View source for John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol

{{Short description|English diplomat (1580–1653)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder|image=John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol .PNG}}
'''John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol''' (February 1580 – 21 January 1653),<ref name=ODNB-DigbyBristol1>David L. Smith, 'Digby, John, first earl of Bristol (1580–1653)’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008.</ref> was an [[England|English]] [[diplomacy|diplomat]] and a moderate royalist during the [[English Civil War]].
== Early career ==
He was the son of Sir George Digby of [[Coleshill, Warwickshire]], and Abigail, daughter of Sir Anthony (not Arthur) Heveningham and educated at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]] and the [[Inner Temple]].<ref>{{acad|id=DGBY595J|name=Digby, John}}</ref> He was knighted in 1606. He was briefly the Member of Parliament for [[Hedon (UK Parliament constituency)|Hedon]] in 1610.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/digby-sir-john-1581-1653|title=DIGBY, Sir John (1581-1653), of Bromham, Beds. and Great Queen Street, Westminster; later of Sherborne, Dorset|publisher=History of Parliament Trust|access-date= 5 April 2019}}</ref>[[Image:1stEarlOfBristol.jpg|thumb|200px|The Earl of Bristol.|left]]
On his arrival at Court, his charm, good looks and diplomatic ability quickly gained him the favour of [[James I of England|King James I]], who sent him to Madrid as his [[ambassador]] to [[Spain]] during the early 1610s. Digby uncovered details of Spanish pensions paid to the late [[Sir Robert Cecil|Earl of Salisbury]], the naval officer [[William Monson (Royal Navy officer)|William Monson]], [[Jean Ker, Countess of Roxburghe|Lady Jane Drummond]], and the [[Catherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk|Countess of Suffolk]].<ref>Óscar Alfredo Ruiz Fernández, ''England and Spain in the Early Modern Era: Royal Love, Diplomacy, Trade and Naval Relations'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2020), pp. 99, 104.</ref><ref>Sheila R. Richards, ''Secret Writing in the Public Records'' (London: HMSO, 1974), pp. 71–84.</ref> Digby was rewarded for his service as a diplomat by being created Baron Digby of Sherborne in 1618 and Earl of Bristol in 1622.
Digby was a leading figure in the unsuccessful [[Spanish Match]], the effort to marry [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]] to the [[Infanta]] [[Maria Anna of Spain]]. Digby was made the scapegoat for the failure of the marriage plan, recalled and ordered to reside on his estates. Charles after his accession offered Digby a return to royal favour if he would admit his blame for the failure of the match: Digby, who was a stubborn and hot-tempered man, and could be terrifying in his anger, refused. Charles, infuriated, [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeached]] him and sent him to the [[Tower of London]]; Digby, undaunted, made counter-charges against [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], the prime royal favourite. Ominously for the King's reputation, the [[House of Lords]] decided to hear Digby in his own defence first.  His trial never proceeded, although he remained in the Tower until 1628, and the affair seriously damaged the King's reputation as a man of honour.<ref>Kenyon, J.P. ''Stuart England'' Allen Lane 1978</ref>
The murder of the Duke of Buckingham in August 1628 caused Digby to reconsider his opposition to the King: like [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Strafford]] and others among the Lords he was alarmed at Parliament's increasing radicalism. He offered his services to Charles and was formally reconciled with him. Charles, however, was slow to trust those who had ever opposed him and Digby had little influence at Court in the 1630s.<ref>[[Veronica Wedgwood|Wedgwood, C.V.]], ''Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford-a revaluation'', Jonathan Cape, 1961</ref>
== Civil War ==
As the political crisis of the early 1640s mounted, Digby emerged as a trusted and moderate royal adviser, along with his son George, Lord Digby. At the Council of Peers held at [[York]] in September 1640, the King showed an unprecedented willingness to listen to Bristol's criticism of his policy, and agreed to his advice that a Parliament must be summoned.<ref>Wedgwood C.V. ''The King's Peace''  William Collins Son and Co. 1955</ref> 1641 saw a complete reconciliation between the two men: Bristol with [[Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford|Lord Bedford]] became leader of the moderate Royalists in the [[House of Lords]], working to achieve a compromise with [[John Pym]], and save the Earl of Strafford's life. After the collapse of the attempt at compromise Bristol came increasingly to be seen as a "hardline" royalist: as such Parliament imprisoned him after the outbreak of the Civil War, although he was later allowed to join the King at [[Oxford]]. After the [[Battle of Edgehill]] he was one of the "moderate party" who persuaded the King not to attempt to take London, which might have brought the war to a swift conclusion. After the King's defeat, he moved to Paris and died there in 1653 aged 72.
