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{{Infobox Romanian subdivision
|type               = town
|county             = Timiș
|official_name      = Jimbolia
|image_flag         =
|image_shield       = ROU TM Jimbolia CoA.jpg
|image_skyline      = Zsombolya, Szent Flórián-szobor 2022 01.jpg
|image_caption      = Statue of [[Saint Florian]]
|image_map          = Jimbolia jud Timis.svg
|map_caption        = Location in Timiș County
|leader_name        = Darius Postelnicu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=16 June 2021 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|leader_party       = PNL
|leader_term        = 2024&ndash;2028
|coordinates        = {{coord|45|47|35|N|20|44|15|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}}
|elevation          = 82
|elevation_min      =
|elevation_max      =
|area_total         = 108.18
|area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimbolia.ro/jimbolia/date-geografice/ |title=Date geografice |work=Primăria orașului Jimbolia}}</ref>
|population_as_of   =
|population_total   = auto
|population_footnotes =
|postal_code        = 305400
|area_code          = +(40) x56
|website            = {{URL|https://jimbolia.ro/}}
}}
'''Jimbolia''' ({{IPA|ro|ʒimˈboli.a}}; {{langx|hu|Zsombolya}}; {{langx|de|Hatzfeld}}; {{langx|sr|Жомбољ|Žombolj}}; [[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]]: ''Džimbolj'') is a [[list of cities and towns in Romania|town]] in [[Timiș County]], [[Romania]].
== Geography ==
Jimbolia is located in the west of Timiș County, {{cvt|39|km}} from the county seat, [[Timișoara]], which is connected by the [[Roads in Romania|county road]] DJ59A and the [[Kikinda]]–Jimbolia–Timișoara railway. It lies in the Banat Plain, at the contact between the Timiș Plain and the Mureș Plain. An alignment of villages marks the boundary between the two relief units: [[Checea]]–[[Cărpiniș]]–[[Satchinez]]. The average altitude of the town is {{cvt|82|m}}. It is located at the intersection of some roads that connect Romania and Serbia, being also a rail and road border point at the frontier between the two countries.
Jimbolia's climate is characterized by average temperatures of {{Convert|10.7|C|F}} and average rainfall of {{Convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year. The vegetation consists of [[steppe]] meadows largely replaced by agricultural crops. The soils are very fertile and belong to the category of [[chernozem]]s.<ref name="prezentare" />
== Administration ==
The current local council has the following political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2024 Romanian local elections.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#ccc" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
! style="background:#ccc" | Party
! style="background:#ccc" | Seats
! style="background:#ccc" colspan="6" | Current Council
|-
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL)
| style="text-align: right" | '''6'''
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|National Liberal Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}} &nbsp;
| [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians|Alliance for the Union of Romanians]] (AUR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''3'''
| {{party color cell|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD)
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| [[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania]] (UDMR/RMDSZ)
| style="text-align: right" | '''2'''
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| {{party color cell|Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent}} &nbsp;
| [[Independent politician|Independent]] (Ind.)
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
| {{party color cell|Independent}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| [[Green Party (Romania)]] (PV)
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
| {{party color cell|Green Party (Romania)}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania}} &nbsp;
| [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania]] (FDGR/DFDR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
| {{party color cell|Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| [[Save Romania Union]] (USR)
| style="text-align: right" | '''1'''
| {{party color cell|Save Romania Union}} &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|}
== History ==
=== Medieval period ===
The ancient history of the town began to be documented in 1332–1333, when a papal census of the lands of Banat for the establishment of taxes (tithe) took place. In these papal registers, the name ''Chumbul'' appears.<ref>{{cite book |title=Documente privind istoria României: C. Transilvania |volume=III |last=Roller |first=Mihail |publisher=Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române |date=1954}}</ref> From the researches of Hungarian historian {{ill|Samu Borovszky|hu|Borovszky Samu}}, it appears that originally it was a Cumano-Vlach locality, a fact proved by the existence of a Romanian parish.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Torontál vármegye |title=Magyarország vármegyéi és városai |last=Borovszky |first=Samu |location=Budapest |publisher=Országos Monografia Társaság |date=1911}}</ref> This ''Chumbul'' is also mentioned in Hungarian documents from 1489, which speak of the existence of the communes of ''Chumbul Mare'' ("Great Chumbul"), ''Chumbul Mic'' ("Little Chumbul") and ''Chumbul Intern'' ("Inner Chumbul"), most likely owned by the Csomboly family.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58pnAAAAMAAJ |title=Magyarország leirása |volume=I |last=Fényes |first=Elek |location=Pest |publisher=Nyomatott Beimelnél |date=1847}}</ref> The last document from this period, recorded by historian {{ill|Nicolae Ilieșiu|ro}}, shows that in 1520 there was a certain Mihai of ''Chumbul'', a close man of the king.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dicționar toponimic și geografico-istoric al localităților din județul Timiș |last=Crețan |first=Remus |publisher=Editura Universității de Vest |location=Timișoara |date=2006 |isbn=973-7608-65-8}}</ref> After this appearance in documents from the beginning of the Middle Ages, nothing is said about this locality in documents from the Turkish rule of Banat.
