View source for Jordan River (Utah)

{{short description|River feeding the Great Salt Lake, US}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Jordan River
| name_native        =
| name_native_lang   =
| name_other         = Proveau's Fork, West Jordan River
| name_etymology     = Named after the [[Jordan River]]
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              = Jordan River Dam, 1908-01-28.jpg
| image_caption      = Dam at Jordan River Narrows in 1901
| image_size         = 300
| map                = Jordan River Utah with locator map.png
| map_size           = 300
| map_caption        = Map of the Jordan Subbasin and the location of Salt Lake County in Utah (inset)
| pushpin_map        =
| pushpin_map_size   =
| pushpin_map_caption=
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type2  = State
| subdivision_name2  = [[Utah]]
| subdivision_type3  =
| subdivision_name3  =
| subdivision_type4  = Counties
| subdivision_name4  = [[Utah County, Utah|Utah]], [[Salt Lake County, Utah|Salt Lake]]
| subdivision_type5  =
| subdivision_name5  =
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length             = {{convert|51.4|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="riverlength">Length per Utah Division of Water Quality {{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2009|p=18}} (some sources quote other lengths)</ref>
| width_min          =
| width_avg          =
| width_max          =
| depth_min          =
| depth_avg          =
| depth_max          =
| discharge1_location= [[mouth]]
| discharge1_min     =
| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|524|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max     =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = [[Utah Lake]]
| source1_location   = [[Utah County, Utah|Utah County]], [[Utah]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|40|21|34|N|111|53|40|W|display=inline}}<ref name="gnis">{{GNIS|1442221|Jordan River}}</ref>
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|4489|ft|abbr=on}}(compromise level)<ref name="Management Plan 1989 4">{{Harvnb|Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan|1989|p=4}}</ref>
| mouth              = [[Great Salt Lake]]
| mouth_location     = [[Davis County, Utah|Davis County]], [[Utah]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|40|53|52|N|111|58|25|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name="gnis" />
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|4200|ft|abbr=on}}(historical average)<ref name="GSLelevation">{{Citation | url=http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake | title=Great Salt Lake, Utah | work=Utah Water Science Center | publisher=United States Geological Survey | access-date=25 Mar 2010 | archive-date=6 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506153724/http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| progression        =
| river_system       =
| basin_size         = {{convert|791|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydro Survey Map p54">{{Harvnb|Hydrologic Survey Maps|1987|p=53}}</ref>
| tributaries_left   =
| tributaries_right  =
| custom_label       =
| custom_data        =
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}}
The '''Jordan River''' is a {{convert|51.4|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} river in the U.S. state of [[Utah]]. Regulated by pumps at its headwaters at [[Utah Lake]], it flows northward through the [[Salt Lake Valley]] and empties into the [[Great Salt Lake]]. Four of Utah's six largest cities border the river: [[Salt Lake City]], [[West Valley City, Utah|West Valley City]], [[West Jordan, Utah|West Jordan]], and [[Sandy, Utah|Sandy]]. More than a million people live in the Jordan Subbasin, part of the Jordan River watershed that lies within Salt Lake and Utah counties. During the [[Pleistocene]], the area was part of [[Lake Bonneville]].
Members of the [[Archaic period in the Americas|Desert Archaic Culture]] were the earliest known inhabitants of the region; an archaeological site found along the river dates back 3,000 years. [[Mormon pioneers]] led by [[Brigham Young]] were the first [[European Americans|European American]] settlers, arriving in July 1847 and establishing farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. The growing population, needing water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use in an arid climate, dug ditches and canals, built dams, and installed pumps to create a highly regulated river.
Although the Jordan was originally a cold-water [[fishery]] with 13 native species, including [[Bonneville cutthroat trout]], it has become a warm-water fishery where the [[common carp]] is most abundant. It was heavily polluted for many years by raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and mining wastes. In the 1960s, sewage treatment removed many pollutants. In the 21st&nbsp;century, pollution is further limited by the [[Clean Water Act]], and, in some cases, the [[Superfund]] program. Once the home of [[bighorn sheep]] and [[North American beaver|beaver]], the contemporary river is frequented by [[raccoon]]s, [[red fox]]es, and domestic pets. It is an important avian resource, as are the Great Salt Lake and [[Utah Lake]], visited by more than 200 bird species.
