View source for Jizzakh

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name            = Jizzakh
| native_name              = {{langx|uz|Жиззах / Jizzax}}
| image_skyline            = Jizzax.jpg
| image_caption            =
| image_seal               = Jizzax gerb.png
| image_map                =
| map_caption              =
| pushpin_map              = Uzbekistan
| pushpin_label_position   = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in Uzbekistan
| coordinates              = {{coord|40|06|57|N|67|50|32|E|region:UZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Uzbekistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Jizzakh Region]]
| subdivision_type2        =
| subdivision_name2        =
| established_title        = First mention
| established_date         = 10th century
| government_type          = City Administration
| leader_title             = Hakim (Mayor)
| leader_name              = Ergash Saliyev
| area_magnitude           =
| area_total_sq_mi         =
| area_total_km2           =
| area_land_sq_mi          =
| area_land_km2            =
| area_urban_sq_mi         =
| area_urban_km2           = 49
| area_metro_km2           = 140
| area_metro_sq_mi         =
| population_as_of         = 2024
| population_total         = 202200
| population_urban         =
| population_footnotes     = <ref name=pop/>
| population_density_km2   = 3673
| timezone                 = &nbsp;
| utc_offset               = +5
| timezone_DST             =
| utc_offset_DST           =
| elevation_footnotes      =
| elevation_m              = 378
| elevation_ft             =
| postal_code_type         = Postal code
| postal_code              = 130100-130117
| area_code                = (+998) 72
| registration_plate       = 25-29
| website                  = {{URL|http://www.jizzax.uz}} {{in lang|uz}}
| blank_name               =
| blank_info               =
| blank1_name              =
| blank1_info              =
| blank2_name              =
| blank2_info              =
| blank3_name              =
| blank3_info              =
| footnotes                =
| name                     =
| population_demonym       = Jizzakhite (Uzbek: Jizzaxlik, Jizzaxlilar)
| settlement_type          = City
}}
'''Jizzakh''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|z|ˈ|z|æ|k}} {{respell|jiz-ZAK}}; {{langx|uz|Jizzax / Жиззах}}, {{IPA-uz|dʒɨzˈzaχ|pron}}) is a city and the center of [[Jizzakh Region]] in [[Uzbekistan]], located in the northeast of [[Samarkand]]. It is a district-level city.<ref name=class>{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx|title=Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan|language=uz, ru|date=July 2020|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics}}</ref> The population of Jizzakh is 179,200 (2020 est.).<ref name=pop>[https://data.gov.uz/uz/datasets/12957 Permanent population of Jizzakh region as of July 1, 2020]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Republic of Uzbekistan Open Data Portal</ref>
== Etymology ==
According to one view, the name of the city comes from the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] word ''dizak'' ({{Langx|fa|دزک}}), which is the [[diminutive form]] of ''diz'' ({{Langx|fa|دز|4=fortress|label=none}}) and means "small fortress" or "small fort".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bekchurin.|title=Туркестанская область. Заметки Бекчурина (рус.).|publisher=|year=1872 |isbn=|location=Kazan|pages=}}</ref> It was mentioned in the 13<sup>th</sup> century [[Mu'jam al-Buldan]] under the name ''dīzak'' ({{Langx|ar|ديزك}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Hamawi |first=Yaqut |author-link=Yaqut al-Hamawi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw8YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA710 |title=Mu'jam ul-Buldān |date=c. 1220 |volume=2 |page=710 |language=Arabic |script-title=ar:معجم البلدان |trans-title=Dictionary of Countries |quote={{langx|ar|دِيزَك: من قرى سمرقند، قال الإصطخري: ديزك من مدن أشر وسنة بها مرابط أهل سمرقند ودور ورباطات للسّبل، بها رباط حسن بناه بدر قشير، ولها نهر جار، ينسب إليها عبد العزيز بن محمد الديزكي، ويقال الديزقيّ، الواعظ السمرقندي، سمع أبا بكر محمد بن سعيد البخاري، مات في طريق مكة قبل ٣٠٨.|label=none}} |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
== History ==
Jizzakh was an important [[Silk Road]] junction on the road connecting Samarkand with the [[Fergana Valley]]. It is at the edge of [[Golodnaya Steppe]], and next to the strategic [[Pass of Jilanuti]] ([[Timur]]'s Gate) in the [[Turkestan Range|Turkestan Mountains]], controlling the approach to the [[Zeravshan River|Zeravshan Valley]], Samarkand and [[Bukhara]].
