View source for Jiexiu

{{Stack begin}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Jiexiu
| native_name                     = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|介休市}}}}
| other_name                      = Kiehsiu
| official_name                   =
| postal_code                     = 032000
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| settlement_type                 = [[County-level city]]
| image_skyline                   = File:Xianshenlou.jpg
| image_caption                   = [[Xianshenlou]]
| image_map                       = ChinaJinzhongJiexiu.png
| map_caption                     = Jiexiu in Jinzhong
| pushpin_map                     = Shanxi
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Shanxi
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_type1               = [[Provinces of the People's Republic of China|Province]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Shanxi]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Jinzhong]]
| area_code                       = 0354
| area_total_km2                  = 743.7
| area_urban_km2                  = 42.00
| area_footnotes                  = <ref name="CUCSY_2017">{{cite book |editor1=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |editor-link=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 |date=2019 |publisher=China Statistics Press |location=Beijing |page=46 |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618043019/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total                = 437000
| population_as_of                = 2017
| population_urban                = 222100
| population_urban_footnotes      = <ref name="CUCSY_2017"/>
| coordinates                     = {{coord|37.027|N|111.917|E|format=dms|type:adm3rd_region:CN-14_source:Gaode|display=it}}
| elevation_m                     = 756
| timezone                        = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset                      = +8
| website                         = http://en.cnsanjia.com/
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|c={{linktext|介休|市}} |p=Jièxiūshi |w=Chieh-hsiu Shih |l=City of [[Jie Zitui]]'s [[Death|Eternal Rest]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese |title=Former names
|altname=Mianshang |t2={{linktext|綿|上}} |s2={{linktext|绵|上}} |p2=Miánshǎng |w2=Mien-shang |l2=Downy{{efn|{{angle bracket|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|綿}}}}}} anciently referred to [[silk]] [[Embroidery thread|floss]] and by extension "weak", "soft", "downy", although in modern Chinese it more often refers to [[cotton]].}}{{nbsp}}Heights
|altname3=Pingchang |c3={{linktext|平|昌}} |p3=Píngchāng |w3=P‘ing-ch‘ang |l3=Peaceful-&-Prosperous
|altname4=Jiezhou |c4={{linktext|介|州}} |p4=Jièzhōu |w4=Chieh-chou |l4=Jie{{nbsp}}[[Zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]]
}}
{{Stack end}}
'''Jiexiu'''<!--Chinese in infoboxes; see WP:MOS-ZH--> is a [[county-level city]] in the central part of [[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]], China. It is under the administration of the [[prefecture-level city]] of [[Jinzhong]] and is located in the latter's western confines. Notable sites in and around Jiexiu include [[Mount Mian]], Zhangbi Fortress, Houtu Temple and [[Xianshenlou]].
{{anchor|Name|Etymology}}
==Names==
The territory around {{nowrap|[[Mt Mian]]}} was known as '''Mianshang''' under the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].{{sfnp|Xiao & al.|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V08ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 274]}} By the [[Sima Jin|Jin]], the territory was known as '''Dingyang''' and the settlement at Jiexiu proper as '''Pingchang'''.{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}} Under the [[Northern Wei]] (4th–5th century), both became known as Jiexiu{{nbsp}}[[Commandery (China)|Commandery]].{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}} Under the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], this was renamed '''Jiezhou''' AD{{nbsp}}618–627.{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}}
==History==
{{see also|Jie Zhitui|Cold Food Festival}}
Mianshang was supposedly set apart by [[Ji Chong'er|Duke Chong'er]] to [[Chinese folk religion|endow sacrifices]] for his retainer [[Jie Zhitui]] {{c.|636}}{{nbsp}}BC. The early histories state that Jie had loyally followed Chong'er [[Li Ji unrest|in exile]] around [[Zhou Kingdom|China]] for 19 years but, when Chong'er was installed as [[duke of Jin|duke]] of [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] by a [[state of Qin|Qin]] army, Jie had chosen to retire as a hermit rather than debase himself by asking for favors.