View source for James Cameron (Union colonel)

{{short description|Union Army officer of the American Civil War}}
{{Infobox military person
|name              =James Cameron
|image         =Colonel James Cameron.jpg
|birth_date    ={{Birth date|1800|03|01}}
|death_date    ={{Death date and age|1861|07|21|1800|03|01}}
|birth_place   =[[Maytown, Pennsylvania]], US
|death_place   =[[Manassas, Virginia]], US
|placeofburial =[[Lewisburg, Pennsylvania]]
|allegiance    = {{Flag|United States of America|1861}}
|branch        = [[Union Army]]
|serviceyears  =1861
|rank          =[[File:Union Army colonel rank insignia.png|35px]] [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|servicenumber =
|unit          =
|commands      = [[79th New York Volunteer Infantry]]
|battles       =[[American Civil War]]
*[[First Battle of Bull Run]]{{KIA}}
}}
'''James Cameron''' (March 1, 1800 – July 21, 1861) was a [[Pennsylvania]]n who served as [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the [[79th New York Volunteer Infantry]] Regiment of the [[Union Army]] during the early days of the [[American Civil War]] (Civil War). He was the brother of [[Simon Cameron]], [[United States Senator]] and first [[United States Secretary of War]] in the cabinet of President [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name="Duyckinck408">Duyckinck, Evert A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a13nawYnpA4C&pg=PA408 'National History Of The War For The Union, Civil, Military & Naval']. Volume 1. New York: Johnson, Fry and Company, 1861&ndash;68. {{OCLC|41516138}}. p. 408.</ref><ref name="Davis253">[[William C. Davis (historian)|Davis, William C.]] ''Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8071-0867-7}}. p. 253.</ref> At the age of 61, James Cameron was killed in action at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]], the first large battle of the war, on July 21, 1861.<ref name="Duyckinck408"/><ref name="Davis253"/>
== Early life ==
James Cameron was born on March 1, 1800, in [[Maytown, Pennsylvania|Maytown]], [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Blanchard822">Blanchard, Charles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA822 'The Progressive Men of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania'], Volume II. Logansport, IN: A. W. Bowen & Co., 1900. {{OCLC|4560119}}. Retrieved July 22, 2012. p. 822.</ref><ref name="Hunt62">Hunt, Roger D. ''Colonels in Blue: Union Army Colonels of the Civil War: New York''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8117-0253-9}}. p. 62.</ref><ref name="DeathAge">Duyckinck, 1861, p. 408 erroneously gives Cameron's age at the date of his death in 1861 as 52.</ref> His parents were Charles Cameron and Martha Pfoutz.<ref name="Blanchard822" /> His older brother, Simon, was born a year earlier, on March 8, 1799.<ref name="Blanchard822" /> When James was eight years old, the family moved to [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], where his father died within the year at [[Lewisburg, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Blanchard822" /> His mother was left with eight children and without means of support.<ref name="Shea74">Shea, John Gilmary. [https://books.google.com/books?id=icsz3owCGykC&pg=PA82 'The fallen brave: a biographical memorial of the American officers who have given their lives for the preservation of the union']. New York: C.B. Richardson & Co., 1861. {{OCLC|4337171}}. Retrieved August 1, 2012. p. 74.</ref> Simon and James thus had to make their way in the world at an early age.<ref name="Shea79">Shea, 1861, p. 74.</ref>
On his forty-seventh birthday, Cameron has been quoted as having said he had been a cow-boy, a plough-boy, a collier, a blacksmith, a tanner, a tailor, a printer, a brewer, a contractor, an alderman, a superintendent of railroads, a lawyer, a prosecuting attorney, and an aide to the governor.<ref>Shea, 1861, p. 73.</ref> At age 19, James went to work in the same print shop with his brother Simon.<ref name="Shea74" /> He became editor of the "Lycoming Gazette" in 1824 and of the "Political Sentinel" in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], in 1827.<ref name="Shea74" /><ref name="Sauers341">Sauers, Richard A. "Cameron, James (1801–1861) Union colonel" In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|0-393-04758-X}}. p. 341.</ref> He studied law in the office of future President [[James Buchanan]] before turning to government contracting.<ref name="Shea74" /><ref name="Sauers341" />
Cameron married a widow, the former Rebecca (Lemon) Galbraith, in 1829.<ref name="Shea74" /> He was superintendent of motive power on the Columbia Railroad in 1839.<ref name="Sauers341" /> In 1843, he became deputy attorney general of the Lancaster, Pennsylvania mayor's court.<ref name="Sauers341" />
In 1847, Cameron accompanied Pennsylvania troops to the [[Mexican–American War]] as a [[sutler]].<ref name="Shea75">Shea, 1861, p. 75.</ref> He later became a colonel in the Pennsylvania [[militia]].<ref name="Shea75" /> After the war, he practiced law, was superintendent of the [[Main Line of Public Works|Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad]] and became a farmer on a large property.<ref name="Sauers341" />