=== Re-establishment and colonization ===
[[File:Casa Svabeasca Jimbolia.jpg|thumb|A [[Danube Swabians|Swabian]] house built in the 19th century]]
[[File:Jimbolia, Conacul Csekonics.jpg|thumb|The Csekonics Mansion, built by the Csekonics family between 1863–1870, now serves as the seat of the Town Hall.]]
[[File:Zsombolya, római katolikus templom 2022 01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Wendelin of Trier|Saint Wendelin]] Roman Catholic church]]
The historical thread is resumed after the conquest of Banat by the Austrians, but for a period it does not appear to be inhabited. Only in 1766 was the new town born, by colonization with German population from [[Mainz]], [[Trier]], [[Sauer]], [[Palatinate (region)|Pfalz]], [[Lorraine]], and [[Luxembourg]]. It originally consisted of two separate areas, ''Landestreu'' and ''Hatzfeld'', a little further west, but two years later the two merged under the name ''Hatzfeld'', a name given in honor of Empress [[Maria Theresa]]'s prime minister, {{ill|Carl Friedrich Hatzfeldt zu Gleichen|de}} (1718–1793).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimbolia.ro/jimbolia/scurt-istoric/ |title=Scurt istoric |work=Primăria orașului Jimbolia |last=Pavel |first=Sorin}}</ref> The conditions to which the first settlers were subjected were particularly harsh: because of the swamps surrounding the settlement and the unsanitary conditions, 168 people died in the first year of establishment alone. A [[plague (disease)|plague]] epidemic ensued in 1770 that killed no less than 553 people. In 1781 ''Hatzfeld'' was leased to {{ill|József Csekonics|hu|Csekonics József}}, then sold to him. Later, the {{ill|Csekonics family|hu|Csekonics család}} began to colonize the town with Hungarians.
=== Modern period ===
After the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|1848–1849 revolution]], the region became part of the [[crown land|Austrian Crown Land]] of the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar|Serbian Voivodeship and Temeswarer Banat]]. Jimbolia began to develop in the second half of the 19th century, with the rise of [[industrialization]] that swept all of Banat. In 1857, the railway between [[Timișoara]] and [[Kikinda]] was completed, which also passed through Jimbolia and connected further with [[Szeged]], being the main route from Timișoara to [[Budapest]] and [[Vienna]]. Access to this railway allowed it to develop rapidly, slowed only by the [[cholera]] epidemic of 1873, which killed more than 1,000 people. During this period, the brick factory (1864) opened, attracting agricultural workers from all over southern Banat, especially Hungarians. Thus was born the ''Futok'' district (of the "fugitives", from the name given to the Hungarians fleeing from the agricultural estates).
In 1861, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] decreed the renewed validity of the Hungarian state constitution ([[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]]), whereby the town once again belonged to the Hungarian part of the country, as it had before 1848.<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistisches Handbüchlein für die österreichische Monarchie |last=von Czörnig |first=Karl Freiherr |publisher=Aus der K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |location=Vienna |date=1861}}</ref> Under Hungarian administration, more and more Hungarians moved to the town, which was officially called ''Zsombolya'' from 1899.
In 1895 the Jimbolia–[[Otelec|Ionel]] railway was put into use. In 1906, the railway from Jimbolia to [[Lenauheim|Grabaț]], [[Lenauheim]] and [[Lovrin]] was completed, built with the help of workers from [[Țara Moților]], some of whom settled in the south of the town. At the turn of the century, Jimbolia was three-quarters German and one-quarter Hungarian, with only a few Romanians and Serbs.