<ref name=leggy>{{harvp|Legge|1872|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KzJ3D82yE_AC&pg=PA191 191–2]}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Lü |first=Buwei |author-mask=[[Lü Buwei]] & al. |trans-title=Master Lü's Spring & Autumn Annals |script-title=zh:《呂氏春秋》 |url=http://ctext.org/lv-shi-chun-qiu/zh |contribution-url=http://ctext.org/lv-shi-chun-qiu/jie-li/zh |contribution=An Account of Jie }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name=bob>{{harvp|Knoblock & al.|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2F2HKh99PDMC&pg=PA263 263–4]}}.</ref><ref name=nienny>{{harvp|Nienhauser & al.|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBYRAIfExsC&pg=PA331 331–5]}}.</ref><ref name=4ma>{{citation |last=Sima |first=Qian |author-mask=[[Sima Qian]] & al. |trans-title=[[:s:zh:史記|Records of the Grand Historian]] |script-title=zh:《史記》 |volume=39 |contribution=[[:s:zh:史記/卷039#晉 文公|The Dynasty of Jin]] }}. {{in lang|zh}}.</ref> In time, this caused him to be seen as a [[Taoism in China|Taoist]] [[Taoist immortal|immortal]].<ref name=lxz>{{citation |trans-title=[[Collected Biographies of the Immortals]] |script-title=zh:《列仙傳》 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Xiang |editor-mask=Pseudo-[[Liu Xiang (scholar)|Liu Xiang]] |contribution=Jiezi Tui |contribution-url=http://ctext.org/lie-xian-zhuan/jie-zi-tui }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref> Later legend embellished the tale, having Jie save Chong'er from starvation{{CN|date=September 2023}} by cooking a soup made from meat from his own thigh{{sfnp|Liao|1959|loc=[http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/hanfei.xml&style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=d2.27&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d2.37&doc.lang=bilingual Bk. VIII, Ch. xxvii]}}{{sfnp|Legge & al.|1891|loc=[http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/robber-zhi Bk. XXIX, §10]}} only to be killed when Chong'er listened to advice from Jin courtiers that the way to drive him out of the mountains was to light a [[forest fire]].<ref name=oldyeller>{{harvp|Huang & al.|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XN1SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 82–3]}}.</ref> The idea was that Jie's [[filial piety|duty to his mother]] would overcome his pride and they would flee together;{{sfnp|Lan & al.|1996}} instead, their corpses were found days later beneath a [[willow tree|willow]].{{sfnp|Lan & al.|1996}}<ref name=oldyeller/> [[Chinese temple|Temples]] were erected in Jie's honor{{CN|date=September 2023}} and, by the [[Han dynasty|Han]], the people of [[Shanxi]] tried to curry favor with [[Chinese soul|his spirit]] by observing a [[Cold Food Festival]] in the dead of winter.{{sfnp|Pokora|1975|pp=122 & 136–7}}<ref name=hhs/>{{sfnp|Holzman|1986|p=52–4}} They ignored repeated attempts to ban it<ref name=hhs>{{citation |trans-title=[[Book of the Later Han]] |script-title=zh:《後漢書》 |volume=[[:s:zh:後漢書/卷61|Vol. 61]] |at=[[:s:zh:後漢書/卷61#周舉|§2024]] |last=Fan |first=Ye |author-mask=[[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]] }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name=tpyl>{{citation |trans-title=[[Imperial Reader of the Taiping Era]] |script-title=zh:《太平御覽》 |at=Vol. 28, §8a; Vol. 30, §6a–b; Vol. 869, §7b |last=Li |first=Fang |author-mask=[[Li Fang (Song dynasty)|Li Fang]] }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name=js>{{citation |author-mask=[[Fang Xuanling]] |last=Fang |first=Xuanling |trans-title=[[Book of Jin]] |script-title=zh:《晉書》 |volume=[[:s:zh:晉書/卷105|Vol. 105]] |at=[[:s:zh:晉書/卷105#2749|§2749–50]] }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>{{citation |trans-title=[[Book of Wei]] |script-title=zh:《魏書》 |last=Wei |first=Shou |author-mask=[[Wei Shou]] |at=[[:s:zh:魏書/卷7上|Vol. 7A]], [[:s:zh:魏書/卷7上#140|§140]], & [[:s:zh:魏書/卷7下|Vol. 7B]], [[:s:zh:魏書/卷7下#179|§179]] }}. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>{{sfnp|Holzman|1986|pp=54–9}} although, as it moved to spring{{sfnp|Holzman|1986|p=69}} and spread throughout China,<ref name=qmys>{{citation |trans-title=[[Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People]] |script-title=zh:《齊民要術》 |volume=[[:s:zh:齊民要術/卷第九|Vol. 9]] |at=[[:s:zh:卷第九#煑醴酪第八十五|§521]] |language=zh}}</ref>{{sfnp|Holzman|1986|pp=60–1}} it eventually developed into the present-day [[Tomb-Sweeping Festival]].<ref name=shaday>{{harvp|Zhang|2017}}.</ref><ref name=doobydooby>{{harvp|Wu|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K3N-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT126 126]}}</ref>
