zanj">{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|title=In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060958/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/world/middleeast/03basra.html |archive-date=3 December 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 December 2009}}</ref> It is the most populous country in the [[Arabian Plate]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McCoy|first1=John|title=Geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/geodata00john|url-access=registration|date=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/geodata00john/page/281 281]|publisher=Thomson-Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-5581-5}}</ref>
=== Languages ===
{{main|Languages of Iraq}}
[[File:Children puppy sulaimania.jpg|thumb|Children in a village near the city of [[Sulaymaniyah]]|left]]
The main languages spoken in Iraq are [[Mesopotamian Arabic language|Mesopotamian Arabic]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], followed by the [[Iraqi Turkmens#Language|Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect]] of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and the [[Neo-Aramaic]] languages (specifically [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Chaldean]] and [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] dialects).<ref>{{citation |last=Jastrow|first=Otto O.|year=2006|chapter=Iraq|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|volume=2|page=414|editor1-last=Versteegh|editor1-first=Kees|editor2-last=Eid|editor2-first=Mushira|editor3-last=Elgibali|editor3-first=Alaa|editor4-last=Woidich|editor4-first=Manfred|editor5-last=Zaborski|editor5-first=Andrzej|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-14474-3 }}</ref> Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of the [[Arabic script]]. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to the [[Turkish alphabet]].<ref name="Shanks 2016 loc=57">{{citation|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|year=2016|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|page=57|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52043-6}}</ref> In addition, the Neo-Aramaic languages use the [[Syriac script]]. Other smaller minority languages include [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], [[Shabaki language|Shabaki]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].
Prior to the invasion in 2003, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] was the sole official language. Since the new [[Constitution of Iraq]] was approved in 2005, both Arabic and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] are recognised (Article 4) as official languages of Iraq, while three other languages, [[Iraqi Turkmens#Language|Turkmen]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Armenian language|Armenian]], are also recognised as [[minority languages]]. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.<ref name=Constitution/>
According to the [[Constitution of Iraq]] (Article 4): The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.<ref name="Constitution" />
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Iraq}}
{{see also|Irreligion in Iraq}}{{Further|Islam in Iraq|Christianity in Iraq|Judaism in Iraq}}
[[File:001123-AbolfazlShrine-BetweenTheHolyShrines-Karbala-IMG 7729-2.jpg|thumb|[[Karbala]] is a holy city among Shi'ite Muslims|left]]
Religions in Iraq are dominantly [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Iraq - the World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130209/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/ |archive-date=2024-03-20}}</ref> The CIA [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] estimated in 2015 that between 95 and 98% of Iraqis followed [[Islam]], with 61–64% being Shia and 29–34% being Sunni. [[Christianity in Iraq|Christianity]] accounted for 1%, and the rest (1-4%) practiced [[Yazidism]], [[Mandaeism]], and other religions.<ref name=":0" /> An older 2011 [[Pew Research Center]] estimated that 51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as [[Shia]], 42% as [[Sunni]], while 5% as "just a Muslim".<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=Iraq's unique place in the Sunni-Shia divide – Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/18/the-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they-believe-and-how-they-view-each-other/ |work=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Iraq is also home to two of the holiest places among the Shi'as – [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]].<ref>On Point: The United States Army In Operation Iraqi Freedom – Page 265, Gregory Fontenot – 2004</ref>
[[Christianity in Iraq]] has its roots from the conception of the [[Church of the East]] in the 5th century AD, predating the existence of Islam in the region of Iraq.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Christianity in Iraq |url=https://cnewa.org/magazine/fact-sheet-christianity-in-iraq-33110/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=CNEWA |language=en-US}}</ref> Iraqi Christians are predominantly native [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] belonging to the [[Ancient Church of the East]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Guardian" /> There is also a significant population of [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Christians]] in Iraq who had fled [[Turkey]] during the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Guardian" /> Christians numbered over 1.4 million in 1987 or 8% of the estimated population of 16.3 million and 550,000 in 1947 or 12% of the population of 4.6 millions.