=== Disputed by Romania and Serbia ===
[[World War I]] radically changed the configuration of the area within which Jimbolia played a central role. From an important town in the economy of Banat, it becomes a border town. After the withdrawal of the Serbs from Timișoara and the unification of Banat with Romania, Jimbolia remained in the provisional borders of [[Serbia]]. At the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]], Prime Minister [[Ion I.C. Brătianu]] demanded the recognition of the borders of a Romania that included the whole of Banat, with the border on the lower [[Tisza|Tisa]] until its discharge into the [[Danube]] and then the course of the Danube. However, the conference decided on the demarcation line that has been maintained until today, except for a rectification that took place in 1923. On 24 November 1923, Romania and Serbia concluded a protocol for a territorial exchange in Belgrade. Romania undertook to cede the communes of [[Međa (Žitište)|Pardanj]], [[Jaša Tomić, Sečanj|Modoš]], [[Šurjan]], [[Secaș|Crivobara]] and [[Veliki Gaj]], while Serbia ceded to Romania [[Beba Veche]], [[Beba Veche|Cherestur]], [[Vrani|Ciorda]], [[Berliște|Iam]] and the town of Jimbolia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hotarele românismului în date |last=Dan |first=Petre |publisher=Litera Internațional |location=Bucharest |date=2005 |pages=106–107}}</ref> The latter officially became part of Romania only in 1924.
=== Contemporary period ===
After [[World War II]], Jimbolia entered a new stage of development in the [[planned economy]]. In 1950 it was declared a town, then the block of flats in the station area began to be built, new industries were introduced and existing ones were developed. At the same time, the irreversible process of declining German population begins, which within a few decades becomes a minority and ends with the mass exodus after the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 revolution]].
== Demographics ==
<div style="float:left">
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|caption=Ethnic composition (2011)<ref name="etnie" />
|label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=72.69|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Hungarians]]|value2=10.82|color2=#80ff80
|label3=[[Romani people|Roma]]|value3=5.51|color3=#80ffff
|label4=[[Germans]]|value4=2.87|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=Unknown|value5=7.29|color5=#9f9f9f
|label6=Others|value6=0.82|color6=#555555}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|style=clear:none;
|caption=Religious composition (2011)<ref name="religie" />
|label1=[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|value1=62.57|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Roman Catholic]]s|value2=22.98|color2=#ffff80
|label3=[[Pentecostal]]s|value3=4.03|color3=#3fc03f
|label4=Unknown|value4=7.39|color4=#c0c0c0
|label5=Others|value5=3.03|color5=#9f9f9f}}
</div>
Jimbolia had a population of 10,808 inhabitants at the [[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]], down 3% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants were [[Romanians]] (72.69%), larger minorities being represented by [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] (10.82%), [[Romani people in Romania|Roma]] (5.51%) and [[Germans of Romania|Germans]] (2.87%). For 7.29% of the population, ethnicity was unknown.<ref name="etnie">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |title=Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=2015-05-10 |archive-date=2016-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> By religion, most inhabitants were [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] (62.57%), but there were also minorities of [[Roman Catholic]]s (22.98%) and [[Pentecostal]]s (4.03%). For 7.39% of the population, religious affiliation was unknown.<ref name="religie">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_13.xls |title=Tab13. Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221634/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_13.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
At the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], the town had a population of 10,179; of those, 71.54% were Romanians, 6.1% Roma, 6.08% Hungarians, and 1.48% Germans.<ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populația rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours"
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;" | Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |title=Temes megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi/nemzetiségi) adatai 1880-2002 |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-date=2007-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610213704/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#ccccff;" | Ethnic composition
|-
! Year !! Population !! [[Romanians]] !! [[Hungarians]] !! [[Germans]] !! [[Romani people|Roma]] !! [[Serbs]]
|-
| 1880 || 8,621 || 39 || 529 || 7,848 || – || 84
|-
| 1890 || 9,580 || 42 || 718 || 8,602 || 132 || 84
|-
| 1900 || 10,152 || 52 || 1,532 || 8,395 || – || 96
|-
| 1910 || 10,893 || 105 || 2,266 || 8,088 || – || 245
|-
| 1930 || 10,873 || 660 || 2,097 || 7,640 || 213 || 141
|-
| 1941 || 10,781 || 859 || 2,066 || 7,245 || – || –
|-
| 1956 || 11,281 || 3,490 || 2,399 || 4,834 || 298 || 111
|-
| 1966 || 13,633 || 5,314 || 2,816 || 4,927 || 342 || 108
|-
| 1977 || 14,682 || 6,065 || 2,896 || 5,021 || 511 || 79
|-
| 1992 || 11,830 || 7,901 || 1,961 || 1,112 || 695 || 62
|-
| 2002 || 11,136 || 8,068 || 1,643 || 515 || 771 || 53
|-
| 2011 || 10,808 || 7,856 || 1,169 || 310 || 596 || 31
|-
| 2021 || 10,179|| 7,282 || 619 || 151 ||  ||
|}
== Culture ==
[[File:Imagine Muzeul Presei Sever Bocu.jpg (1).jpg|thumb|150px|Sever Bocu Press Museum, one of the six museums in Jimbolia]]
In recent years, the town is experiencing a cultural revival, benefiting from very active cultural institutions: the House of Culture, six museums, a literary café and a town library.
