View source for Jalawla

{{short description|Town in Iraq}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Jalawla
| native_name        = گوڵاڵە
| other_name         = Gulale
| settlement_type    = Town
| image_skyline      =
| imagesize          =
| image_caption      =
| pushpin_map        = Iraq<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
| pushpin_mapsize    =
| coordinates        = {{coord|34|16|19|N|45|10|5|E|region:IQ|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{IRQ}} ([[Disputed territories of Northern Iraq]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanish |first1=Shak |title=The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249505175 |website=Digest of Middle East Studies |access-date=15 November 2019 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x |date=1 March 2010}}</ref>
| subdivision_type1  = [[Governorates of Iraq|Governorate]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Iraq|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Khanaqin District|Khanaqin]]
| population_total   = 30,000
| population_as_of   = 2015
| footnotes          =
| name               =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Diyala, April 2015 |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55b75ccd4.pdf |access-date=20 October 2020 |pages=8}}</ref>
}}
'''Jalawla''' ({{langx|ar|جلولاء}},<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 2018|title=مكتب حقوق الإنسان في يونامي يزور جلولاء في ديالى للوقوف مباشرة على حجم الدمار والجهود المبذولة من أجل المصالحة الدائمة|language=ar|work=United Nations in Iraq|url=https://www.uniraq.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9442:مكتب-حقوق-الإنسان-في-يونامي-يزور-جلولاء-في-ديالى-للوقوف-مباشرة-على-حجم-الدمار-والجهود-المبذولة-من-أجل-المصالحة-الدائمة&Itemid=559&lang=ar|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> {{langx|ku|گوڵاڵە|translit=Gulale}}<ref>{{cite news |title=داعش هێرشی کردە سەر گوڵاڵە، ١٢ قوربانی لێکەوتەوە |url=https://rojnews.news/شرۆڤە/داعش-هێرشی-کردە-سەر-گوڵاڵە-١٢-قوربانی-لێکەوتەوە-44531 |access-date=19 December 2019 |work=ROJ News |language=ku}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celewla- DAIŞê êrîşî artêşa Iraqê kir, kuştî û birîndar hene |url=http://www.basnews.com/index.php/kr/news/kurdistan/563241 |access-date=19 December 2019 |date=24 November 2019 |language=ku}}</ref> also known as '''Jalula'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Klier|first=Klaus|date=2008|title=Jalula|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jalula|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Iranica Online]]}}</ref>) is a town in [[Diyala Governorate]], [[Iraq]]. It is located on the [[Diyala River]], {{convert|8|km|mi}} north of [[Sadiyah]].<ref name="maplandia">{{cite web|title=Jalula's Map|url=http://www.maplandia.com/iraq/diyala/jalula/|access-date=26 August 2014|publisher=Map Landia}}</ref> The town is populated by [[Arabs]], [[Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmens]].<ref name=":4" />
It experienced significant [[Arabization]] during the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Saddam era]]. The town had a Kurdish majority prior to the Arabization.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />
==History==
===Early history===
Jalawla was the center of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] Šāḏ Qobāḏ Province and the [[Khurasan Road]] crossed the town. The Sasanians ultimately lost control over the town after the [[Battle of Jalula]] in 637 to Muslim invaders.<ref name=":1" />
===Modern history===
Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republican [[decree]] in 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|page=44}}</ref> Before the launch of the [[Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq]] in the 1960s, the town had a Kurdish majority.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2017 |title=In Disputed Iraqi Territory, Rebuilding A City Means Doing It Yourself |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/01/11/509265909/in-disputed-iraqi-territory-rebuilding-a-city-means-doing-it-yourself?t=1603188890994 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=Lack of services, security hinder return of Diyala IDPs six years after ISIS liberation |work=Rûdaw |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/23082020}}</ref> In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after having [[Denaturalization|denaturalized]] them as [[Arabs]] were encouraged to settle instead, to intensify the [[Arabization]] of the town.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=14 December 2008|title=Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries|work=International Crisis Group|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/194-reviving-un-mediation-iraqs-disputed-internal-boundaries|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.<ref>{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=46–49}}</ref>