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2006 |title=IRAQ: Christians live in fear of death squads |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/61897/iraq-christians-live-in-fear-of-death-squads |access-date=21 October 2013 |work=IRIN Middle East |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> After the 2003 [[invasion of Iraq]], violence against Christians rose, with reports of abduction, torture, bombings, and killings.<ref name="besieged">{{cite news |last=Harrison |first=Frances |date=13 March 2008 |title=Christians besieged in Iraq |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7295145.stm |access-date=31 October 2010 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2.15. Religious and ethnic minorities, and stateless persons {{!}} European Union Agency for Asylum |url=https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-iraq-2021/215-religious-and-ethnic-minorities-and-stateless-persons |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=euaa.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |date=8 August 2014 |title=Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003137/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/isis-persecution-iraqi-christians-genocide-asylum |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The [[Iraq War|post-2003 war]] have displaced much of the [[Assyrian exodus from Iraq|remaining Christian community from their homeland]] as a result of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2014 |title=Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28686998 |access-date=5 March 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population 'under attack', Radio Free Europe |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/A453003E-DEC4-491A-9069-81255C27A7FA.html2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907133733/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/A453003E-DEC4-491A-9069-81255C27A7FA.html2006 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Rferl.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Mardean Isaac |date=24 December 2011 |title=The desperate plight of Iraq's Assyrians and other minorities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/24/iraq-minorities-assyrians |access-date=5 March 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2004 |title=Analysis: Iraq's Christians under attack |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3529364.stm |access-date=25 April 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-1">{{cite news |last=McQuade |first=Romsin |date=30 July 2014 |title=Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11000168/Iraqs-persecuted-Assyrian-Christians-are-in-limbo.html |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
Iraq is home to one of the [[History of the Jews in Iraq|oldest and community of Jews in the Middle East]]. Referred to as the [[Jews of Babylonia|Jews of Babylon]], it is first [[Jewish diaspora]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Andrea |date=27 July 2003 |title=Embattled Jewish community down to last survivors |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-07-27-iraq-jews-usat_x.htm |access-date=19 June 2011 |publisher=Usatoday.com}}</ref> In 1948, there were approximately 150,000 Jews in Iraq.<ref name=":1" /> After the establishment of [[Israel]] in 1948, Jews emigrated [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|fleeing persecution in Iraq]].<ref name=":1" /> By the 1970s, around 10,000 to 15,000 Jews lived in Iraq.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |title=Standoff in the Gulf |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/world/standoff-gulf-synagogue-s-keeper-tells-standing-watch-for-baghdad-s-dwindling.html}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |title=Iraqi Jews Leave in a Steady Flow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/12/archives/iraqi-jews-leave-in-a-steady-flow-5-or-6-families-going-weekly.html#}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Margit |first=Maya |date=2021-10-27 |title=The End of Exile: Iraqi Jew Recalls Escape From Baghdad 70 Years Ago |url=https://themedialine.org/life-lines/history/the-end-of-exile-iraqi-jew-recalls-escape-from-baghdad-70-years-ago/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Media Line |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Once thriving, Iraq's Jews on verge of vanishing |url=https://amwaj.media/article/once-thriving-iraq-s-jews-on-verge-of-vanishing |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Amwaj.media |language=en}}</ref> After the [[overthrow of Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, fear increased among Jews, as the community dwindled further.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=By |date=1998-11-13 |title=In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/11/13/in-iraq-respect-for-the-jews-baghdad-a-tiny-minority-that-has-seen-good-days-and-bad-is-treated-well-under-saddam-hussein/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> Today, there are an estimated 400 Jews in Iraq.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=ijao |date=2018-09-23 |title=A Group of Young Iraqis Risk Imprisonment to Reconnect With Their Country's Jewish Past |url=https://ijao.ca/a-group-of-young-iraqis-risk-imprisonment-to-reconnect-with-their-countrys-jewish-past/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Iraqi Jewish Association Of Ontario |language=en-US}}</ref> After the war, few of them have reported to be returned back to the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |title=Decades After Fleeing, Iraqi Jews Plan to Return to Their Homeland |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-12-17/ty-article/.premium/decades-after-fleeing-iraqi-jews-plan-to-return-to-their-homeland/0000017f-f968-dcea-a7ff-fdfa60530000}}</ref> Iraq is home to over [[List of Jewish sites in Iraq|250 Jewish sites]]. Some of them includes the [[Great Synagogue of Baghdad]], the [[Tomb of Joshua]], [[Alqosh|Prophet Nahum Synagogue]], [[Ezekiel's Tomb]] and the [[Ezra's Tomb|Tomb of Ezra]].