The most prestigious of them is the Romanian-German Cultural Foundation founded by Romanian poet [[Petre Stoica]], with numerous national and international awards. With the main purpose of reconstituting the Romanian and German cultural and spiritual life in Banat, the foundation has in its inventory a library of 16,000 volumes in Romanian and German, some with great bibliophilic value, a collection of numismatics, philately, stamps and bookplates, important manuscripts from Romanian and German writers, paintings, engravings, and museum household objects.<ref name="prezentare" />
== Education ==
In the town there are five kindergartens for preschool children, a general school (1–8) where over 1,000 students study and a school group for 1,200 students.
The Technological High School in Jimbolia has theoretical and technological classes, vocational school, night courses and post-secondary courses. Following an investment from the [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia]], the high school offers high schooling conditions, with modern laboratories of computer science, mechanics, electrical engineering, electronics, farm equipment repair and maintenance, welding and hydraulic-pneumatics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.isjtm.ro/?p=881 |title=Liceul Tehnologic Jimbolia |work=Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Timiș}}</ref>
== Healthcare ==
Medical services are provided by five private medical offices, four private dental offices and a town hospital with a capacity of 125 beds.<ref name="prezentare" />
== Economy ==
From an economic point of view, the primary sector, [[agriculture]], has a significant share. The land fund comprises {{cvt|9735|ha}} of [[agricultural land]], of which 97% is arable land and 3% are grasslands and hayfields.<ref name="prezentare">{{cite web |url=http://jimbolia.ro/jimbolia/prezentarea-orasului/ |title=Prezentarea orașului |work=Primăria orașului Jimbolia}}</ref>
The industrial profile of the town remains dominated by the light industry (footwear, clothing, textiles), followed by electrical and electronic engineering industries, mechanical industry and [[plastics industry]]. 58% of the active population works in the town's industry. The largest industrial companies in the town are: Vogt (electronic components), Ciocanul Prodimpex (footwear), CRH (car subassemblies), Halm (hydraulic pumps), Ani Fashion (clothing), Faulhaber (micromotors) and Kabelsysteme Hatzfeld (audio-video cables).<ref name="prezentare" />
The tertiary sector, which covers the full range of services, has a share of 38%.<ref name="prezentare" />
== Twin towns ==
Jimbolia has concluded twinning or collaboration agreements with:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jimbolia.ro/jimbolia/orase-infratite/ |title=Orașe înfrățite |work=Primăria orașului Jimbolia}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Kikinda]] (1992)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Pusztamérges]] (1996)
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Novi Kneževac]] (collab., 2005)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hatzfeld]] (collab., 2008)
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Dunajská Streda]] (2012)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Csanádpalota]] (2015)
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Mórahalom]] (2016)
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Trebur]] (2017)
{{colend}}
== Notable people ==
* {{ill|Karl Kraushaar|de|Karl Kraushaar (Pädagoge)}} (1858–1938), pedagogue, journalist, non-fiction author and banker
* {{ill|Peter Jung (poet)|lt=Peter Jung|de|Peter Jung (Schriftsteller)}} (1887–1966), poet and publicist
* {{ill|Peter Heinrich|de|Peter Heinrich (Politiker, 1890)}} (1890–1944), politician
* {{ill|Alexander Krischan|de}} (1921–2009), historian and bibliographer
* {{ill|Herbert-Werner Mühlroth|de}} (b. 1963), journalist and translator
== References ==
{{Commons category|Jimbolia}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Timiș County}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Towns in Romania]]
[[Category:Populated places in Timiș County]]
[[Category:Localities in Romanian Banat]]
[[Category:Romania–Serbia border crossings]]