View source for Isonomia

{{Short description|Equality of law}}
{{redirect|Isonomy|the Thoroughbred horse|Isonomy (horse)}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2018}}
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'''''Isonomia''''' (ἰσονομία "equality of [[civil and political rights|political rights]],"<ref name=henry>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</ref><ref name=MorgenIsonomia>The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes", Mogens Herman Hansen, {{ISBN|1-85399-585-1}}, p.&nbsp;81-84</ref> from the Greek ἴσος ''isos'', "equal," and νόμος ''nomos'', "usage, custom, law,"<ref name=henry />) was a word used by [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] writers such as [[Herodotus]]<ref name=Herodotus3.80>Herodotus 3.80</ref> and [[Thucydides]]<ref>Thucydides 3.82, 4.78</ref> to refer to some kind of popular government. It was subsequently eclipsed until brought back into English as '''isonomy''' ([[Equality before the law|"equality of law"]]). Economist [[Friedrich Hayek]] attempted to popularize the term in his book [[The Constitution of Liberty]] and argued that a better understanding of isonomy, as used by the Greeks, defines the term to mean "the equal application of the laws to all."<ref>Hayek, [[The Constitution of Liberty]] pgs 238-242, University of Chicago Press 1960, 2011</ref>
==Ancient usage==
[[Mogens Herman Hansen]] has argued that, although often translated as "equality of law," ''isonomia'' was in fact something else.<ref name=MorgenIsonomia /> Along with ''isonomia'', the Athenians used several terms for [[egalitarianism|equality]]<ref name=MorgenIsonomia /> all compounds beginning with ''iso-'': ''isegoria''<ref>Demosthenes 15.18</ref> (equal right to address the political assemblies), ''isopsephos polis''<ref>Euripides, The Suppliant Woman, 353. Ste Croix (1981) 285</ref> (one man one vote) and ''isokratia''<ref>Herodotus 5.92</ref> (equality of power).
When Herodotus invents a debate among the [[Persian people|Persians]] over what sort of government they should have, he has Otanes speak in favor of ''isonomia'' when, based on his description of it, we might expect him to call the form of government he favors "democracy."
<blockquote>The rule of the people has the fairest name of all, equality (''isonomia''), and does none of the things that a monarch does. The lot determines offices, power is held accountable, and deliberation is conducted in public.<ref name=Herodotus3.80 /></blockquote>
Thucydides used ''isonomia'' as an alternative to dynastic oligarchy<ref>Thucydides 4.78</ref> and moderate aristocracy.<ref>Thucydides 3.82</ref>  In time the word ceased to refer to a particular political regime; [[Plato]] uses it to refer to simply equal rights<ref>Plato, ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' 563b</ref> and Aristotle does not use the word at all.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?target=greek&inContent=true&q=%E1%BC%B0%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC&doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0057&expand=yes Perseus Project search]</ref>
==Medical usage==
'Isonomia' was also used in Hellenic times by Pythagorean physicians, such as Alkmaeon, who used it to refer to the balance or equality of those opposite pairs of hot/cold, wet/dry and bitterness/sweetness that maintained the health of the body. Thus:
<blockquote>Alkmaeon said that the equality (''isonomia'') of the powers (wet, dry, cold, hot, bitter, sweet, etc.) maintains health, but that monarchy [one overruling] among them produces disease.<ref>Fragment 4.</ref></blockquote>
==Later use==
According to economist and political theorist [[Friedrich Hayek]], ''isonomia'' was championed by the Roman [[Cicero]]<ref name=Hayek>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010211045214/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~grjan/hayekrulelaw.html Friedrich A. Hayek, Origins of the Rule of Law]</ref> and "rediscovered" in the eleventh century AD by the law students of [[Bologna]] who he says are credited with founding much of the Western legal tradition.