There are also small [[ethno-religious]] minority populations of [[Mandaeans]], [[Shabaks]], [[Yarsan]] and [[Yezidi]]s remaining.<ref name=":3" /> Prior to 2003 their numbers together may have been 2 million, the majority Yarsan, a non-Islamic religion with roots in pre-Islamic and pre-Christian religion.<ref name=":3" /> Yazidis are mostly concentrated around the [[Sinjar Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Yazidis in Iraq: between a rock and a hard place - European Commission |url=https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/stories/yazidis-iraq-between-rock-and-hard-place_en |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Mandaeans live primarily around Baghdad, Fallujah, Basra and [[Hillah]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Al-Saadi |first=Qais |title=The Mandaean Sabians, twenty years after the American occupation |url=https://cfri-irak.com/en/article/the-mandaean-sabians-twenty-years-after-the-american-occupation-political-and-social-transformations-in-iraq-and-the-diaspora-2024-01-05 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=cfri-irak.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
=== Diaspora and refugees ===
{{main|Refugees of Iraq|Assyrian exodus from Iraq}}
[[File:Refugee kids with a journalis.jpg|thumb|Iraqi refugees in Mosul, 2014]]
The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the [[Iraqi diaspora]]. The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis fled the country after the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|multinational]] invasion of Iraq in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm|title=Warnings of Iraq refugee crisis|work=BBC News|date=22 January 2007|access-date = 18 August 2007}}</ref> The UN Refugee agency estimated in 2021 that 1.1 million were displaced within the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/|title=A displacement crisis|date=30 March 2007|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030941/http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iraq/2007/iraq-a-displacement-crisis/|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, the UN said that about 40% of Iraq's middle class was believed to have fled and that most had fled systematic persecution and had no desire to return.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/01/16/MNG2MNJBIS1.DTL|title=40% of middle class believed to have fled crumbling nation | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first=Carolyn | last=Lochhead | date=16 January 2007}}</ref> Subsequently, the diaspora seemed to be returning, as security improved; the Iraqi government claimed that 46,000 refugees returned to their homes in October 2007 alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,2214918,00.html|title=Iraqi refugees start to head home|format=PDF | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Ian | last=Black | date=22 November 2007 | access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Iraq's 1.3 million refugees ever be able to go home? |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=16 December 2011 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/will-iraqs-13-million-refugees-ever-be-able-to-go-home-6277667.html |location=London}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the US-led invasion.<ref name=":7">{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11724378 | title = Christian areas targeted in Baghdad attacks | date = 10 November 2010 | work = [[BBC]] | access-date = 10 November 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-03-22-christians-iraq_N.htm|title=Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq |newspaper=USA Today|date=23 March 2007|first1=Zaid|last1=Sabah|first2=Rick|last2=Jervis}}</ref> According to official [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]] statistics, 58,811 Iraqis had been granted refugee-status citizenship {{as of|2011|May|25|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextchannel=68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD&vgnextoid=df4c47c9de5ba110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD |title=USCIS – Iraqi Refugee ProcessingFact Sheet |publisher=Uscis.gov |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210131849/http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=df4c47c9de5ba110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=68439c7755cb9010VgnVCM10000045f3d6a1RCRD |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011, numerous Iraqis in Syria returned to their native country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraqi refugees flee war-torn Syria and seek safety back home|url=http://www.unhcr.org/51c0399c9.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> To escape the [[Syrian civil war]], over 252,000 [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war|Syrian refugees]] of varying ethnicities have fled to Iraq since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/5|access-date=18 December 2021|website=data2.unhcr.org|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302192733/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=103|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Health ===
{{main|Health in Iraq}}
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Health|url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=8|publisher=SESRIC|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214323/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=8|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=7|publisher=SESRIC|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215053/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=24&cat_code=7|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (Iraq)|url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-linecharts.php?ind_code=12&c_code=24|publisher=SESRIC|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000400/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-linecharts.php?ind_code=12&c_code=24|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of [[curative care]]. The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in July 2003. Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians. The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.<ref name=corpwatch>{{cite web|title=High-Tech Healthcare in Iraq, Minus the Healthcare |url=http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290 |publisher=CorpWatch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717084814/http://www.warprofiteers.com/article.php?id=14290 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |date=8 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Iraq}}