Kurdish rebels ([[Peshmerga]]) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq|uprisings]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=14–20 March 2016|title=Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû|url=http://www.arsivakurd.org/images/arsiva_kurd/kovar/basnuce/basnuce_094.pdf|journal=BasNûçe|language=ku|pages=14|issn=2148-5305}}</ref> The [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] are known to have supported the 1991 Kurdish uprising.<ref>{{cite book|last=Milani |first=Mohsen|year=1994|title=The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy To Islamic Republic, Second Edition 2nd Edition|isbn=978-0813384764|publisher=Routledge; 2nd edition |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ervand |last=Abrahamian |title=Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin |publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1989|isbn=1-85043-077-2|pages=208}}</ref> After the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, [[Kurdistan Region]] pressured Arab settlers in [[Khanaqin]] to settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.<ref name=":3" /> Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Banished and dispossessed|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/banished_and_disposessed_-_forced_displacement_and_deliberate_destruction_in_northern_iraq.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Amnesty International]]|page=13|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016073538/https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/banished_and_disposessed_-_forced_displacement_and_deliberate_destruction_in_northern_iraq.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla and [[Khanaqin]] after direct order from Kurdish politician [[Jalal Talabani]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2004|title=Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/08/02/claims-conflict/reversing-ethnic-cleansing-northern-iraq#_ftn86|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>
=== ISIS and the aftermath ===
According to some estimates, 80% of the population was Arab when [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] entered the town in 2014, while more than 85% of the former Kurdish population lived in [[Internally displaced person|IDP camps]] and nearby towns. From August to November 2014 the city was mostly under the control of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] after having seized the town from Peshmerga in August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 August 2014|title=ISIS drives Kurds out of Jalawla in Iraq|work=The Daily Star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-11/266784-isis-drives-kurds-out-of-jalawla-in-iraq.ashx|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> On 23 November 2014, the PMF and Peshmerga jointly recaptured the city, under the command of Iranian General [[Qasem Soleimani]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 November 2014|title=Quds Force Chief Suleimani Reportedly Helped Peshmerga Defeat IS In Diyala|work=RFERL|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/irgc-isis-suleimani-kurdish-iraq-islamic-state-fighting/26709813.html|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> The town was jointly controlled by PMF and Peshmerga until October 2017 when the Peshmerga withdrew from the area.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 October 2017|title=Iraqi forces, Shiite militia control series of Peshmerga-held areas|work=Rûdaw|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/17102017|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> When Jalawla was captured from ISIS, a portion of the Kurdish population returned after encouragement from the federal government,<ref name=":0" /> while Peshmerga stated that no member of the Arab Kerwi tribe would be allowed back after having supported ISIS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knights|first1=Michael|last2=Mello|first2=Alex|date=2016|title=Losing Mosul, Regenerating in Diyala: How the Islamic State Could Exploit Iraq's Sectarian Tinderbox|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1020300.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022022627/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1020300.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=October 22, 2020|journal=[[CTC Sentinel]]|edition=10|volume=9|pages=6}}</ref> Nonetheless, the tribe returned after Peshmerga withdrew in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Northern Iraq|url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1111536/download|access-date=20 October 2020|website=[[Department of Justice]]|page=73}}</ref> Moreover, the Arab animosity towards Kurds have made it possible for [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]] to recruit a number of local Arabs into its ranks and marginalize the Kurdish population.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=Iraq - Security situation|url=https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/EASO-COI-Report-Iraq-Security-situation.pdf|journal=EASO|pages=94}}</ref> However, according to the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] and the local Sunni Arab leadership, many locals mainly support them due to fear and the exploitation of the right to return for Arabs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skelton|first1=Mac|last2=Saleem|first2=Zmkan Ali|date=2019|title=Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100100/3/DIBsReport.pdf|journal=Middle East Centre|pages=14–5}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Populated places in Diyala Province]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]]
[[Category:Turkmen communities in Iraq]]