The name ''Jizzakh'' likely derives from the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] word for 'small fort' and the present city is built of the site of the town which belonged to [[Osrushana]]. After the [[Arab]] conquest of [[Sogdiana]], Jizzakh served as a market town between the nomadic raiders and settled farmers. The Arabs built a series of ''rabats'' (blockhouses) at Jizzakh, housing ''[[ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]]s'' to protect the people. Under the Abbasids, rule of the region of Osrushana was given over to the house of Saman, who split the wider region amongst themselves under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, [[Ismail Samani]] united the regions under his family's control, and effectively gained the region's independence from the Abbasids, founding the [[Samanid Empire]].
After the fall of the Samanid's around the year 1000, Jizzakh fell under the rule of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]]. The Khanate had a string of successes, conquering the whole region of Transoxiana and pushing east into the Western Tarim Basin. In 1041, the khanate splintered into two. After a decade of infighting, the split was formalized into an eastern and western khanate, with Jizzakh falling into the western portion. After their conquest of Samarkand in 1086, the [[Seljuk Empire]] forced the western khanate to submit to their rule.
Jizzakh next fell under the control of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]], who began as vassals to the Seljuks but eventually managed to become fully independent by 1190. Under their rule, they conquered much of Persia and Central Asia, leading to economic growth. This situation of relative prosperity was brought to an abrupt end in 1219 when the newly formed [[Mongol Empire]] invaded Khwarazmia. The [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire]] was one of their most brutal campaigns, and many cities were destroyed including Jizzakh. In 1220, the city was invaded and destroyed, resulting in most of the population being killed and the majority of the city being leveled. Under Mongol rule, the city struggled to recover, and went into a state of decay.
The Mongol Empire was divided among the grandsons of [[Genghis Khan]], Jizzakh was included in the portion known as the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. This Khanate included Transoxiana, the Fergana Valley, the Tarim Basin, the region around Turpan, and much of what is today southern Kazakhstan. Despite being a key piece of the great [[Mongol Empire]], the Chagatai Khanate began to fragment as early as the year 1300. In the 1340s, the khanate split into two. [[Moghulistan]], or the eastern portion, retained the Tarim Basin and southern Kazakhstan. Jizzakh fell into the western portion, which was initially controlled by [[Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur]], the last independently powerful Khan in the Transoxiana region.
In 1346 a tribal chief, [[Amir Qazaghan]], killed Qazan and set up a puppet Khan. This marked a new era of khans with Mongol ancestry being used as politically legitimizing puppets, but lacking any real control. In 1370, after defeating his rivals in the region, [[Timur]] took control of Transoxiana, including Jizzakh. Early in his career, Timur fought regularly with [[Moghulistan]] to his north and east. Jizzakh, geographically near the border of Timur's realm and Moghulistan and controlling a key mountain pass, was likely rebuilt and refortified during this period.
Under the [[Timurid Empire]], Central Asia experienced a blossoming of art and culture. Jizzakh, with its proximity to the empire's northern border and location of trade routes to the capital [[Samarkand]] likely experienced growth and revitalization. The empire began to weaken in the second half of the 15th century. In 1488, an Uzbek contingent led by [[Muhammad Shaybani]] helped Moghulistan defeat the Timurids in their attempt to conquer Tashkent, at the  [[Battle of the Chirciq River]]. After this Timurid defeat, their power fell while Shaybani's power grew in the area between Tashkent and Samarkand. It is unclear if Jizzakh was held by Shaybani or as a Timurid bastion in these early years of Shaybani's rise to power. In 1500, he certainly controlled the city, as he needed it in his campaign to take the Timurid capital of Samarkand. In the next ten years his forces also captured [[Bukhara]], [[Herat]], and most of the surrounding region.
Shaybani established the [[Khanate of Bukhara]], which would control Jizzakh for the next 100 years. Between 1600 and the mid 1700s, Jizzakh regularly changed hands, often functioning independently of neighboring powers. Uzbek nobility controlled the city during this era. In the 1740s, the emirs of Bukhara seized power from the remaining leaders of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. At some point between this time, and the official founding of the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] in 1785, Jizzakh fell under the control of the Emirs. It would stay as a part of the Emirate of Bukhara until the 1860s.