[[Big Cottonwood Creek|Big Cottonwood]], [[Little Cottonwood Creek|Little Cottonwood]], [[Red Butte Creek (Salt Lake County, Utah)|Red Butte]], Mill, Parley's, and City creeks, as well as smaller streams like [[Willow Creek (Jordan River)|Willow Creek]] at [[Draper, Utah]], flow through the sub-basin. The [[Jordan River Parkway]] along the river includes natural areas, botanical gardens, golf courses, and a {{convert|40|mi|km|adj=on}} bicycle and pedestrian trail, completed in 2017.<ref>[https://jordanrivercommission.com/completion-of-the-jordan-river-parkway/ Completion of the Jordan River Parkway], Jordan River Commission</ref>
==Course==
The Jordan River is Utah Lake's only outflow. It originates at the northern end of the lake between the cities of [[Lehi, Utah|Lehi]] and [[Saratoga Springs, Utah|Saratoga Springs]].  It then meanders north through the north end of [[Utah Valley]] for approximately {{convert|8|mi|km}} until it passes through a gorge in the [[Traverse Mountains]], known as the Jordan Narrows. The [[Utah National Guard]] base at [[Camp W. G. Williams|Camp Williams]] lies on the western side of the river through much of the Jordan Narrows.<ref name="usgs">{{Cite web|url=http://gis.utah.gov/sgid-scanned-maps/by-quad-name-usgs-scanned-topographic-maps-1-100000-geotiff |title=USGS Scanned Topographic Maps (1:100000, GeoTIFF) |publisher=Utah GIS Portal |access-date=21 Apr 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424013231/http://gis.utah.gov/sgid-scanned-maps/by-quad-name-usgs-scanned-topographic-maps-1-100000-geotiff |archive-date=2010-04-24 }}</ref><ref name="utahgis">{{Citation|url=http://gis.utah.gov/sgid-vector-download/utah-sgid-vector-gis-data-layer-download-index?fc=Municipalities |title=Municipalities |work=Utah SGID: Vector GIS Data Layer Download Index |publisher=Utah GIS Portal |access-date=21 Apr 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422223105/http://gis.utah.gov/sgid-vector-download/utah-sgid-vector-gis-data-layer-download-index?fc=Municipalities |archive-date=2010-04-22 }}</ref>  The Turner Dam, located {{convert|41.8|mi|km}} from the river's mouth (or at [[river mile]] 41.8) and within the boundaries of the Jordan Narrows, is the first of two dams of the Jordan River.  Turner Dam diverts the water to the right or easterly into the [[East Jordan Canal]] and to the left or westerly toward the [[Utah and Salt Lake Canal]]. Two pumping stations situated next to Turner Dam divert water to the west into the [[Provo Reservoir Canal]], [[Utah Lake Distribution Canal]], and [[Jacob-Welby Canal]].  The Provo Reservoir Canal runs north through Salt Lake County, Jacob-Welby runs south through Utah County. The Utah Lake Distribution Canal runs both north and south, eventually leading back into Utah Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley|2005|pp=4–31}}</ref>  Outside the narrows, the river reaches the second dam, known as Joint Dam, which is {{convert|39.9|mi|km}} from the river's mouth. Joint Dam diverts water to the east for the [[Jordan and Salt Lake City Canal]] and to the west for the [[South Jordan Canal]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|pp=55–56}}</ref><ref name="Jordan River TMDL 2009 19">{{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2009|p=19}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan|1989|pp=1–2}}</ref>
[[Image:Salt Lake Valley.png|left|thumb|alt=A map showing the Salt Lake Valley. It shows the locations of the cities inside the valley with mountain ranges on either side of the valley.|Map of the Salt Lake Valley]]
The river then flows through the middle of the Salt Lake Valley, initially moving through the city of [[Bluffdale, Utah|Bluffdale]] and then forming the border between the cities of [[Riverton, Utah|Riverton]] and [[Draper, Utah|Draper]].<ref name="usgs" /> The river then enters the city of [[South Jordan, Utah|South Jordan]] where it merges with Midas Creek from the west. Upon leaving South Jordan, the river forms the border between the cities of West Jordan on the west and Sandy and [[Midvale, Utah|Midvale]] on the east.  From the west, Bingham Creek enters West Jordan. Dry Creek, an eastern tributary, combines with the main river in Sandy. The river then forms the border between the cities of [[Taylorsville, Utah|Taylorsville]] and West Valley City on the west and [[Murray, Utah|Murray]] and [[South Salt Lake, Utah|South Salt Lake]] on the east.  The river flows underneath [[Interstate 215 (Utah)|Interstate 215]] in Murray.  Little and [[Big Cottonwood Creek]]s enter from the east in Murray, {{convert|21.7|mi|km}} and {{convert|20.6|mi|km}} from the mouth respectively. Mill Creek enters on the east in South Salt Lake, {{convert|17.3|mi|km}} from the mouth. The river runs through the middle of Salt Lake City, where the river travels underneath [[Interstate 80 in Utah|Interstate 80]] a mile west of downtown Salt Lake City and again underneath Interstate 215 in the northern portion of Salt Lake City.  [[Interstate 15 in Utah|Interstate 15]] parallels the river's eastern flank throughout Salt Lake County. At {{convert|16|mi|km}} from the mouth, the river enters the Surplus Canal channel.  The Jordan River physically diverts from the Surplus Canal through four gates and heads north with the Surplus Canal heading northwest.  Parley's, Emigration, and Red Butte Creeks converge from the east through an underground pipe, {{convert|14.2|mi|km}} from the mouth.<ref name="usgs" /> City Creek also enters via an underground pipe, {{convert|11.5|mi|km}} from the river's mouth.  The length of the river and the elevation of its mouth varies year to year depending on the fluctuations of the Great Salt Lake caused by weather conditions. The lake has an average elevation of {{convert|4200|ft|m}} which can deviate by {{convert|10|ft|m}}.<ref name="GSLelevation" />  The Jordan River then continues for {{convert|9|to|12|mi|km}} with Salt Lake County on the west and [[North Salt Lake, Utah|North Salt Lake]] and Davis County on the east until it empties into the Great Salt Lake.<ref name="usgs" /><ref name="utahgis" /><ref name="Jordan River TMDL 2009 19"/>
===Discharge===
The [[United States Geological Survey]] maintains a [[stream gauge]] in Salt Lake City that shows annual runoff from the period 1980–2003 is just over {{convert|150,000|acre.ft|m3|lk=in}} per year or 100 percent of the total {{convert|800,000|acre.ft|m3}} of water entering the Jordan River from all sources.  The Surplus Canal carries almost 60 percent of the water into the Great Salt Lake, with various irrigation canals responsible for the rest.  The amount of water entering the Jordan River from Utah Lake is just over {{convert|400,000|acre.ft|m3}} per year.  Inflow from the 11 largest streams feeding the Jordan River, sewage treatment plants, and groundwater each account for approximately 15 percent of water entering the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2009|pp=35–39}}</ref>
==Watershed==
[[Image:Jordan River Basin.png|left|thumb|alt=The Jordan River Basin is in northern Utah.|Map of the entire Jordan River Basin]]