[[File:Wikipedia_Education_Program_Workshop-_American_University_in_Iraq-_Sullaimaniya_2016.jpg|thumb|University students in Iraq, 2016]]
Before Iraq faced economic sanctions from the UN and was invaded by the United States, it already had an advanced and successful education system.<ref name="de Santisteban-2005">{{Cite journal |last=de Santisteban |first=Agustin Velloso |date=2005 |title=Sanctions, War, Occupation and the De-Development of Education in Iraq |journal=International Review of Education |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |bibcode=2005IREdu..51...59S |doi=10.1007/s11159-005-0587-8 |s2cid=144395039}}</ref> However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.<ref name="de Santisteban-2005" /> Although Saddam was viewed as a repressive leader, his government successfully turned Iraq into a leading center of higher education.<ref name="de Santisteban-2005" /> Since the implementation of the MDGs, education in Iraq has shown improvement. Enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012, reaching six million students.<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |title=The Cost and Benefit of Education in Iraq |url=https://www.unicef.org/iraq/TheCostOfEducationInIraq-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804182022/https://www.unicef.org/iraq/TheCostOfEducationInIraq-EN.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2018 |website=unicef.org}}</ref> By 2015–2016, around 9.2 million children were attending school, with a steady annual increase of 4.1% in enrollment rates.<ref name="unicef.org" />
However, the rapid increase in primary education students has strained the system.<ref name="unicef.org"/> Education receives only 5.7% of government spending, leading to a lack of investment in schools and poor educational rankings in the region.<ref name="unicef.org"/> UNICEF found that funding has been wasted, resulting in increasing dropout and repetition rates.<ref name="unicef.org"/> Dropout rates range from 1.5% to 2.5%, with girls being affected more due to economic or family reasons. Repetition rates have reached almost 17%, causing a loss of approximately 20% of education funding in 2014–2015.<ref name="unicef.org"/> Regional disparities greatly impact enrollment rates for children in primary education in Iraq.<ref name="unicef.org" /> Conflict-ridden areas like Saladin have seen over 90% of school-age children out of school due to the conversion of schools into shelters or military bases.<ref name="unicef.org" /> Limited resources strain the education system, hindering access to education.<ref name="unicef.org" /> However, efforts have been made to reopen closed schools, with success seen in Mosul, where over 380,000 children are back in school.<ref name="unicef.org" /> Access to education varies depending on location, and there are disparities between boys and girls.<ref name="unicef.org" />
In 2013–2014, boys' enrollment was around five million, while girls' enrollment was around 4.2 million, with an 11% out-of-school rate for girls and less for boys.<ref name="unicef.org" /> However, girls' enrollment has been increasing at a higher rate, particularly in Iraq Centre, across all education levels, suggesting progress towards achieving universal education for all.<ref name="unicef.org" /> Despite the increase in enrollment rates for primary education, a significant number of children, particularly internally displaced children due to conflicts, remain out of the education system. Around 355,000 internally displaced children in Iraq, with 330,000 in Iraq Centre, are not receiving education. The strain on education resources is evident, and UNICEF emphasizes the need for increased expenditures to improve the quality of education. Challenges include inadequate school buildings, teacher shortages, lack of standardized curricula, textbooks, and technology. The growing student population poses a strain on teachers, impacting the quality of education. Libraries play a crucial role in promoting literacy but require restructuring within the education system to be more effective.
== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Iraq}}
Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including [[architecture]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[painting]], [[weaving]], [[pottery]], [[calligraphy]], [[stonemasonry]] and [[metalworking]]. The culture of Iraq or Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldest [[Culture|cultural]] histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world.
Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of the [[Old World]] in different ways such as inventing [[Cuneiform|writing system]], [[History of mathematics|mathematics]], [[time]], [[Babylonian calendar|calendar]], [[Babylonian astrology|astrology]] and the [[Code of Ur-Nammu|law code]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica" /><ref name="World History Encyclopedia" /> Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups that have each contributed in different ways to the country's long and rich heritage. The country is known for its poets, architects, painters and sculptors, who are among the best in the region, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine [[handicrafts]], including [[Carpet|rugs]] and [[carpets]].