By the time the Civil War began, Cameron was in retirement at an estate on the banks of the [[Susquehanna River]] according to some sources<ref name="Shea75" /><ref name="Burton162">Burton, William L. ''Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union's Ethnic Regiments''. Republished New York: Fordham University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8232-1828-7}}. p.162.</ref> while at least one reference states he was superintendent of the [[Northern Central Railway]] at [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Sauers341" /><ref>Sauers could be interpreted as saying this occurred at an earlier date.</ref><ref>Kelker, Luther Reily. ''History of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania''. Volume III. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1907. {{OCLC|361725}}. Retrieved July 31, 2012. p. 4.</ref>
== American Civil War service ==
At the outset of the Civil War, James Cameron decided to serve as a matter of duty and he proceeded to Washington, D.C.<ref name="Duyckinck408"/> The 79th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, known as the "Highlanders" because its initial core militia companies were composed mostly of Scotsmen or men of Scottish descent, was one of the earlier units to arrive in Washington, D.C., after President Lincoln called for troops to suppress the rebellion.<ref name="Shea75"/><ref name="CWReference">[http://www.civilwarreference.com/regiments/detail.php?regID=2805 'Civil War Reference web site'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224170545/http://civilwarreference.com/regiments/detail.php?regID=2805 |date=2010-12-24 }}. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</ref><ref name="MacDougall58">Macdougall, Ed. ''Scots and Scots' Descendants in America''. 1917. Reprint: Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8063-5073-3}}. p. 58.</ref> Having arrived under the command of its [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]], the 79th offered the position of colonel to James Cameron, a prominent man of Scottish descent and brother of Simon Cameron, the Secretary of War.<ref name="Hunt62"/><ref name="Shea75"/> At least two sources suggest that Simon Cameron's influence played a part in the selection.<ref name="Sauers341"/><ref name="Burton162"/> James Cameron accepted the position of colonel of the regiment on June 20, 1861.<ref name="Shea76">Shea, 1861, p. 76.</ref><ref>Hunt, 2007, p. 62 has May 29, 1861 but that was the date on which the regiment was organized.</ref> By the time the regiment had filled its ranks, a majority of the men were not of Scottish background and in fact, many were of Irish heritage.<ref>Detzer, David. ''Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861''. New York: Harcourt, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0156-03143-1}}. p. 434.</ref>
On July 7, 1861, the 79th New York Infantry moved to Virginia as [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Irvin McDowell]] began the advance of the Union Army that would lead to the First Battle of Bull Run.<ref name="Shea76"/> The regiment was in the division of [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Daniel Tyler]] and the brigade of Colonel [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]].<ref name="Shea77">Shea, 1861, p. 77.</ref> On July 18, 1861, Tyler's division and the 79th New York Infantry participated in a reconnaissance in force in which the regiment came under fire and where the Union force was unable to penetrate the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] line at the [[Battle of Blackburn's Ford]].<ref name="Shea77"/>
[[File:Manassas, colonel Cameron death marker.jpg|thumb|250px|Marker in Manassas battlefield]]
One account of the 79th New York Infantry going into battle on [[Henry House Hill]], where Confederate forces had started to rally, at a critical point in the First Battle of Bull Run states that Colonel Cameron was on the right side of the regiment's line and shouted "Come on, my brave Highlanders" as the line advanced.<ref name="McDonald140">McDonald, JoAnna M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ffCqybYsfgcC&pg=PA140 ''We Shall Meet Again: The First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), July 18-21, 1861'']. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513938-9}} (pbk). Retrieved February 18, 2021. p. 140.</ref><ref name="Lossing601">Lossing, Benson John and William Barritt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k9wSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA601 ''Pictorial history of the civil war in the United States of America'', Volume 1]. Philadelphia, George W. Childs, 1866. {{OCLC|1007582}}. Retrieved February 18, 2021. p. 601.</ref> Other sources say he shouted: "Scots, follow me."<ref>Shea, 1861, p. 78 and Lossing, 1866, p. 601. This does not mean he could not have made both rallying cries.</ref> A private in the 79th New York Infantry, William Todd, wrote that as the regiment was half way up the hill, they were hit by a volley from the Confederates that staggered them.