The Jordan Subbasin, as defined by the United States Geological Survey, is located entirely within Salt Lake and Utah counties in a roughly rectangular area of {{convert|791|sqmi|km2}}. The Subbasin is part of the larger {{convert|3830|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} Jordan River Basin that includes the upper Jordan River, Utah Lake, Provo and Spanish Fork Subbasins.<ref name="Hydro Survey Map p54" /><ref>{{Citation | url=http://watershed.org/?q=node/187 | title=Recommended Watershed Terminology | publisher=Watershed Management Council | access-date=25 May 2010 | archive-date=21 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172856/http://watershed.org/?q=node%2F187 | url-status=live }}</ref>  Four of the six largest cities in Utah are in Salt Lake County. The Jordan River flows through Sandy, with a 2010 population of 87,461; West Jordan, population 103,712; West Valley City, population 129,480; and Salt Lake City, population 186,440.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – Place |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |year=2010 |access-date=7 Jan 2012 }}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>  Flanked on either side by mountain ranges, the topography of the land varies greatly. The [[Wasatch Range]] rises on the east, with a high point of {{convert|11100|ft|m}} above sea level at [[American Fork Twin Peaks|Twin Peaks]], near the town of [[Alta, Utah|Alta]]. The [[Oquirrh Mountains]] rise on the west, with a high point of over {{convert|9000|ft|m}} above sea level at [[Farnsworth Peak]]. The low point of {{convert|4200|ft|m}} is at the river's mouth, where the river enters the Great Salt Lake. Both the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains are [[fault-block mountain]]s created from [[Fault (geology)#Fault types|normal-slip faults]] where the mountains rise at the fault and the valley floor drops.  The [[Wasatch Fault]] runs along the western edge of the Wasatch Mountains, and the Oquirrh Fault runs along the eastern edge of the Oquirrh Mountains.<ref>{{Harvnb|Black et al.|1996|pp=1–3}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Lund|1996|pp=1–3}}</ref>
[[Image:Normal-slip fault.png|right|thumb|150px|alt=A diagram showing two triangles.|Cross-sectional illustration of a normal-slip fault]]
From approximately 75,000 to 8,000 years ago, much of what is now northern Utah was covered by a Pleistocene lake called [[Lake Bonneville]]. At its greatest extent, Lake Bonneville reached an elevation of {{convert|5200|ft|m}} above sea level and had a surface area of {{convert|19800|sqmi|km2}}. The lake left behind [[lacustrine plain|lacustrine sediments]], which resulted in a relatively flat lake bed, and the valley floors have seen today. As the region experienced an increasingly warmer and drier climate over time, Lake Bonneville's water levels receded, leaving the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake as remnants.<ref>{{Harvnb|Brimhall|Merritt|1981|pp=25–27}}</ref>  The river's greatest slope, {{convert|27|ft/mi|m/km}}, is in the Jordan Narrows, while the rest of the river has a more gentle slope of {{convert|2|to|4|ft/mi|m/km|1}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Stability Study|1992|pp=3–5}}</ref>
Approximately {{convert|237,000|acre|km2}} (46 percent of land area) of the Jordan Subbasin is in the Wasatch, Oquirrh and Traverse mountains.<ref name="watershed">{{cite web | url= http://slco.org/watershed/html/JRwshedfacts.html | title= Watershed Facts | work= Watershed Planning and Restoration Program | publisher= [[Salt Lake County, Utah]] | access-date= 26 Mar 2010 | archive-date= 1 July 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701130420/http://slco.org/watershed/html/JRwshedfacts.html | url-status= live }}</ref>  The [[United States Forest Service]] manages {{convert|91,000|acre|km2}} of land in the Wasatch Range. The vast majority of the Oquirrh Range is privately held,<ref>{{Harvnb|Oquirrh Mountains|1999|p=2}}</ref> with [[Kennecott Copper Mine]] owning most of the land. The State of Utah has scattered land holdings of {{convert|9,800|acre|km2}} throughout the subbasin and owns the beds of all navigable streams and lakes.<ref name=watershed />
The Jordan Subbasin has two distinct climate zones. The lower elevations are characterized as a [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|cold, semi-arid climate]], with four distinct seasons. Both summer and winter are long, with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Salt Lake City receives {{convert|61|in|cm}} of snow annually, part of a total of {{convert|16.5|in|mm}} of precipitation per year.  The mean maximum temperature is {{convert|91|F|C}} in July and {{convert|37|F|C}} in January<ref>{{Harvnb|Salt Lake City Climatology|2004|pp=1–3}}</ref>  Areas of higher elevation have two distinct seasons, summer and winter. One of the areas of highest elevation, Alta, Utah, receives {{convert|458|in|ft cm}} of snow annually, part of a total of {{convert|46|in|mm}} of precipitation per year.  The mean maximum temperature is {{convert|73|F|C}} in July and {{convert|31|F|C}} in January.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alta Climatology|2020}}</ref>
==History==
The first known inhabitants of the banks of the Jordan River were members of the Desert Archaic Culture, a group of nomadic hunter-gatherers. A 3,000-year-old archaeological site, called the Soo'nkahni Village, was uncovered next to the Jordan River.<ref>{{cite news |title= Tribal leaders say UTA 'ignores' them |newspaper= [[Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=4 Mar 2010}}</ref> The next recorded inhabitants, between 400 A.D. to around 1350 A.D., were the [[Fremont culture|Fremont people]], composed of several scattered bands of hunters and farmers living in what is now southern [[Idaho]], western [[Nevada]] and most of Utah.<ref>{{citation |first= David B. |last= Madsen |contribution-url= http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/f/FREMONT_THE.html |contribution= The Fremont |editor-last= Powell |editor-first= Allan Kent |year= 1994 |title= Utah History Encyclopedia |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn= 0-87480-425-6 |oclc= 30473917 |access-date= 2013-10-31 |archive-date= 2013-11-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101225340/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/f/FREMONT_THE.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> The disappearance of the Fremont people has been attributed to both changing climatic conditions, which put an end to favorable weather for farming, and to the arrival of ancestors to the present-day [[Ute Tribe|Ute]], [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]], and [[Northwestern Shoshone]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Madsen|2002|pp=13–14}}</ref>  Although there were no permanent Native American settlements when European settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, the area bordered land occupied by several tribes, such as the Timpanogos band of the Utes in Utah Valley,<ref>{{Harvnb|Janetski|1991|pp=32–33}}</ref> the [[Goshute]]s on the western side of the Oquirrh Mountain Range<ref>{{Harvnb|Cuch|2000|p=75}}</ref> and the Northwestern Shoshone north of the Salt Lake Valley.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madsen|1985|pp=6–7}}</ref>