=== Art ===
{{main|Art of Mesopotamia|Iraqi art}}
[[File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion near a village.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|Wasiti]]'s illustrations served as an inspiration for the modern Baghdad art movement in the 20th-century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijdan |first=A |title=Contemporary Art From The Islamic World |pages=166}}</ref>]]
There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The [[Abbasid]] Dynasty developed in the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of [[Mesopotamia]]. The Abbasids were influenced mainly by [[Art of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian art traditions]] and later influenced [[Sasanian architecture|Persian]] as well as Central Asian styles. Between the 8th and 13th centuries during the Abbasid period, pottery achieved a high level of sophistication, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surface of decorative objects and illuminated manuscripts, particularly [[Quran|Q'ranic]] texts became more complex and stylised. Iraq's first art school was established during this period, allowing artisans and crafts to flourish.<ref>Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., ''Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People,'' Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 278</ref>
At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the ''[[Baghdad School]]'', this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.<ref name="Online">"Baghdad school," in: ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' [https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school Online:]</ref>
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Iraq}}
[[File:Zaha Hadid in Heydar Aliyev Cultural center in Baku nov 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Zaha Hadid]] (1950–2016), an acclaimed architect|left]]
The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both the [[Architecture of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] and [[Abbasid architecture]]. Baghdad and Mosul have plethora of cultural and heritage buildings. There are numerous [[List of mosques in Baghdad|historic mosques in Baghdad]] and Basra, [[List of churches and monasteries in Nineveh|old churches in Mosul]] and [[List of Jewish sites in Iraq|synagogues in Baghdad]]. Modern prominent architects include [[Zaha Hadid]], [[Basil Al Bayati|Basil Bayati]], [[Rifat Chadirji]] and [[Hisham N. Ashkouri]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contemporary Iraqi Architects|url=https://arcade.stanford.edu/blogs/contemporary-iraqi-architects|access-date=12 February 2022|website=ARCADE|date=15 May 2017 }}</ref>
Important cultural institutions in the capital include the [[Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra]] – rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]] but have since returned to normal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2008 |title=President Bush, Secretary Powell welcome Iraqi musicians to Kennedy - Information about the Iraqi Dinar |url=http://www.cpa-iraq.org/pressreleases/20031209_Dec9_Iraq_Symphony.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024195710/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/pressreleases/20031209_Dec9_Iraq_Symphony.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 }}</ref> The National Theatre of Iraq was looted during the 2003 invasion, but efforts are underway to restore it. The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 cinemas were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.[[File:اثار الحضر 2 - نينوى.jpg|thumb|Facade of Temple at [[Hatra]] near Mosul was declared [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1985<ref>{{cite web|title=Hatra|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/277/|access-date=12 February 2022|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>]]
Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the [[Music and Ballet school Baghdad]]. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the [[National Museum of Iraq]] – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of [[Ancient Iraq]]i civilisations; some of which were [[Archaeological looting in Iraq|stolen]] during the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|Occupation of Iraq]]. On 2021, it was announced that Iraq had reclaimed about 17,000 looted artifacts, which was considered to be the biggest repatriation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arraf |first=Jane |date=3 August 2021 |title=Iraq Reclaims 17,000 Looted Artifacts, Its Biggest-Ever Repatriation |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/03/world/middleeast/iraq-looted-artifacts-return.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The capital, Ninus or [[Nineveh]], was taken by the [[Medes]] under [[Cyaxares]], and some 200 years after [[Xenophon]] passed over its site, then mere mounds of earth. It remained buried until 1845, when Botta and Layard discovered the ruins of the Assyrian cities. The principal remains are those of [[Khorsabad]], {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} N.E. of [[Mosul]]; of Nimroud, supposed to be the ancient Calah; and of Kouyunjik, in all probability the ancient Nineveh. In these cities are found fragments of several great buildings which seem to have been palace-temples. They were constructed chiefly of [[mudbrick|sun-dried bricks]], and all that remains of them is the lower part of the walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings, portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some works connected with the drainage.