<ref name="McDonald140"/> At this point, with reference to Cameron, Confederate Colonel, later [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|Lieutenant General]], [[Wade Hampton III]] reportedly said: "Isn't terrible to see that brave officer trying to lead his men forward and they won't follow him."<ref>Detzer, 2004, pp. 434&ndash;435.</ref><ref name="Gottfried101">Gottfried, Bradley M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xxiIAuX-kUYC&pg=PT101 'The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June &ndash; October, 1861']. New York: Savas Beattie, LLC, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-932714-60-9}}. Retrieved July 26, 2012. p. 101.</ref> Cameron continued to inspire his men with his bravery in leading charges in an effort to recover Union batteries lost on Henry House Hill.<ref name="Sauers341"/> Reforming at the direction of their officers after having been first repulsed, the regiment proceeded only to be hit by another volley that killed Colonel Cameron and inflicted additional casualties. Cameron was talking with a lieutenant from Company J of the regiment when a bullet hit him in the chest. He collapsed and died of massive bleeding in a matter of moments. The body was taken to an ambulance wagon, but the driver protested that it was needed for the wounded. After being told of the dead man's identity,
the driver relented and allowed it to be placed there. However, the ambulance wagons were quickly captured by the Confederates, who then commandeered them for their own wounded.<ref name="McDonald140"/><ref name="Shea78">[https://books.google.com/books?id=icsz3owCGykC&pg=PA84 The Fallen Brave] p. 78</ref> Thus, Colonel James Cameron, brother of U.S. Secretary of War Simon Cameron, was killed during the first major battle of the Civil War, the First Battle of Bull Run.<ref name="Duyckinck408"/><ref name="Davis253"/><ref name="DeathAge"/><ref name="MacDougall58"/><ref name="Gottfried101"/><ref>Hannings, Bud. ''Every Day of the Civil War: A Chronological Encyclopedia''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-4464-9}}. p. 62.</ref> Simon Cameron had been among the crowd of spectators who came out from Washington, D.C., to witness the battle.<ref>Davis, 1977, p. 153.</ref>
From the earliest reports after the battle, a story emerged that Wade Hampton himself had targeted officers of the 79th New York Infantry, mistaking it for the 69th New York Infantry, one of whom had killed his nephew early in the battle, and that Hampton killed Colonel Cameron with his second or a later shot at him.<ref name="Duyckinck408"/><ref name="Lossing601"/><ref name="Shea78"/><ref>Moore, ed., Frank. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi8OAAAAIAAJ ''The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events'']. 11 volumes. New York : G.P. Putnam, D. Van Nostrand, 1862. {{OCLC|2230865}}. Volume 2, Section: "Poetry, Rumors and Incidents" Retrieved July 26, 2012. p. 19.</ref> At least two sources note the similarity between Cameron's death and the death of Lieutenant Colonel Philips Cameron of the regiment's namesake regiment, the [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders|79th Regiment of Foot (Cameron Highlanders)]] by being shot by the colonel of a French regiment at the [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] on May 5, 1811, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name="Duyckinck408"/><ref name="Shea78"/><ref>Cameron, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5KxCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60 ''The clan Cameron: a brief sketch of its history and traditions, with short notices of eminent clansmen'']. Kirkintilloch: C. MacLeod, 1894. {{OCLC|18904729}}. p. 60.</ref>
Following Colonel Cameron's death, after some hesitancy about firing on men who might be part of the Union force, the 79th New York Infantry was hit with another volley which caused the remaining men in the decimated force to retreat.<ref name="McDonald140"/> The 79th New York Infantry "Highlanders" had sustained casualties of 32 killed, 51 wounded and 115 missing.<ref name="CWReference"/><ref name="McDonald140"/> Hampton's Legion and the 5th Virginia Infantry fought off attacks by four Union regiments, including the 79th New York Infantry, within forty minutes.<ref name="McDonald140"/> Confederate Colonel Wade Hampton sustained slight head and ankle wounds during the charge of the 79th New York Infantry<ref name="Lossing601"/> and while lying near the Henry House, tried to direct his men through messages carried by staff officers.<ref name="McDonald140"/> Hampton's stand allowed [[Stonewall Jackson|Stonewall Jackson's]] brigade to have enough time to reach that critical spot on the battlefield.<ref name="McDonald140"/>
== Aftermath ==