[[File:Dizag (sic). Osada i shturm krieposti Dzhizak s 12 po 18 Oktiabria 1866 g. - Chertil Topograph U.O. zbaniia Rudnev. LCCN2007678477.jpg|thumb|382x382px|Map of Jizzakh city in 1866]]
In 1866, Jizzakh was a major fortress for the [[Emirate of Bukhara]]. This was in part due to its position near the border with Russian Turkestan. The [[Russian conquest of Central Asia]] had begun in the 18th century, and by the 1860s the Russians controlled a line of forts along the [[Syr Darya]], just 70 miles from Jizzakh. In 1864, hostilities broke out between the Russians and the Emirate of Bukhara.
[[Russia]]n General [[Mikhail Chernyayev]], the “Lion of Tashkent” failed in his first attempt to take Jizzakh, but succeed in his second try, with a loss of 6 men, against 6000 dead for the defenders. The old town was mostly destroyed, its remaining inhabitants evicted, and Russian settlers brought in.<ref name="Туркестанская область. Заметки Бекчурина.">{{cite book | title=Туркестанская область. Заметки Бекчурина. | author=Bekchurin | year=1872 | location=Kazan | pages=21|language= ru}}</ref>
After its incorporation into the [[Russian Empire]], Imperial agents placed Jizzakh under the jurisdiction of the [[Samarkand Oblast]] following its establishment in 1887. At the turn of the 19th century, the region was populated by what the Russian authorities qualified as ethnic [[Uzbeks]], who made up more than half of the population, with [[Tajiks]] constituting another quarter of the population and other ethnicities including Kazakhs and Uyghurs making up the rest. After a railway was built to Tashkent in 1906, Russian settlers began to pour into the region. This led to resentment, and land was often seized from locals by the government and given over to settlers. While few settlers moved to the Jizzakh region, Russian policies of land surveying, and redistribution angered natives who had their rights to grazing land and other key commodities restricted by the government.
[[File:Syr Darya Oblast. City of Dzhizak. Miulkanlyk, a Section of the City WDL10915.png|thumb|Jizzakh city, Miulkanlyk [[mahallah]]]]
[[File:Развалины Джизака.jpg|left|thumb|The ruins of the Jizzakh fortress after the capture by [[Russian Turkestan|Russian]] troops]]
In 1916, Jizzakh was a center of an [[Central Asian revolt of 1916|anti-Russian uprising]]. The revolt broke out after the Russians announced local men would be conscripted to do manual labor behind the front lines during World War I. This violated treaties the Russians had signed with during their conquest of the region that had promised to not conscripted locals. Most of the revolt was focused in the southern portions of the Jizzakh region, both the city and the mountains south of it. In 1917, Jizzakh's most famous native son, [[Sharof Rashidov]], future secretary of the [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan]], was born. During the Russian civil war, Jizzakh was inititally a part of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. After a debate among the communists about whether the region should embrace a more pan-Turkish identity, or be divided into smaller ethnic republics, the later side won out. [[National delimitation in Central Asia]] was started in 1924, and Jizzakh was placed in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]].
Modern Jizzakh is quietly tree-lined European, with almost nothing remaining of the pre-[[Sharof Rashidov|Rashidov]] era. The city has two universities, with a total of approximately 7,000 students, and is home to a [[football (soccer)|football]] team, [[Sogdiana Jizzakh]], which plays in the [[Uzbekistan Super League|Uzbek League]] (Super Liga).
== Geography ==
Jizzakh is an ancient oasis. The Turkestan and Nurata ridges, which surround the southern and part of the western part of the country, and the Arnasay-Aydar-Tuzkan lakes in the northern part of the country, provides a temperate climate.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The peaks are covered with snow and glaciers, Chovkar mountain, in the foothills of the Usturshona system there are thick pine forests.
From the slopes of the mountains at an altitude of 1,800 meters above sea level, pine forests begin. As the mountains rise, the pine forest thickens.
There are more than 20 caves in the region. Although they have not been studied by experts, only amateurs who have observed the Peshawar cave recall that inside the cave there is a large and long square (hall), a red hearth, paintings on stone walls and petroglyphic inscriptions abound. In addition, the long cave is artificially fenced and additional stairs are made for the next hall, which testifies to the fact that primitive people lived here in ancient times.