During the [[Warring States Period]], the area of Jiexiu was held by [[state of Zhao|Zhao]] before its conquest by [[state of Qin|Qin]].{{sfnp|Barbieri-Low & al.|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1W3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1021 1021]}} Under the [[Han dynasty|Han]], it was part of [[Dingyang County]] (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{lang|zh|{{linktext|定|陽|縣}}}}, <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{lang|zh|{{linktext|定|阳|县}}}}, ''Dìngyáng Xiàn'') in [[Shang Commandery]].{{sfnp|Barbieri-Low & al.|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1W3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR56 lvi], [https://books.google.com/books?id=1W3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR66 lxvi], & [https://books.google.com/books?id=1W3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1021 1021]}} Jiexiu [[county (China)|County]] was created under the [[Sima Jin|Jin]], but with its [[county seat|seat]] southeast of the current town.{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}} The [[Northern Wei]] moved to the present location—then known as Pingchang—around AD{{nbsp}}484 and made it the seat of a [[jun (country subdivision)|commandery]].{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}} This was made a county again by the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] in 598, restored by the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] in 617, and changed to a [[zhou (country subdivision)|prefecture]] the next year.{{sfnp|Xiong|2016}}
==Climate==
Jiexiu experiences a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]]''). Spring is dry, with frequent [[dust storm]]s, followed by early summer [[heat wave]]s. Summer tends to be warm to hot with most of the year's rainfall concentrated in July and August. Winter is long and cold, but dry and sunny. Because of the aridity, there tends to be considerable [[diurnal temperature variation|diurnal variation in temperature]], except during the summer. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−4.0|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|24.6|°C|1}} in July, while the annual mean is {{convert|11.18|°C|1}}. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49% in July to 60% in May, the city receives 2,425 hours of bright sunshine annually.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed = yes
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|location = Jiexiu, elevation {{convert|746|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals)
|Jan high C = 	3.0
|Feb high C = 	7.5
|Mar high C = 	14.1
|Apr high C = 	21.1
|May high C = 	26.3
|Jun high C = 	30.3
|Jul high C = 	30.9
|Aug high C = 	28.8
|Sep high C = 	24.4
|Oct high C = 	18.6
|Nov high C = 	10.9
|Dec high C = 	4.3
|Jan mean C = 	-3.6
|Feb mean C = 	0.3
|Mar mean C = 	6.8
|Apr mean C = 	13.7
|May mean C = 	19.2
|Jun mean C = 	23.1
|Jul mean C = 	24.7
|Aug mean C = 	22.6
|Sep mean C = 	17.6
|Oct mean C = 	11.5
|Nov mean C = 	4.2
|Dec mean C = 	-1.8
|Jan low C = 	-9.1
|Feb low C = 	-5.5
|Mar low C = 	0.3
|Apr low C = 	6.3
|May low C = 	11.5
|Jun low C = 	15.8
|Jul low C = 	19.1
|Aug low C = 	17.5
|Sep low C = 	12.0
|Oct low C = 	5.5
|Nov low C = 	-1.1
|Dec low C = 	-6.7
|Jan record high C = 14.0 |Jan record low C = -21.0
|Feb record high C = 22.9 |Feb record low C = -22.6
|Mar record high C = 30.2 |Mar record low C = -10.0
|Apr record high C = 36.3 |Apr record low C = -5.7
|May record high C = 35.1 |May record low C = -1.3
|Jun record high C = 40.6 |Jun record low C = 4.7
|Jul record high C = 38.7 |Jul record low C = 10.4
|Aug record high C = 38.4 |Aug record low C = 9.1
|Sep record high C = 36.8 |Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record high C = 29.2 |Oct record low C = -6.5
|Nov record high C = 25.4 |Nov record low C = -17.0
|Dec record high C = 17.7 |Dec record low C = -21.9
|year high C =  |year low C =
|year high F =  |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	3.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 	6.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 	10.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 	29.2
|May precipitation mm = 	31.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 	43.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	102.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 	102.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 	61.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 	35.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	12.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 	3.3
|Jan humidity = 	52
|Feb humidity = 	50
|Mar humidity = 	46
|Apr humidity = 	47
|May humidity = 	49
|Jun humidity = 	57
|Jul humidity = 	70
|Aug humidity = 	75
|Sep humidity = 	73
|Oct humidity = 	66
|Nov humidity = 	60
|Dec humidity = 	53
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	2.4
|Feb precipitation days = 	3.0
|Mar precipitation days = 	3.8
|Apr precipitation days = 	5.9
|May precipitation days = 	6.6
|Jun precipitation days = 	8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	11.4
|Aug precipitation days = 	10.4
|Sep precipitation days = 	8.5
|Oct precipitation days = 	6.5
|Nov precipitation days = 	3.7
|Dec precipitation days = 	1.9
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 	144.4
|Feb sun = 	158.5
|Mar sun = 	195.6
|Apr sun = 	220.2
|May sun = 	238.7
|Jun sun = 	198.9
|Jul sun = 	172.0
|Aug sun = 	168.3
|Sep sun = 	150.5
|Oct sun = 	159.1
|Nov sun = 	148.0
