View source for Job 21

{{Short description|Book of Job, chapter 21}}
{{Bible chapter|letname= Job 21 |previouslink= Job 20 |previousletter= chapter 20 |nextlink= Job 22 |nextletter= chapter 22 |book=[[Book of Job]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 18 |hbiblepart= [[Ketuvim]] | hbooknum = 3 |category= [[Ketuvim#Sifrei Emet|Sifrei Emet]]  | filename= Leningrad-codex-16-job.pdf | size=240px |caption=The whole Book of Job in the [[Leningrad Codex]] (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.}}
'''Job 21''' is the 21st [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the [[Book of Job]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]].{{sfn|Halley|1965|pp=244–245}}<ref name=Holman>Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.</ref> The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=193}}{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=332}} This chapter records the speech of [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising [[Job 3:1]]–[[Job 31:40|31:40]].{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=335}}{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=18}}
==Text==
The original text is written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 34 verses.
===Textual witnesses===
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]], which includes the [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), and [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=36-37}}
There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), and [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}
==Analysis==
The structure of the book is as follows:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=17–23}}
*The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
*The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
*The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
*The Epilogue (42:7–17)
Within the structure, chapter 21 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=18–21}}
*Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26)
*Round One (4:1–14:22)
*Round Two (15:1–21:34)
**Eliphaz (15:1–35)
**Job (16:1–17:16)
**Bildad (18:1–21)
**Job (19:1–29)
**Zophar (20:1–29)
**'''Job (21:1–34)'''
***Change Your Attitude to Me (21:1–6)
***The Prospering of the Wicked (21:7–16)
***Why Are the Wicked Not Punished? (21:17–26)
***The Failure of the Friends (21:27–34)
*Round Three (22:1–27:23)
*Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28)
*Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40)
The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=335}}
Chapter 21 contains Job's last speech in the second cycle of debates with his friends, notably the only speech in which "Job confines his remarks to his friends".<ref>Andersen, F.I. (1976) ''Job'', TOTC. Downers Grove, IL:Intervarsity Press, p. 197, ''apud'' Wilson, 2015, p. 112</ref> The chapter can be divided into the following parts:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=112}}
*Job's plea to the friends to change their attitude (verses 1–6)
*Job questions why the wicked prosper (verses 7–16)
*Job aks how often the wicked are punished (verses 17–26)
*Job remarks the failure of the friends' rebuttals (verses 27–34){{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=112–115}}
[[File:Job (BM 1880,0710.197).jpg|right|thumb|200px|"[[Job (biblical figure)|Job]]". Print made by: Jules Laurens (c. 1849-1862). After: Alexandre Gabriel Decamps. British Museum.]]
=={{Anchor|Verses 1–6}}Job's plea to the friends to change their attitude (21:1–6)==
Job opens his speech with a plea for his friends to actually listen (instead of "mock") his words because if they were doing that, it would bring real comfort to him (verse 2–3).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=112}} Job's issue is that the friends are interfering his complaint with God with their inaccurate presumption or silence toward his defence (verse 4–5).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=113}} The task to lay complaint before an almight God is a dangerous task, hence Job approaches this with trembling (verse 6).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=113}}
===Verse 4===
:[Job said:] ''"As for me, is my complaint against man?''