In 1776, Franciscan missionary [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] was trying to find a land route from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], to [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[California]]. His party included twelve Spanish colonials and two Utes from the Utah Valley Timpanogots band who acted as guides. On 23 September 1776, the party entered Utah Valley at the present-day city of [[Spanish Fork, Utah|Spanish Fork]]. The local Timanogots villagers hosted them and told them of the lake to the north.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html | last=Alexander | first=Thomas G. | title=Dominguez-Escalante Expedition | work=Utah History to Go | publisher=[[Utah State Historical Society]] | access-date=27 Mar 2010 | archive-date=8 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408122223/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>  In his journal, Escalante described Utah Lake as a "lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, [and] extends as far as one of these valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger."  The Great Salt Lake was described as the "other lake with which this one communicates, according to what they told us, [and] covers many leagues, and its waters are noxious and extremely salty."<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html#september25 |title=Derrotero y Diario |work=Early Americas digital archive |publisher=[[Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities]] |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071254/http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>
The next group of Europeans to see the Jordan River was the party of [[Étienne Provost]], a [[French Canadian]] trapper. In October 1824, Provost's party was lured into a Shoshone camp somewhere along the Jordan River, where they were attacked in retaliation for the murder of a local chief. In truth, the murder was committed by a member of [[Peter Skene Ogden]]'s party. The men were caught off guard, and fifteen perished, but Provost and two others escaped.<ref>{{Citation | last=Alter | first=Cecil | title=Journal of W.A. Ferris 1830–1835| journal=Utah Historical Quarterly | volume=9 | year=1941 | pages=105–106| doi=10.2307/45057569 | jstor=45057569 | s2cid=254445343 }}</ref> The river was historically named '''Proveau's Fork''',<ref name=Cott>{{cite book |title=Utah Place Names: A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names: A Compilation |author=John W. Van Cott |page=208 |publisher=University of Utah Press |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3Pqk9tazU4C&q=utah+place+names+jordan+river&pg=PA208 |access-date=2013-12-15 |isbn=9780874803457 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225306/https://books.google.com/books?id=z3Pqk9tazU4C&q=utah+place+names+jordan+river&pg=PA208 |url-status=live }}</ref> as the Quebec-born fur trapper was known as Proveau and Provot, in addition to Provost (and the pronunciation was "Provo").<ref>{{cite book |title=Trappers of the Far West: Sixteen Biographical Sketches |author=LeRoy R. Hafen |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPWRJunOPysC&q=etienne+proveau+or+provost&pg=PA1 |access-date=2013-12-15 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1965 |isbn=0803272189 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225306/https://books.google.com/books?id=nPWRJunOPysC&q=etienne+proveau+or+provost&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Historical populations
| title=Salt Lake County population
| 1850 |6157
| 1900 |77725
| 1950 |274895
| 1960 |383035
| 1970 |458607
| 1980 |619066
| 1990 |725956
| 2000 |898387
| 2010 |1029655
| footnote=sources:<ref>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1855|p=870}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ut190090.txt | title=Utah Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 | publisher=U.S. Census | access-date=21 Apr 2010 | archive-date=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101559/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ut190090.txt | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/49/49035.html |title=Salt Lake County, Utah |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census |access-date=15 Jan 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714215428/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/49/49035.html |archive-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref>
|}}
On 22 July 1847, the first party of [[Mormon pioneers]] arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, and five days later another party led by [[Brigham Young]] crossed the Jordan River and bathed in the Great Salt Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=263}}</ref>  The [[Jordan River|River Jordan]] (located in the [[Middle East]]) drains the [[Sea of Galilee]] into the [[Dead Sea]] in a way which the settlers found remarkably similar to the way the as-yet-unnamed local river drained Utah Lake into the saline Great Salt Lake.  This similarity influenced the eventual name of the river, and on 22 August 1847, a conference was held and the name '''Western Jordan River''' was decided upon,<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=266}}</ref> although it was later shortened to the '''Jordan River'''. By 1850, settlements were established along the Jordan River, Big Cottonwood Creek, Little Cottonwood Creek, Mill Creek, Parley's Creek and Emigration Creek.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|p=24}}</ref>  In 1850, Captain [[Howard Stansbury]] of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers#History|United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers]] traveled the entire length of the Jordan River,<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=156–157}}</ref> surveying<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|p=297}}</ref> and making observations of the wildlife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=307–397}}</ref> In 1869 the river was used to float logs and ties utilized in the construction of the [[Utah Central Railroad (1869–1881) | Utah Central Railroad]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Hallaran | first = Kevin B. | title = Utah History Encyclopedia | publisher = University of Utah Press | year = 1994 | chapter = Jordan River | chapter-url = https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/j/JORDAN_RIVER.shtml | url = https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240321165133/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/j/JORDAN_RIVER.shtml | archive-date = March 21, 2024 | isbn =9780874804256 | access-date = May 17, 2024}}</ref>
Around the year 1887 at [[Bingham Canyon, Utah|Bingham Canyon]] in the Oquirrh Mountains, low-grade copper deposits were discovered and [[mining claim]]s were filed.  Bingham Canyon is a [[porphyry copper deposit]] where [[magma]] containing copper, molybdenum, gold and other minerals slowly moved its way to the surface and cooled into rock.<ref>{{Citation | last=Tooker | first=Edwin | title=Gold in the Bingham district, Utah | journal=US Geological Survey Bulletin | volume=1857-E | year=1990}}</ref>  By 1890, underground copper mining had started, and in 1907, Kennecott Copper Mine started [[open pit mining]].<ref>{{citation |first1= Louis J. |last1= Cononelos |first2= Philip F. |last2= Notarianni |contribution= Kennecott Corporation |contribution-url= http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/k/KENNECOTT_CORPORATION.html |editor-last= Powell |editor-first= Allan Kent |year= 1994 |title= Utah History Encyclopedia |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn= 0-87480-425-6 |oclc= 30473917 |access-date= 2013-10-31 |archive-date= 2013-11-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101233458/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/k/KENNECOTT_CORPORATION.html |url-status= live }}</ref>  In the early 20th century, mills were established near the Jordan River in Midvale and West Jordan to process ore. As of 2010, Kennecott Copper Mine's open pit is {{convert|2.8|mi|km}} wide and {{convert|0.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kennecott.com/our-company/facts-about-our-operation/ |title=Facts about our mine |publisher=[[Kennecott Utah Copper]] |access-date=21 Apr 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410214426/http://www.kennecott.com/our-company/facts-about-our-operation/ |archive-date=2010-04-10 }}</ref>