Cameron's body was thus left on the field.<ref name="Duyckinck408"/> Attempts to retrieve it from the Confederate lines under a flag of truce were unsuccessful; a letter addressed to Confederate army headquarters asking for its return was rejected due to objections over the wording of the letter; it was addressed "To whom it may concern." and the Confederate authorities replied back that the retrieval of Cameron's body was not a matter that concerned them, and they would not accept unless the letter was properly addressed.<ref>Duyckinck, 1861, p. 409.</ref> The body was not retrieved until the Confederate army withdrew from the Manassas area in March 1862. A party led by Cameron's adjutant at the battle, Sgt. John Kane, found a slave who had helped bury the dead on the battlefield. He testified that Cameron's body had lain unburied in the hot summer weather for a few days prior to being placed in a common grave with other Union dead, and that he had made a mental note of where it was buried after hearing that a reward was being offered for its recovery. Upon digging in the spot that the slave had pointed out, they found Cameron along with the remains of several enlisted men. The body was identified by its clothing and a [[truss (medicine)|hernia truss]] that the colonel had been wearing. Cameron's personal effects and $80 in cash he had been carrying were missing; the slave said that Confederate cavalrymen had looted of the body of anything valuable. After carefully removing Cameron's remains, they were taken back to Washington and eventually interred in the Lewisburg Cemetery in [[Lewisburg, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Hunt62"/><ref name="Sauers341"/>
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== References ==
* Blanchard, Charles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA822 'The Progressive Men of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania'], Volume II. Logansport, IN: A. W. Bowen & Co., 1900. {{OCLC|4560119}}. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
* Burton, William L. ''Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union's Ethnic Regiments''. Republished New York: Fordham University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8232-1828-7}}.
* Cameron, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5KxCAAAAYAAJ ''The clan Cameron: a brief sketch of its history and traditions, with short notices of eminent clansmen'']. Kirkintilloch: C. MacLeod, 1894. {{OCLC|18904729}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224170545/http://civilwarreference.com/regiments/detail.php?regID=2805 'Civil War Reference web site']. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
* [[William C. Davis (historian)|Davis, William C.]] ''Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8071-0867-7}}.
* Detzer, David. ''Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861''. New York: Harcourt, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0156-03143-1}}.
* Duyckinck, Evert A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a13nawYnpA4C&pg=PA408 'National History Of The War For The Union, Civil, Military & Naval']. Volume 1. New York: Johnson, Fry and Company, 1861&ndash;68. {{OCLC|41516138}}.
* Gottfried, Bradley M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xxiIAuX-kUYC&pg=PT101 'The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June &ndash; October, 1861']. New York: Savas Beattie, LLC, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-932714-60-9}}. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
* Hannings, Bud. ''Every Day of the Civil War: A Chronological Encyclopedia''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-4464-9}}
* Hunt, Roger D. ''Colonels in Blue: Union Army Colonels of the Civil War: New York''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8117-0253-9}}.
* Kelker, Luther Reily. ''History of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania''. Volume III. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1907. {{OCLC|361725}}. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
* Lossing, Benson John and William Barritt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gmvkkyCLMv8C ''Pictorial history of the civil war in the United States of America'', Volume 1]. Philadelphia, George W. Childs, 1866. {{OCLC|1007582}}. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
* Macdougall, Ed. ''Scots and Scots' Descendants in America''. 1917. Reprint: Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8063-5073-3}}.
* McDonald, JoAnna M. ''We Shall Meet Again: The First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), July 18–21, 1861''.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513938-9}} (pbk). Retrieved August 1, 2012.
* Moore, ed., Frank. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi8OAAAAIAAJ ''The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events'']. 11 volumes. New York : G.P. Putnam, D. Van Nostrand, 1862. {{OCLC|2230865}}. Volume 2, Section: "Poetry, Rumors and Incidents" Retrieved July 26, 2012.
* Sauers, Richard A. "Cameron, James (1801&ndash;1861) Union colonel" In ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'', edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|0-393-04758-X}}.
* Shea, John Gilmary. [https://books.google.com/books?id=icsz3owCGykC&pg=PA82 'The fallen brave: a biographical memorial of the American officers who have given their lives for the preservation of the union']. New York: C.B. Richardson & Co., 1861. {{OCLC|4337171}}. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
==External links==
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[[Category:1800 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:Union army colonels]]
[[Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Virginia]]