== Character ==
[[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Clarendon]], who knew and liked Bristol, gave this sketch of him:<ref>Clarendon, Earl of ''History of the Great Rebellion''</ref>
"Of a grave aspect, of a presence which drew respect, and a very handsome man who by the extraordinary favour of King James to his person was Ambassador to Spain before he was 30. Though he was a man of great parts and a wise man in Council he was passionate and supercilious and was too voluminous in discourse so that he was not considered there with much respect."
A modern historian praises him as the greatest servant of the English Crown of his generation, but humorously calls him "the terrible earl", on account of his hot temper and intimidating personality.<ref>Kenyon, J.P. ''The Stuarts'' B.T. Batsford 1958</ref>
== Marriage and progeny ==
Lord Bristol lived at [[Sherborne Castle]], [[Dorset]]. He married Beatrice Walcott (died 1658), widow of Sir John Dyve of [[Bromham, Bedfordshire]], in 1609 and they had four surviving children:
*[[George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol]]
*Mary Digby (1612–1648), who married as his 2nd wife [[Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall]] (1606–1674). They had six sons and one daughter, all of whom died in infancy. She died on 5 November 1648 while giving birth to a second daughter stillborn. She was buried in [[Eggesford]] Church, Devon, where is situated her memorial effigy.<ref>Per monument in [[Eggesford]] Church, Devon</ref>
*[[John Digby (1618–1664)]]
*Abigail Digby (d 1640), married George Freke of Sherbourne, Dorset  (son of [[John Freke (MP)|John Freke]]) and bore one son, John.<ref>Dorset Online Parish Clerks: Sherbourne Wills, https://www.opcdorset.org/SherborneFiles/SherborneHutchinsWills.htm Retrieved 10 May 2021</ref>
Through her previous marriage, Lady Bristol was the mother of the prominent Royalist Sir [[Lewis Dyve]].
Digby was the uncle of Sir [[Kenelm Digby]],{{disputed inline|talk=Talk:Kenelm Digby#Relationship of Kenelm to John|date=May 2020}} English courtier, diplomat and a highly reputed natural philosopher.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Bristol, John Digby, 1st Earl of}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221093215/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/BristolJ Short biography]
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
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{{succession box | title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Spain|English Ambassador to Spain]] | before=[[John Man]] | after=[[Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington|The Earl of Arlington]] | years=1610–1624}}
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{{s-bef| before = [[Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington|The Lord Cottington]] <br/> [[Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles|Sir Denzil Holles]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Custos Rotulorum of Dorset]]
| with   = [[Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington|The Lord Cottington]]
| with2  = [[Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles|Sir Denzil Holles]]
| years  = 1642–1646 }}
{{s-non| reason = Interregnum }}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-new| rows   = 2 | creation}}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Earl of Bristol]]
| years  = 1622–1653 }}
{{s-aft| rows   = 2 | after  = [[George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol|George Digby]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Baron Digby]]<br /><small>(descended by [[writ of acceleration|acceleration]])</small>
| years  = 1618–1641 }}
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[[Category:1580 births]]
[[Category:1653 deaths]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Earls of Bristol (1622 creation)|01]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of England to Spain]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of England to the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Cavaliers]]
[[Category:Digby family|John]]
[[Category:17th-century English diplomats]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Peers of England created by James I]]
[[Category:English MPs 1604–1611]]
[[Category:Impeached British officials]]