Throughout the 19th century and up to the 1940s, water from the Jordan River watershed sustained the agrarian society of the Salt Lake Valley. In 1950, Salt Lake County had {{convert|489,000|acre|sqmi km2}} devoted to farming.<ref>{{Harvnb|1950 Census of Agriculture|1950|p=3}}</ref>  By 1992, however, the rapid urbanization of the Salt Lake Valley had reduced the amount of land devoted to farming to {{convert|108,000|acre|ha}},<ref>{{Harvnb|1992 Census of Agriculture|1992|p=3}}</ref> which was further reduced to {{convert|82,267 |acre|ha}} by 2002.<ref>{{Harvnb|2002 Census of Agriculture|2002|p=3}}</ref>
===River modifications===
Alterations of the Jordan River watershed began two days after the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley when water was diverted from City Creek for irrigation.<ref>{{Citation | first=Thomas G. | last=Alexander | title=Irrigating the Mormon Heartland: The Operation of the Irrigation Companies in Wasatch Oasis Communities, 1847–1880 | journal=Agricultural History | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=172–197 | date=Spring 2002 | doi=10.1525/ah.2002.76.2.172 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=261}}</ref>  The earliest dam and ditch along the Jordan River was constructed in 1849 to irrigate land on the west side of the river near present-day Taylorsville.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=55}}</ref>  Other ditches include one built by [[Archibald Gardner]], one of the founders of West Jordan in 1850, to provide water for his mill and one built by Alexander Beckstead, a founder of South Jordan, who built the Beckstead Ditch in 1859 to provide water for farmland. Many other small dams and ditches were also constructed in the first 25&nbsp;years, several of which are still used as of 2010.  All of these ditches irrigated only small amounts of land in the Jordan River floodplain; the largest, the Beckstead Ditch, irrigated {{convert|580|acre|ha}}.<ref name="Mead 1904 60">{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|p=6}}</ref>
[[Image:Jordan River Pumps.jpg|thumb|left|Jordan River pumping station at Utah Lake|alt=A building with several pipes coming out of it and into a body of water]]
By the late 1860s, it became apparent that new, larger canals needed to be built if more acreage was to be farmed. The first dam in the Jordan Narrows was constructed in 1872 and raised in 1880, sparking an outcry from residents living near Utah Lake who thought the dam was responsible for raising the level of the lake. After several years of dispute, a commission was established to determine an acceptable compromise for the elevation of Utah Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|pp=63–64}}</ref>  The commission's 1885 decision stated that if the lake level were to rise above the established compromise level, the Jordan River could not be impeded by either dams or flood gates.  Additionally, the commission stated that after water pumps were installed at the source of the river, the pumps should all be working if the lake were to rise above the compromise level.  However, if the lake level fell below the compromise level, pumps could be turned off so that water could be held for storage in Utah Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan|1989|pp=2–3}}</ref>
[[Image:Jordan River dam and pumping station.jpg|thumb|right|Dam and pumping house in the Jordan Narrows that diverts water to several canals|alt=A narrow canyon with a river flowing through it. Railroad tracks are on the left side of the river. A building is on the right side.]]
In 1875, the first large canal, the South Jordan Canal, was completed and it brought water to the area above the bluffs of the Jordan River for the first time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=42}}</ref>  All told, five large canals that originated from the dams in the Jordan Narrows were completed by 1883.<ref name="Mead 1904 60"/>  A second dam was built in 1890 a few miles (~5&nbsp;km) downstream from the first dam and was constructed to better regulate the flow of two canals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|pp=64–65}}</ref>  Both dams have been rebuilt in subsequent years and operate as diversion points for canals rather than impounding water by the use of [[sluice gate]]s and head gates.  The drought of 1901–1902 caused the Jordan River, on occasion, to stop flowing, and in response to the drought a pumping plant was installed at the outlet from Utah Lake. It was the largest pumping plant in the United States at the time, and contained seven pumps with a total capacity of {{convert|700|cuft|m3}} per second.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan|1989|pp=8–9}}</ref>  Twice, during the droughts of 1934 and 1992, Utah Lake levels dropped so low that the pumps were rendered useless and the Jordan River actually ran dry.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Lake and Jordan River Water Rights and Management Plan|1989|p=28}}</ref>  In the 1950s, due to flood control measures to increase river velocity, large sections of the river were straightened in Salt Lake County.  As part of the straightening process, meanders or curves in the river were cut off and the channel slope was increased.  The river was also shifted to opposite sides of the flood plain in Midvale and Murray as part of local [[smelter]] operations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Stability Study|1992|loc=section 3, pp. 9–12}}</ref>
Floods in 1983–1984 caused Utah Lake to overflow its banks, flooding homes and farmland in [[Provo, Utah|Provo]], Lehi and present-day Saratoga Springs. Dikes had to be constructed around Interstate 15 in Provo to prevent Utah Lake flooding the freeway. Big Cottonwood, Parley's, Emigration and City creeks flowed down sand-bag lined streets in order to manage the overflowing streams. Additional dikes were built at the Great Salt Lake to protect railroad lines and Interstate 80.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/utah_today/floods.html |last= Sillitoe |first= Linda |title= Floods |work= Utah History to Go |publisher= [[Utah State Historical Society]] |access-date= 21 Apr 2010 |archive-date= 16 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100416101004/http://www.historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/utah_today/floods.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=33UnAAAAIBAJ&pg=4908%2C4432175 |last= Davidson |first= Leo |title= Floods cause extensive damage as sun melts heavy snowpack |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |location= Salt Lake City |date= May 27, 1983 |access-date= 21 Apr 2010 |archive-date= 19 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225308/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=33UnAAAAIBAJ&pg=4908%2C4432175 |url-status= live }}</ref>  As a result of the flooding, the Utah Lake compromise level was amended to {{convert|4,489|ft|m}}.<ref name="Management Plan 1989 4"/>
==Ecology==
===Invertebrates and fish===
[[Image:LakePowellCarp5437.jpg|thumb|right|[[Common carp]] from [[Lake Powell]]|alt=photo of several fish in the water]]
