View source for Jo Heon

{{Short description|Korean official and commander (1544–1592)}}
{{family name hatnote|Jo||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| hangul   = 조헌
| hanja    = {{linktext|趙|憲}}
| rr       = Jo Heon
| mr       = Cho Hŏn
| hangulho = 중봉 or 도원 or 후율
| hanjaho  = {{linktext|重|峯}} or {{linktext|陶|原}} or {{linktext|後|栗}}
| rrho     = Jungbong or Dowon or Huyul
| mrho     = Chungbong or Towŏn or Huyul
| hangulja = 여식
| hanjaja  = {{linktext|汝|式}}
| rrja     = Yeosik
| mrja     = Yŏsik
| hangulph = 문열
| hanjaph  = {{linktext|文|烈}}
| rrph     = Munyeol
| mrph     = Munyŏl
| image    =
| caption  =
}}
'''Jo Heon'''  ({{Korean|hangul=조헌|hanja=趙憲}}, 1544 – 1592) was a [[Joseon dynasty|Joseon]] official and militia leader{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}}{{sfn|Lee|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA526 526]}} in Korea at the time of the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)|Imjin war]].{{sfn|Masayuki|2015|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sVu2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150]}} He believed that Japan under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] posed a threat to Korean security, but his warnings were not heeded. When war broke out in 1592, he raised a [[righteous army|volunteer militia]] to resist the Japanese invaders. He was killed during the second battle of Geumsan in 1592.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=284}}
==Political career==
Cho was a [[Yangban]], and was educated by the [[Confucian]] Song Hon. After passing the Examination, he moved to Ok'chon.{{sfn|Masayuki|2015}} He was a member of the [[Western faction]] in the Joseon court. He was opposed to the [[Tongsinsa]] mission to Japan, as he believed Japanese regent, Toyotomi Hideyoshi to be a usurper, and thought Japan would soon attack Korea.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=277}} He advocated launching a preemptive strike against Japan, but this suggestion was rejected.{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}}
==Outbreak of war==
In 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea, quickly overwhelming the southern provinces and capturing Seoul. Cho set out raising a civilian militia to fight against the Japanese forces. In August, he received a message from  [[Ko Kyŏng-myŏng]], another civilian militia leader, who proposed that they join forces and recapture Seoul. Cho agreed to this plan and prepared to leave his current position Chungchong province to attack Seoul. However, Ko backed out when he found the Japanese intended to invade his home province; instead he attacked [[Geumsan County|Geumsan]] during which he was killed.{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}}
== Battle of Chŏngju ==
Cho was an effective leader against the Japanese attack, using [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics at time to harass them.{{sfn|Masayuki|2015|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sVu2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 151–152]}}{{sfn|Seth|2016|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 156]}}
Cho decided to attack the Japanese-occupied city of [[Cheongju|Chŏngju]]. He joined forces with the warrior monk leader [[Yonggyu]], and moved to attack on 6 September 1592.{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}} The city was defended by a small Japanese force headed by [[Hachisuka Iemasa]]. Cho's forces took up positions outside the west gate. They defeated a small Japanese advance party, and approached the walls, but withdrew due to intense rain.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=282}}
The Righteous army lit fires and raised flags around their positions, so the defenders would think that they were a much larger force.{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}} The Japanese forces were not prepared to defend Chongju, and withdrew that day.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=282}} In the aftermath of the battle, the provincial governor Yun Son-gak filed an official report that did not credit Cho Hon's militia. They began to distrust Yonggyu's monk-soldiers and the government forces.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=283}}
==Second battle of Geumsan and death==
The Korean forces moved to attack Geumsan, where [[Ko Kyŏng-myŏng]] had been killed ([[Battle of Geumsan]]). The official government forces in Cholla province announced their intent to join the fight. Cho, resentful after his treatment in Yun Son-gak's report, announced that his militia would attack Geumsan alone, before any other Korean force did. He arrived at Geumsan on September 22.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=283}}
Geumsan was defended by [[Kobayakawa Takakage]]. When he heard that the Korean force was small, he decided to attack rather than defend from the city. He sent part of his force out in the night to encircle Cho's positions, and then opened the gates and charged with his main force. Cho Hŏn, as well as every member of his militia, were killed. Their bodies were interred in a mound called the Tomb of the Seven Hundred Martyrs.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|page=283}}
Yonggyu and his monk-soldiers attacked Geumsan in a third battle, in which he and all the monks were killed.{{sfn|Turnbull|Dennis|2012|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 91&ndash;92]}}
== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=Samuel |title=The Imjin War: Japan's sixteenth-century invasion of Korea and attempt to conquer China |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch]], Korea Branch Institute of East Asian Studies, [[University of California]] |location=Seoul, Berkeley|year=2005 |isbn=978-8995442425 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA526 |page=526 |title=Source book of Korean Civilization: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern |editor-first=Peter H. |editor-last=Lee |date=August 13, 2013 |volume=2 |isbn=9780231515306  |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|access-date=February 2, 2017 }}
* {{cite book |first=Nukii |last=Masayuki |title=The East Asian War, 1592–1598: International Relations, Violence and Memory |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James B. |publisher=[[Routledge]] [[Taylor & Francis Group]]|date=January 2, 2015 |isbn=978-1138786639 }}
*{{cite book |pages=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |title=A Concise History of Premodern Korea: From Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century |first1=Michael J. |last1=Seth |edition=Revised  |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-6043-6 |type=Hardback |date=March 2016 |access-date=January 26, 2017 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Turnbull |first1=Stephen |last2=Dennis |first2=Peter, Illustrator |title=Samurai Invasion. Japan's Korean War 1592–98 |edition=1st Printing, Imprint |orig-year=2002  |publisher=[[Cassell & Co]], [[Bloomsbury Publishing]], [[Osprey Publishing]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsXvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 |pages=91–92 |location=London |date=November 20, 2012 |format=EPUB eBook |isbn=978-0-304-35948-6  }}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jo, Heon}}
[[Category:People of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)]]
[[Category:1544 births]]
[[Category:1592 deaths]]
[[Category:Baecheon Jo clan]]