The huge cave south of Mount Molguzar was once used as a Buddhist temple. The book "History of the Sui Dynasty" also mentions the Eastern TSao (Usturshona), "There is the city of Yecha. It is a closed cave in the city and is sacrificed twice a year. Or the cultural Tavakbulak, located on the shoulders of Mount Molguzar at an altitude of two thousand six hundred meters above sea level, can be called a miracle. On the river Aktash in Bakhmal district there is a huge cemetery on the shoulders of steep mountains, next to it there is a magnificent gorge "Blood Drop".
Or the spring that rises from the Suffa Square at the top of the mountain in Zaamin district, the nearby Muzbulak, the garden built on the top of a high mountain in Bakhmal - all this speaks of ancient history. Rivers attached to the mountains, springs flowing from glaciers, groves covering the ravines. About 100 medicinal herbs... On the banks of the Poyimard river in Jizzakh district, in the middle of a 20-meter-high rocky outcrop, all of them are natural monuments, all of which testify to the existence of primitive man.
=== Climate ===
Jizzakh has a sharply continental version of a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csa''). January lows average {{convert|&minus;4|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} and July highs average {{convert|34.9|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The climate at the foot of the mountains is milder than that of deserts and steppes. Annual precipitation is {{convert|400|to|500|mm|in|0}} in the south and {{convert|250|to|300|mm|in|0}} in the north. The frost-free period totals between 210 and 240 days, whilst annual sunshine totals 2800 to 3000 hours. There are many rivers flowing from the mountains, of which the largest are Sangzor and Zaamin.
{{Weather box
| width       = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location    = Jizzakh (1991–2020)
| Jan high C = 6.7
| Feb high C = 9.1
| Mar high C = 15.6
| Apr high C = 22.2
| May high C = 28.4
| Jun high C = 34.0
| Jul high C = 35.4
| Aug high C = 33.8
| Sep high C = 28.8
| Oct high C = 22.2
| Nov high C = 13.9
| Dec high C = 8.0
| year high C = 21.5
| Jan mean C = 2.0
| Feb mean C = 3.8
| Mar mean C = 9.8
| Apr mean C = 15.9
| May mean C = 21.6
| Jun mean C = 26.8
| Jul mean C = 28.3
| Aug mean C = 26.3
| Sep mean C = 20.7
| Oct mean C = 14.2
| Nov mean C = 7.8
| Dec mean C = 3.1
| year mean C = 15.0
| Jan low C = -1.5
| Feb low C = -0.2
| Mar low C = 5.1
| Apr low C = 10.3
| May low C = 14.8
| Jun low C = 18.7
| Jul low C = 20.0
| Aug low C = 18.2
| Sep low C = 13.1
| Oct low C = 8.0
| Nov low C = 3.3
| Dec low C = -0.5
| year low C = 9.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 57.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 69.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 60.5
| May precipitation mm = 39.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 11.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 2.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 1.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 4.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 21.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 47.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 46.2
| year precipitation mm = 402.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 13
| Feb precipitation days = 14
| Mar precipitation days = 14
| Apr precipitation days = 11
| May precipitation days = 10
| Jun precipitation days = 5
| Jul precipitation days = 2
| Aug precipitation days = 2
| Sep precipitation days = 3
| Oct precipitation days = 6
| Nov precipitation days = 10
| Dec precipitation days = 12
| year precipitation days = 102
| Jan sun = 92.7
| Feb sun = 107.1
| Mar sun = 154.2
| Apr sun = 217.5
| May sun = 302.7
| Jun sun = 355.3
| Jul sun = 388.0
| Aug sun = 368.0
| Sep sun = 305.4
| Oct sun = 229.7
| Nov sun = 129.0
| Dec sun = 90.9
| year sun = 2740.5
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Uzbekistan/CSV/Dzizak_38579.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jizzakh
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 19, 2024}}</ref>
}}
== Demography==
The population of the city as of 2020 was 179,900. The [[overwhelming]] part of the population is [[Uzbeks]].
The number of the city's residents is constantly growing, which is due to the general growth of the country's population, as well as the fact that the city as an [[Administrative centre|administrative center]] is attractive to the population of its own and visitors from other [[region]]s.
National composition as of 2011: Uzbeks — 140,700 people (87.8%), [[Russians]] — 6,300 people (3.9%), [[Tajiks]] — 2,720 people (1.7%), others (including [[Kazakhs]], [[Tatars]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] and others) — 10,600 people (6.6%).