In the Jordan River, [[invertebrates]] play an important role as a source of food for fish and other aquatic life, and they function as a parameter by which to measure water quality and the health of the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2007|p=91}}</ref>  There are 34 different groups of invertebrates found in the Jordan River, most commonly of the class [[Oligochaeta]] (which includes [[earthworms]]), [[mosquito]] larvae and [[caddisfly]] larvae. The state of Utah maintains a Sensitive Species List that includes "those species for which there is credible scientific evidence to substantiate a threat to continued population viability."<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|p=1}}</ref> The Lyrate mountainsnail<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=81–82}}</ref> and the [[Margaritifera|western pearlshell mussel]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=100–102}}</ref> both native to the Jordan River watershed, are found on this list.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|p=185}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fishery and Macroinvertebrate Studies|1986|p=32}}</ref>  A 2007 survey of invertebrates and their response to pollution stated that the Jordan River was substantially to severely impaired with organic pollution and that it contained reduced levels of dissolved oxygen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2007|pp=93–94}}</ref>
Historically, the Jordan River was a cold-water fishery that contained 13 native species, including the [[Bonneville cutthroat trout]], [[Utah Lake sculpin]], [[June sucker]], [[Mottled sculpin]], [[Utah chub]] and the [[Utah sucker]]. Today, the Jordan River is a warm-water fishery with the Utah sucker and the [[Endangered species|endangered]] June sucker present only in Utah Lake. The Utah chub, however, is still found in the Jordan River.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://www.junesuckerrecovery.org/utah-nati.html | title= Utah Lake: Native Fish Community | publisher= June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program | access-date= 29 Mar 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101210131425/http://www.junesuckerrecovery.org/utah-nati.html | archive-date= 2010-12-10 }}</ref>  The most common species of fish encountered today is the [[common carp]], which was introduced into the Jordan River and Utah Lake as a source of food after overfishing caused the depletion of native species stocks.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZQdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1560,916030&dq=canal+jordan-river&hl=en |title= Isciculture in Utah |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |location= Salt Lake City |date= 9 Nov 1889 |access-date= 29 Mar 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Carp In Utah Lake Impacting Ecosystem|2004|p=1}}</ref>  The [[Utah Division of Wildlife Resources]] regularly stocks the river with [[catfish]] and [[rainbow trout]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River TMDL|2007|pp=96–98}}</ref>
===Wildlife===
Before the area was [[urbanization|urbanized]], mammals such as [[bighorn sheep]], [[mule deer]], [[coyote]], [[Gray wolf|wolves]], [[North American beaver|beaver]], [[muskrat]] and [[Hare|jackrabbits]] would have been seen along the river. A "varmint hunt" was organized by [[John D. Lee]] around 1848, after the arrival of Mormon settlers. The final count of the hunt included "two bears, two wolverines, two wildcats, 783 wolves, 409 foxes, 31 minks, nine eagles, 530 magpies, hawks and owls, and 1,026 ravens."<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report|2000|loc=section 2, p. 11}}</ref> None of the original large mammals is found along the Jordan River today; they have, for the most part, been replaced by [[raccoon]]s, [[red fox]]es and domestic pets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report |2000|loc=section 2, p. 12}}</ref>  Animals from the Jordan River area found on the Utah Sensitive Species List include the [[Opheodrys vernalis|smooth green snake]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=30–31}}</ref> the [[western toad]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|p=14}}</ref> [[kit fox]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=76–77}}</ref> [[spotted bat]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=57–58}}</ref> and [[Townsend's big-eared bat]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah Sensitive Species List|2007|pp=58–59}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|pp=184–185}}</ref>
Combined with Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, the Jordan River offers one of the region's richest bird resources. Over 200 bird species use the river for breeding habitat or as a stop-over on their migratory routes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report|2000|loc=section 2, p. 13}}</ref>  Once-common native species such as the [[willow flycatcher]], [[grey catbird|gray catbird]], [[warbling vireo]], [[American redstart]], [[black tern]], and [[yellow-billed cuckoo]] are no longer found along the river. The [[common yellowthroat]] and [[yellow-breasted chat]] are still found in small isolated populations.  The most common species now found are the [[black-billed magpie]], [[mourning dove]], [[western meadowlark]], [[barn swallow]], and the non-native [[common pheasant|ring-necked pheasant]] and [[European starling|starlings]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report|2000|loc=section 2, p. 14}}</ref>
===Vegetation===
[[Image:rubber rabbitbrush 01.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A plant in bloom along a river and trail|Rubber rabbitbrush along the Jordan River Parkway]]
Vegetation in the watershed is closely tied to elevation and precipitation levels. About 30 percent of the basin, mostly at higher elevation levels, is populated with [[oak]], [[aspen]] and [[conifer]]ous trees. At the lower levels, 27 percent of the basin is rich in mountain-brush, [[sagebrush]], [[Juniperus osteosperma|juniper]] and grasses. About 34 percent of the Jordan River basin is classified as urban.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|pp=6–7}}</ref>
[[Russian olive]] and [[tamarisk]] or salt cedar trees now dominate the Jordan River floodplain where [[willow trees]] and [[Populus sect. Aegiros|cottonwood trees]] would once have been found. Plant species such as [[foxtail barley]], [[saltgrass]], [[Chrysothamnus|rabbitbrush]], [[cattails]] and other reeds are still found in small pockets along the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report|2000|loc=section 2, p. 18}}</ref> Exotic pasture grasses such as [[orchard grass]], [[poa|bluegrass]], [[Agrostis gigantea|redtop bentgrass]], [[quackgrass]], [[wheatgrass]] and [[fescue]] have become the common species of grass.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report|2000|loc=section 2, p.20}}</ref> The [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] flower, [[Spiranthes diluvialis|Ute's Ladies'-tresses]], can also be found along the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|p=184}}</ref>
==Pollution==