''Isonomia'' was imported into England at the end of the sixteenth century as a word meaning "equality of laws to all manner of persons".<ref name=Hayek /> Soon after, it was used by the translator of [[Livy]] in the form "Isonomy"<ref name=Hayek /> (although not a direct translation of ''isonomia'') to describe a state of equal laws for all and responsibility of the magistrates. During the seventeenth century it was gradually replaced by the phrases "[[equality before the law]]", "[[rule of law]]" and "government of law".<ref name=Hayek />
Political theorist [[Hannah Arendt]] argued that isonomy was equated with political freedom at least from the time of Herodotus. The word essentially denoted a state of no-rule, in which there was no distinction between rulers and ruled. It was "the equality of those who form a body of peers."  Isonomy was unique among the forms of government in the ancient lexicon in that it lacked the suffixes "-archy" and "-cracy" which denote a notion of rule in words like "monarchy" and "democracy." Arendt goes on to argue that the Greek ''[[polis]]'' was therefore conceived not as a democracy but as an isonomy. "Democracy" was the term used by opponents of isonomy who claimed that "what you say is 'no-rule' is in fact only another kind of rulership...rule by the ''[[Glossary of rhetorical terms#Demos|demos]]''," or majority.<ref>Hannah Arendt, ''On Revolution'' (London: Penguin Books, 1963), p.&nbsp;30</ref>
The public administration theorist, [[Alberto Guerreiro Ramos]], reserved for isonomy a central role in his model of human organization. He was particularly concerned with distinguishing the space of the isonomy from that of the economy. Following Arendt, Guerreiro Ramos argued that individuals should have the opportunity to engage with others in settings that are unaffected by economizing considerations. The isonomy constitutes such a setting; its function is to "enhance the good life of the whole."<ref>Guerreiro Ramos, A. (1981). ''The new science of organizations: A reconceptualization of the wealth of nations''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 131.</ref>
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Aristagoras]]
*[[Athenian democracy]]
*[[Classical Athens]]
*[[Cleisthenes]]
*[[Democracy]]
*[[Egalitarianism]]
*[[Equal justice under law]]
*[[Equality before the law]]
*[[Political egalitarianism]]
*[[Isocracy]]
*[[Anonymity (social choice)]]
*[[USS Isonomia (1864)|USS ''Isonomia'' (1864)]]
}}
==Notes==
[[Ancient Greek philosophy]] linked to ''isonomía'' with ''isegoría'' (prior equality in determining principles of law) and ''isocratía'' (equality in subsequent governance or application of law)<ref>[http://cibernous.com/ Spanish Ministry of Education resources website / Plato]</ref>
==References==
<references />
== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Costa | first=V. |chapter=Osservazioni sul concetto di isonomia | editor1-last=D’Atena | editor1-first=A. | editor2-last=Lanzillotta | editor2-first=E. |title=Da Omero alla costituzione europea |location=Tivoli (Roma)|publisher=Edizioni Tored |date=2004 |pages=33–56 }}
*{{cite journal|first=V.|last=Ehrenberg|title=Origins of Democracy|journal=Historia|year=1950|volume=1|pages=515–548}}
*{{cite book |last=Karatani |first=Kōjin |title=Isonomia and the origins of philosophy |date=2017 |location=Durham |isbn=978-0-8223-6885-4}}
*{{cite book | last=Lévy |first=E. |chapter=Isonomia |editor-last=Bultrighini| editor-first=U. |title=Democrazia e antidemocrazia nel mondo Greco, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Chieti, 9 – 11 aprile 2003 |location=Alessandria |date=2005 | publisher=Edizioni dell'Orso |pages=119–137}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lombardini|first=John|title=Isonomia and the public sphere in democratic Athens|journal=History of Political Thought|date=2013|volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=393–420}}
*{{cite book |last=Schubert |first=Charlotte |title=Isonomia. Entwicklung und Geschichte |date=2021 |location=Berlin; Boston |isbn=9783110723663}}
*{{cite journal |last=Vlastos |first=Gregory |title=Isonomia |journal=American Journal of Philology |date=1953 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=337–366|doi=10.2307/292054 |jstor=292054 |s2cid=246256631 }}
[[Category:Direct democracy]]