==Landmarks==
* Sharof Rashidov Memorial Museum
* Provincial Museum
==Notable people==
* [[Patokh Chodiev]]
* [[Hamid Olimjon]]
* [[Sharof Rashidov]]
* [[Sardor Rashidov]]
== Education ==
=== Schools<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZiyoNET › Ta'lim muassasalari › Maktablar|url=http://institutions.ziyonet.uz/uz/object/index?RefObject%5Bname%5D=&RefObject%5Bestablishment_id%5D=school&RefObject%5Bregion_id%5D=55&yt0=|access-date=2021-02-01|website=institutions.ziyonet.uz|language=ru}}</ref> ===
* There are 29 public schools, numbered from 1 to 29
* Jizzakh Specialized School of Arts
* Jizzakh Specialized Olympic Reserve Boarding School
* KOBMMI
* IBMI
* Boarding school for gifted children named after "Umid"
* A special boarding school for the blind and visually impaired children.
* Special boarding school for children with speech impediment No. 32.
=== Lyceums<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZiyoNET › Ta'lim muassasalari › Litseylar|url=http://institutions.ziyonet.uz/uz/object/index?RefObject%5Bname%5D=&RefObject%5Bestablishment_id%5D=lyceum&RefObject%5Bregion_id%5D=55&yt0=|access-date=2021-02-01|website=institutions.ziyonet.uz|language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===
* Academic lyceum under Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute
* Academic lyceum "Sayiljoy" under the Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
* Academic lyceum No. 2 under Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
=== Colleges<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZiyoNET › Ta'lim muassasalari › Kollejlar|url=http://institutions.ziyonet.uz/uz/object/index?RefObject%5Bname%5D=&RefObject%5Bestablishment_id%5D=college&RefObject%5Bregion_id%5D=55&yt0=|access-date=2021-02-01|website=institutions.ziyonet.uz|language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===
* Jizzakh Light Industry Vocational College
* Jizzakh Medical College
* Jizzax College of Pedagogy
* Jizzakh Vocational College of Architecture and Construction
* Jizzakh Regional Law College
* Jizzakh City Vocational College of Economics and Service
=== Universities ===
[[File:Jizzakh_state_pedagogical_university.jpg|thumb|Jizzakh State Pedagogical University]]
* [[Jizzakh State Pedagogical University]]
* Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute
* Uzbekistan National University Jizzakh Branch
* [[Kazan Federal University]] Jizzakh Branch
* Sambhram University Jizzakh Campus
== Sport ==
Jizzakh is a city with long sports [[tradition]]s and actively developing [[professional sports]]. Sports development is supervised by the Department of Culture and Sports of [[Jizzakh Region]].
'''Football'''
The city has a [[Football club (association football)|soccer club]] "Sogdiana" (called "Jizzakh" in 1970-1972 and 1975-1976). It plays its home matches at the [[stadium]] of the "Sogdiana" sports complex - a multipurpose arena, rebuilt in 2015 and now designed for 11,650 spectators (previously - the "Central" stadium, the "Jizzakh" stadium).
== Transportation ==
[[File:Jizzax-rails.jpg|thumb|Trans-Caspian railway]]
Jizzakh is a major transportation hub. The [[Rail transport|railroad]] and [[highway]] connecting the central and western regions with the eastern regions of Uzbekistan pass through the city.
Along the [[valley]] of the Sangzor River runs the highway "Big Uzbek Route", connecting the two largest cities and two [[Capital city|capitals]] of Uzbekistan: modern and ancient - the cities of [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarkand]].
An electrified [[Rail transport|railroad]] line connecting the cities of [[Tashkent]] and [[Samarkand]] passes through the city of Jizzakh, passing through the city of [[Xovos]]. Previously, there was also a non-electrified railroad line passing through [[Syr Darya]] station, which ceased to function in the 1990s.
Until 2010, a [[trolleybus]] transportation network operated in the city. Trolleybuses were replaced by [[bus]]es produced by the [[SamKochAvto]] on [[Isuzu]] [[chassis]], as well as shuttle buses based on [[Suzuki Carry|Daewoo Damas]] [[microcar]]s.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608173053/http://jz.uz/ JZ.UZ - Information portal of Jizzakh region]
{{Jizzakh Region}}
{{Cities in Uzbekistan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Populated places in Jizzakh Region]]
[[Category:Cities in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Samarkand Oblast]]