The Jordan River has been a repository for waste since the settling of the Salt Lake Valley. For 100 years, raw, untreated sewage was dumped into the river; farming and animal runoff occurred; and mining operations led to 40 smelters being built and contaminating the river with heavy metals, mostly [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic]] and [[lead]]. In 1962, the river in Midvale recorded a total [[coliform]] level of about 3 million per 100 milliliters,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19621117&id=eDsjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6634,4068310 | title=Pollution Unit Calls For River Action | newspaper=[[Deseret News]] | location=Salt Lake City | date=16 Nov 1972 | access-date=27 Mar 2010 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225307/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19621117&id=eDsjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6634%2C4068310 | url-status=live }}</ref> even though the state of Utah criteria for the total number of coliform bacteria in water samples should not exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters. In 1965, a new sewage treatment plant came on-line in Salt Lake City that prevented {{convert|32000000|USgal/d|m3/d}} of raw sewage from being dumped into a canal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.slc.ut.us/utilities/NewsEvents/news1998/news9281998-1.htm |title=Conduits of Civilization |publisher=Salt Lake City |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503233437/http://www.ci.slc.ut.us/utilities/NewsEvents/news1998/news9281998-1.htm |archive-date=2011-05-03 }}</ref>
The [[Utah Division of Water Quality]] and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the regulation and management of water quality in the State of Utah. Streams that exceed the standard contamination levels are placed on the 303d list in accordance with the [[Clean Water Act]]. The Act also requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a [[total maximum daily load]] (TMDL) for pollutants that may cause impairments in the various water bodies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/TMDL/ | title=Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) | publisher=[[Utah Division of Water Quality]] | access-date=1 Apr 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630091853/http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/TMDL/ | archive-date=2010-06-30 }}</ref>  The Jordan River and Little Cottonwood Creek were included on the 2006 303d list; parameters that exceeded the standard level for at least part of the Jordan River include temperature, [[Dissolved oxygen#Environmental sciences|dissolved oxygen]], [[total dissolved solids]], ''[[Escherichia coli|E. Coli]]'' and salinity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah's 2006 Integrated Report|2006|pp=II–26 to II–27}}</ref>
===EPA Superfund sites===
[[List of Superfund sites in the United States|Superfund sites]] are designated as being among the nation's worst areas with respect to toxic and [[hazardous waste]]. The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] is the federal agency that determines if a particular site is hazardous, prepares a course of action to reduce the hazard, and finds the parties responsible for the pollution. If a site is listed with the [[Superfund]] program, federal dollars are available for cleanup.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/def/land_gen.html | title=Superfund and Other Sources of Land Contamination – National Overview | publisher=Green Media Toolshed | access-date=26 Apr 2010 | archive-date=28 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328032731/http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/def/land_gen.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
The Kennecott South Zone/Bingham site contains contamination from Kennecott Copper Mine's operation in [[Copperton, Utah|Copperton]], at the base of the Oquirrh Mountains to Bingham Creek and Butterfield Creek.  A {{convert|72|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} plume of lead, arsenic and [[Sulfates#Environmental effects|sulfates]] (covering 9 percent of the watershed) currently contaminates the ground water from the mine site all the way to the Jordan River. The largest inland [[reverse osmosis]] plant in the country was built in 2006 to clean up the ground water and a second plant has been scheduled for construction; completion of the ground water cleanup, however, is not projected until 2040. In 1998, the site was removed from the Superfund list due to Kennecott's progress in the cleanup and a [[consent decree]] legally obligating Kennecott to continue the rest of the cleanup.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/kennecottsouth/ | title=Kennecott South Zone/Bingham Superfund Program | publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] | access-date=27 Mar 2010 | archive-date=31 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031221536/http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/kennecottsouth/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.kennecott.com/library/media/KUC%20invest%20$400%20million%20in%20removing%20Utah%20land%20from%20proposed%20Superfund%20list.PDF | first=Francis | last=Johnson | title=Kennecott invests $400 million in removing Utah land from proposed inclusion on EPA's Superfund list | newspaper=The Enterprise | location=Salt Lake City | date=16 Feb 2009 | access-date=27 Mar 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124163722/http://kennecott.com/library/media/KUC%20invest%20$400%20million%20in%20removing%20Utah%20land%20from%20proposed%20Superfund%20list.PDF | archive-date=24 November 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Jordan River (Utah) in Midvale.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A river with plants on either side. A hill rises on the right side.|The river next to capped [[tailings]] from the Sharon Steel Superfund site]]
The Murray Smelter site was the location of a large lead smelter in operation from 1872 until 1949. The {{convert|142|acre|ha|adj=on}} site contained groundwater contamination from [[arsenic]] and lead, but the majority of the cleanup was completed in 2001.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/murray/index.html |title=Murray Smelter Superfund Program |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613114352/http://epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/murray/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-13 }}</ref>
In Midvale, there are two Superfund sites that sit along 4 percent of the Jordan River. The Midvale Slag site is a {{convert|446|acre|ha|adj=on}} site adjacent to {{convert|6800|ft|m}} of the Jordan River. From 1871 to 1958, the site contained five separate smelters that processed ores from Kennecott and other mines. The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, [[Chromium#Precautions|chromium]], and [[Cadmium#Safety|cadmium]]. Cleanup of the property is complete, although the Jordan River Riparian Project still underway as of 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/midvale/ |title=Midvale Slag Superfund Program |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711004227/http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/midvale/ |archive-date=2011-07-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Riparian Improvement Project Fact Sheet|2008|pp=1–3}}</ref> [[Sharon Steel Corporation|Sharon Steel]] was a {{convert|460|acre|ha|adj=on}} site adjacent to {{convert|4500|ft|m}} of the Jordan River which was used, from 1902 to 1971, for smelting copper from Kennecott Copper Mine. The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, [[Iron#Precautions|iron]], [[Manganese#Precautions|manganese]], and [[Zinc#Environmental impact|zinc]]. Cleanup has been completed, and the site taken off the Superfund list in 2004.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/sharonsteel/index.html |title=Sharon Steel Superfund Program |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111045632/http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/sharonsteel/index.html |archive-date=2010-11-11 }}</ref>