=== Literature ===
{{main|Akkadian literature|Sumerian literature|Iraqi literature}}
[[File:Cuneiform script.jpg|thumb|An Akkadian inscription]]
The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the [[Middle East]] between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mesopotamian Literature: Characteristics, Authors, Historical Context|url=https://www.lifepersona.com/mesopotamian-literature-characteristics-authors-historical-context|access-date=23 December 2021|website=Life Persona}}</ref> The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]], which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.<ref>{{cite web|title=Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epic-of-Gilgamesh|access-date=23 December 2021|website=britannica.com}}</ref>
During the Abbasid Caliphate, the [[House of Wisdom]] in [[Baghdad]], which was a public academy and intellectual center, hosted numerous scholars and writers. A number of stories in ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' feature famous Abbasid figures.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gutas|first=Dimitri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cm_KK6Ubk8C&pg=PA53|title=Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʻAbbāsid Society (2nd–4th/8th–10th Centuries)|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-06132-2|pages=53–60}}</ref> Iraq has various medieval poets, most remarkably [[Al-Hariri of Basra|Hariri of Basra]], [[Al-Mutanabbi|Mutanabbi]], [[Abu Nuwas]], and [[Al-Jahiz]]. In modern times, various languages are used in Iraqi literature including Arabic, [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]], although the Arabic literature remains the most influential literature. Notably poets include [[Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri|Jawahiri]], [[Safa Khulusi]] and [[Dunya Mikhail]].
=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Iraq}}
[[File:The Queen's gold lyre from the Royal Cemetery at Ur. C. 2500 BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg|thumb|The Queen's gold [[Lyres of Ur|lyre]] from the Royal Cemetery at [[Ur]]. [[Iraq Museum]], [[Baghdad]].|upright=0.8]]
Iraq is known primarily for its rich [[Arabian maqam|maqam]] heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. The [[Iraqi maqam]] is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi is the collection of sung poems written either in one of the sixteen meters of classical Arabic or in Iraqi dialect (Zuhayri).<ref>{{cite book|last=Touma|first=Habib Hassan|title=The Music of the Arabs|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-57467-081-3|author-link=Habib Hassan Touma}}</ref> This form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity".<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO - Intangible Heritage Home|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/home|website=ich.unesco.org}}</ref>
Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were [[Jew]]ish.<ref name="Kojaman">{{cite web|last=Kojaman|title=Jewish Role in Iraqi Music|url=http://www.dangoor.com/72page42.html|access-date=9 September 2007}}</ref> In 1936, [[Iraq Radio]] was established with an ensemble made up entirely of [[Jews]], with the exception of the percussion player.<ref name="Kojaman" /> At the nightclubs of Baghdad, ensembles consisted of oud, qanun and two percussionists, while the same format with a [[ney]] and [[cello]] were used on the radio.<ref name="Kojaman" />
The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps [[Salima Pasha]] (later Salima Murad).<ref name="Kojaman" /><ref name="Manasseh">{{cite news|last=Manasseh|first=Sara|date=February 2004|title=An Iraqi samai of Salim Al-Nur|page=7|periodical=Newsletter|publisher=Arts and Humanities Research Board Research Centre for Cross-Cultural Music and Dance Performance|issue=3|location=London|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202084829/http://www.soas.ac.uk/ahrbmusicanddance/newsletter/musicanddance3.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2005}}</ref> The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.<ref name="Kojaman" /> The most famous early composer from Iraq was [[Ezra Aharon]], an [[oud]] player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was [[Yusuf Za'arur]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.<ref name="Kojaman" />
=== Media ===
{{main|Media of Iraq|Television in Iraq}}
[[File:Al-Iraq, Number 5, June 5, 1920 WDL10101.pdf|thumb|An image showing a page from Iraq newspaper dated June 5, 1920]]
Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company [[Pye Ltd.|Pye Limited]] built and commissioned a television broadcast station in the capital city of Baghdad.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cafe|first=Kirt Blattenberger RF|title=Middle East Gets Its First Television Station, June 1955 Popular Electronics|url=https://www.rfcafe.com/references/popular-electronics/middle-east-first-tv-station-popular-electronics-june-1955.htm|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
After the end of the full state control in 2003, there were a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|title=صناعة "الخبر" في الفضائيات العراقية|url=https://ultrairaq.ultrasawt.com/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84|access-date=23 December 2021|website=الترا عراق}}</ref> By mid-2003, according to a [[BBC]] report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated.
Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister [[Iyad Allawi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Marashi|first=Ibrahim|title=Toward an Understanding of Media Policy and Media Systems in Iraq|year=2007|series=Center for Global Communications Studies, Occasional Paper Series|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=asc_papers|access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2013}}
=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Iraqi cuisine}}
[[File:MosulDolma.jpg|thumb|[[Dolma]], a popular Iraqi dish]]
Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the [[Sumer]]ians, [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadians]], [[Babylonia]]ns, [[Assyria]]ns and [[Achaemenid Empire|Ancient Persians]].<ref name="Salloum">{{cite web|url=http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/3592 |title=Foods of Iraq: Enshrined With A Long History |publisher=ThingsAsian |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> [[Clay tablet|Tablets]] found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals – the first cookbooks in the world.<ref name="Salloum" /> [[Ancient Iraq]], or ''[[Mesopotamia]]'', was home to many sophisticated and highly advanced civilisations, in all fields of knowledge – including the culinary arts.<ref name="Salloum" /> However, it was in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval era]] when Baghdad was the capital of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith.<ref name="Salloum" /> Today the cuisine of Iraq reflects this rich inheritance as well as strong influences from the culinary traditions of neighbouring [[Turkey]], [[Iran]] and the [[Greater Syria]] area.<ref name="Salloum" />
Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as [[aubergine]], [[tomato]], [[okra]], [[onion]], [[potato]], [[courgette]], [[garlic]], [[Bell pepper|peppers]] and [[chili pepper|chilli]], cereals such as [[rice]], [[bulgur]] [[wheat]] and [[barley]], pulses and legumes such as [[lentils]], [[chickpeas]] and [[Cannellini#White beans|cannellini]], fruits such as [[Date Palm#Dates|dates]], [[raisin]]s, [[apricot]]s, [[Common fig|figs]], [[grape]]s, [[melon]], [[pomegranate]] and [[citrus|citrus fruits]], especially [[lemon]] and [[lime (fruit)|lime]].<ref name="Salloum" />
Similarly with other countries of [[Western Asia]], chicken and especially lamb are the favourite meats. Most dishes are served with rice – usually [[Basmati]], grown in the [[Mesopotamian Marshes|marshes]] of southern Iraq.<ref name="Salloum" /> [[Bulgur]] wheat is used in many dishes, having been a staple in the country since the days of the [[Assyria|Ancient Assyrians]].<ref name="Salloum" />
=== Sport ===
{{main|Sport in Iraq}}
[[File:Basra International Stadium Opening.JPG|thumb|[[Basra International Stadium]] at its opening]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Iraq. [[Basketball]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[bodybuilding]], [[boxing]], [[kick boxing]] and [[tennis]] are also popular sports.
The [[Iraq Football Association]] is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the [[Iraq national football team]] and the [[Iraq Stars League]]. It was founded in 1948, and has been a member of [[FIFA]] since 1950 and the [[Asian Football Confederation]] since 1971. Iraq were champions of the [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]], and they participated in the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]] and the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup]].
== See also ==
* [[Outline of Iraq]]
* [[Lake Felaw]]{{Clear}}
== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = ʿErāq-E ʿAjam(ī) | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5 | page = 538 | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eraq-e-ajami | date = 1998 }}
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York City|NY]], US. {{ISBN|0-8050-7602-6}}.
* Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]], 1978.
* [[Charles Glass]], "The Northern Front: A Wartime Diary"' Saqi Books, London, 2004. {{ISBN|0-86356-770-3}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia], being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] format)''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad], by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed.) ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] format)''.
* Benjamin Busch, "'Today is Better than Tomorrow'. A Marine returns to a divided Iraq", ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', October 2014, pp.&nbsp;29–44.
* [https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf Global Arms Exports to Iraq 1960–1990, Rand Research report]
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Lyman |series=Campaign |title=Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=1-84176-991-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Polk|first=William Roe|year=2005|title=Understanding Iraq|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|isbn=978-0-85771-764-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Simons|first=Geoff|year=1996|title=Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0-312-16052-4}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|title=Iraqi Constitution|url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality|access-date=18 February 2013|date=30 January 2006|ref={{harvid|Iraqi Constitution}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2016}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Charles R. H. Tripp|last=Tripp|first=Charles R. H.|title=A History of Iraq |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-87823-4}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IQ Key Development Forecasts for Iraq] from [[International Futures]]
=== Government ===
* [https://ur.gov.iq/ Ur Portal] – gateway to government sites
* [https://presidency.iq/EN/ Presidency] – official website of the president of Iraq
* [https://pmo.iq/ Prime Minister] – official website of the prime minister of Iraq
* [https://cosit.gov.iq Statistics] – Official website of Central Statistical Organization
=== History ===
* [https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/iraqs-history-an-interactive-timeline "History"] – Iraqi History at Embassy of the Republic of Iraq in Washington
=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{Osmrelation-inline|304934}}
{{Iraq topics}}
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