|Dec sun = 	143.1
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 	47
| Feb percentsun = 	51
| Mar percentsun = 	52
| Apr percentsun = 	55
| May percentsun = 	54
| Jun percentsun = 	45
| Jul percentsun = 	39
| Aug percentsun = 	41
| Sep percentsun = 	41
| Oct percentsun = 	46
| Nov percentsun = 	49
| Dec percentsun = 	48
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 	3.1
|Feb snow days = 	3.7
|Mar snow days = 	2.1
|Apr snow days = 	0.5
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.1
|Nov snow days = 	2.0
|Dec snow days = 	2.4
|year snow days =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =26 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21
}}</ref>
}}
==Government==
Jiexiu administers an area divided into five [[subdistrict (China)|subdistricts]], seven [[town (China)|towns]], and three [[township (China)|townships]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=4 style="background:#ffff99;" | [[Subdistrict (China)|Subdistricts]]
|-
! Name !! [[Simplified characters|Simp.]] !! [[Traditional Characters|Trad.]] !! [[Pinyin]]
|-
| [[Beiguan Subdistrict, Jiexiu|Beiguan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|北关街道}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|北關街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Běiguān Jiēdào}}
|-
| [[Xiguan Subdistrict|Xiguan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|西关街道}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|西關街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xīguān Jiēdào}}
|-
| [[Dongnan Subdistrict|Dongnan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|东南街道}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|東南街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Dōngnán Jiēdào}}
|-
| [[Xinan Subdistrict, Jiexiu|Xinan]] || colspan=2|{{lang|zh|西南街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Xīnán Jiēdào}}
|-
| [[Beitan Subdistrict|Beitan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|北坛街道}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|北關街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Běitán Jiēdào}}
|-
! colspan=4 style="background:#ffff99;" | [[Town (China)|Towns]]
|-
| [[Yi'an, Shanxi|Yi'an]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|义安镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|義安鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Yì'ān Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Zhanglan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|张兰镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|張蘭鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Zhānglán Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Lianfu]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|连福镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|連福鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Liánfú Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Hongshan, Jiexiu|Hongshan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|洪山镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|洪山鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Hóngshān Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Longfeng, Shanxi|Longfeng]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|龙凤镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|龍鳳鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Lóngfèng Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Mianshan (town)|Mianshan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|绵山镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|綿山鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Miánshān Zhèn}}
|-
| [[Yitang]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|义棠镇}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|義棠鎮}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Yìtáng Zhèn}}
|-
! colspan=4 style="background:#ffff99;" | [[Township (China)|Townships]]
|-
| [[Chengguan Township, Jiexiu|Chengguan]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|城关乡}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|城關鄉}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Chéngguān Xiāng}}
|-
| [[Songgu Township|Songgu]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|宋古乡}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|宋古鄉}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Sònggǔ Xiāng}}
|-
| [[Sanjia Township, Shanxi|Sanjia]] || {{lang|zh-Hans|三佳乡}} || {{lang|zh-Hant|三佳鄉}} || {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Sānjiā Xiāng}}
|-
|}
==Transport==
*[[G5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway]]
*[[China National Highway 108]]
==Notes==
{{noteslist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
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{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.xzqh.org/html/index.html www.xzqh.org] {{in lang|zh}}
{{County-level divisions of Shanxi}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:County-level divisions of Shanxi]]
[[Category:Jinzhong]]