===Uranium mill tailings===
Vitro Uranium Mill was a {{convert|128|acre|ha|adj=on}} site located in South Salt Lake, surrounded by the Jordan River, Mill Creek, a small wetland and traversed by the South Vitro Ditch. The site, operational from 1953 to 1964, contained a [[uranium]] mill and storage for uranium. In 1989, surface contamination cleanup was completed with tailings, radioactively contaminated soil material, and debris removed from the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/umtra/salt_lake_title1.html |title=Salt Lake City Mill Site |publisher=United States Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=Oct 2005 |access-date=27 Mar 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405091210/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/umtra/salt_lake_title1.html |archive-date=2010-04-05 }}</ref>  However, {{convert|700000000|USgal|m3}} of contaminated shallow ground water still remain, and studies are underway to determine what action should be taken.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future|2010|p=167}}</ref>
==Jordan River Parkway==
[[Image:More parkway.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A river with plants on either side|The river in Cottonwood Grove Park, Murray, Utah]]
{{main | Jordan River Parkway}}
The Jordan River Parkway was originally proposed in 1971 as a flood control measure with two reservoirs, restoration of wetlands, shoreline roads for cars, walking trails, and parks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Parkway, An Alternative|1971|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Parkway, An Alternative|1971|pp=94–108}}</ref>  By 1986, $18 million had been used to purchase lands around the Jordan River and to construct the Murray Golf Course, several smaller parks and about {{convert|4|mi|km}} of canoe runs and trails.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Sp8oAAAAIBAJ&pg=2547,2876272&dq=jordan+parkway&hl=en | title=Jordan Parkway: Two rivers in search of a new identity | newspaper=[[Deseret News]] | location=Salt Lake City | date=22 Jan 1986 | access-date=2 Apr 2010 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225311/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Sp8oAAAAIBAJ&pg=2547%2C2876272&dq=jordan+parkway&hl=en | url-status=live }}</ref>  As of 2010, the majority of the {{convert|40|mi|km|adj=on}} continuous mixed-use trail has been finished from Utah Lake to the Davis County border.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slcgov.com/transportation/bicycletraffic/JRPT.htm | title=Jordan River Parkway Trail | publisher= Salt Lake City | access-date=1 Apr 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121171025/http://www.slcgov.com/transportation/BicycleTraffic/JRPT.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> | archive-date=21 January 2010}}</ref>  A water trail for [[canoe]]ing and [[kayak]]ing is also being constructed, but dams, bridges, [[weir]]s and other obstacles hamper the use of the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan River Trail Master Plan|2008|loc=section 4, pp. 1–34}}</ref>
Riverside parks include the [[International Peace Gardens]], {{convert|8.5|acre|ha}} of gardens with each garden representing a different country;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.internationalpeacegardens.org/ | title=International Peace Gardens | publisher=[[International Peace Gardens]] | access-date=20 Apr 2010 | archive-date=12 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412031114/http://www.internationalpeacegardens.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Redwood Nature Area, about {{convert|50|acre|ha}} of natural areas;<ref>{{cite web |url= http://slco.org/recreation/parks/redwoodNatureArea/index.html |title= Redwood Nature Area |publisher= Salt Lake County, Utah |access-date= 20 Apr 2010 |archive-date= 26 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140426013549/http://www.slco.org/recreation/parks/redwoodNatureArea/index.html |url-status= live }}</ref>  South Jordan's Riverfront Park, {{convert|59|acre|ha}} of trails, fishing ponds and natural areas;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sjc.utah.gov/recreation/parks-riverfrontpark.asp | title=Riverfront Park | publisher=[[South Jordan, Utah|South Jordan City]] | access-date=20 Apr 2010 | archive-date=22 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422155422/http://www.sjc.utah.gov/recreation/parks-riverfrontpark.asp | url-status=live }}</ref>  [[Thanksgiving Point]], including 15 themed gardens spread over 59 acres,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/gardens/about.html | title=Gardens | publisher=[[Thanksgiving Point]] | access-date=20 Apr 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407224302/http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/gardens/about.html | archive-date=2010-04-07 }}</ref> and a {{convert|200|acre|ha|adj=on}}, 18-hole golf course;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/golf/about.html | title=Golf | publisher=[[Thanksgiving Point]] | access-date=20 Apr 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429103410/http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/golf/about.html | archive-date=2010-04-29 }}</ref> and Utah County's Willow Park,  {{convert|50|acre|ha}} of camping and wildlife areas.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.utahcountyonline.org/parks/ParkDetails.asp?IDNO=11 | title= Willow Park | publisher= [[Utah County, Utah|Utah County]] | access-date= 28 Mar 2010 | archive-date= 11 July 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072025/http://www.utahcountyonline.org/parks/ParkDetails.asp?IDNO=11 | url-status= live }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of Utah rivers]]
==References==
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{{refend}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Jordan River (Utah)}}
* [http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/station/flowplot/flowplot.cgi?utlu1 Historical and forecasted outflow from Utah Lake via the Jordan River]
* [http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/station/flowplot/flowplot.cgi?id=JORU1 Historical and forecasted stream flow of the Jordan River in northern Salt Lake City]
* [http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/station/flowplot/flowplot.cgi?id=SSWU1 Historical and forecasted stream flow of the Jordan River in Sandy]
* [http://www.cbrfc.noaa.gov/station/flowplot/flowplot.cgi?id=SCSU1 Historical and forecasted stream flow of the Jordan River Surplus Canal]
* [http://slco.org/recreation/planning/html/jordanRiver.html Jordan River Trail Master Plan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219222555/http://www.waterresources.slco.org/ Jordan River Watershed Planning and Restoration Program]
* [http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getwatershed?16020204 United States Geological Survey's Water Resources Links for the Jordan Subbasin]
{{featured article}}
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[[Category:Rivers of Salt Lake County, Utah]]
[[Category:Rivers of Utah County, Utah]]
[[Category:Rivers of Utah]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Great Salt Lake]]