::''And if it were, why should I not be impatient?"''<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|21:4|NKJV}} [[New King James Version|NKJV]]</ref>
*"Why should I not be impatient": literally in Hebrew: "why should my spirit/breath not be short" (cf. Numbers 21:4; Judges 16:16).<ref>Note [d] on Job 21:4 in [[New English Translation|NET Bible]]</ref> Job knows that his complaint is with God, not with any human beings, therefore he hopes that his friends would be his allies, but they instead add to Job's trauma by accusing him.{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=129}}
=={{Anchor|Verses 7–26}}Job explores why the wicked are not always punished as the friends insisted (21:7–26)==
This section has two main parts in which Job explores the apparent anomalies of what the friends stated about the fate of the wicked:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=112–114}}
# Why the wicked can prosper despite their attitude toward God (verses 7–16)
# How often the wicked are punished (verses 17–26)
Job is suspicious of any attempt to trim the facts to fit into a 'tidy theological system', and he confronts the friends to match their neat imaginary world with the reality.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=112}}
Verse 7 contains the statement of the general problem for the first topic: "why the wicked not only exist but also live a long life ("advance to old age") and grow mighty in power and wealth".{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=113}} The second topic is framed by the 'reality of death' (verses 17–18 and verses 25–26) as Job asks "how often do the wicked die prematurely" in a series of rhetorical questions with the expected answer: "hardly ever".{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=114}} The implication of both topics is the arbitrariness (lack of connection) between 'a person's righteousness and the fullness of that person's life', thus the divine retribution is not actually reflected in the world.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=115}}
===Verse 16===
:[Job said:] ''"Lo, their good is not in their hand: the counsel of the wicked is far from me."''<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|21:16|KJV}} [[King James Version|KJV]]</ref>
*"Is not in their hand": implying that one's well-being is from God, although the wicked may enjoy prosperity as if it is their right.<ref>Note [a] on Job 21:16 in NET Bible</ref>
*"The counsel of the wicked is far from me" or "far be from me their counsel';<ref>Note [b] on Job 21:16 in NET Bible</ref> an echo of [[Psalm 1]]:1 to prove that Job is not in the company of the wicked.{{sfn|Estes|2013|pp=129–130}}
=={{Anchor|Verses 27–34}}Job remarks the failure of the friends' rebuttals (21:27–34)==
After challenging the friends of their thinking process, Job criticizes them for being blind an deaf to reality because of their rigid theological systems.(verses 29–33).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=115}} Job closes the second round of debate by pointing out the insubstantiality of his friends' comfort until now ('mere hot air') and the faithlessness or treachery of what is left standing in their speeches (verse 34).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=114–115}}
===Verse 29===
:[Job said:] ''"Have you not asked them who travel the road?''
::''And do you not know their signs?"''<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|21:29|MEV}} [[Modern English Version|MEV]]</ref>
*"Know their signs": refers to the custom of ancient merchants and travellers to write their names and thoughts (what they have seen and heard) somewhere at the main cross-roads, for example the main roads of Sinai are 'dotted with these scribblings made by such passers of a day.'<ref>Dhorme E. Job, p. 322; ''apud'' note on Job 21:29 in NET Bible.</ref>
The Greek Septuagint version renders the verse as: “Ask those who go by the way, and do not disown their signs.”<ref>Note on Job 21:29 in NET Bible</ref>
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Cattle]]
*[[Divine Providence]]
*[[Harp]]
*[[Last Judgment]]
*[[Righteousness]]
*[[Timbrel]]
}}
*Related [[Bible]] parts: [[Job 20]], [[Job 42]], [[Psalm 1]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{Cite book |last = Alter |first = Robert |title = The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary |publisher = W.W. Norton & Co |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TujOn209Ts8C| isbn = 978-0393080735}}
*{{Cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| authorlink= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last= Crenshaw | first= James L. | chapter = 17. Job | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 331–355 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
*{{Cite book|last= Estes | first = Daniel J. | title= Job | series= Teach the Text Commentary Series |editor-first1= John H. |editor-last1=Walton |editor-first2= Mark L. |editor-last2=Strauss | place= United States |publisher =Baker Publishing Group | year= 2013 |isbn = 9781441242778 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SpFRU1n-oUMC }}
*{{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Kathleen A. |chapter = The Wisdom Books |editor1-last = McKenzie |editor1-first = Steven L. |editor2-last = Graham |editor2-first = Matt Patrick |title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC |isbn = 978-0-66425652-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| authorlink= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zsG4oLToI7oC | isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
*{{Cite book | last1 = Kugler | first1 = Robert | last2 = Hartin | first2 = Patrick J. | title = An Introduction to the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4636-5 }}
*{{Cite book | last1 =Walton | first1 = John H.| title = Job | place= United States | publisher =  Zondervan  |year= 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ9CvY0NccC | isbn = 9780310492009  }}
*{{Cite book | last1 =Wilson | first1 = Lindsay | title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_IpyCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781467443289  }}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year=  1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}
==External links==
* [[Judaism|Jewish]] translations:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16423 Iyov - Job - Chapter 21 (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [[Christianity|Christian]] translations:
** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Job+21 ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=21&version=9 Book of Job Chapter 21]. Various versions
* {{librivox book | title=Book of Job}} Various versions
{{Book of Job}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Job 21}}
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[[Category:Book of Job chapters|21]]