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{{Short description|American jurist and political scientist (1890–1970)}}
'''Josef Laurenz Kunz''' (1 April 1890 – 5 August 1970) was an [[Austrian American]] [[jurist]]. He was a Professor of International Law at the [[University of Toledo]] from 1934 to 1960, after having emigrated from [[Austria]] in 1932.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |first=Herbert W. |last=Briggs |title=Josef L. Kunz, 1890–1970 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/josef-l-kunz-18901970/CF040E6BAAC32501D590ED0181BE23FE |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |volume=65 |issue=1 |year=1971 |page=129 |doi=10.2307/2199299 |jstor=2199299 |s2cid=147024813 }}</ref> Kunz earned his doctorate degree in 1920 from the [[University of Vienna]], where he was a student of [[Hans Kelsen]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Jörg |last=Kammerhofer |chapter=Josef Laurenz Kunz |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Walter |editor2-first=Clemens |editor2-last=Jabloner |editor3-first=Klaus |editor3-last=Zeleny |title=Der Kreis um Hans Kelsen: Die Anfangsjahre der Reinen Rechtslehre |location=Vienna |publisher=Manz |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-214-07676-4 |pages=243–259 |ssrn=1535922 }}</ref>
== Life and work ==
He was born on April 1, 1890 in Vienna as the son of a wealthy doctor.<ref name="Bernstorff" />
After a year of voluntary service in the Royal Austrian Cavalry (1908–1909), he enrolled in the department of law and political sciences at the [[University of Vienna]] (1909–1913). He attended the lectures of [[Louis Renault (jurist)|Louis Renault]] and [[Henri Bergson]] at the [[Sorbonne University|Sorbonnne]] in Paris. In 1913 he lived in London and attended lectures on international law at [[University College London]].<ref name="Bernstorff" /> He graduated as [[Juris Doctor|juris doctor]] in 1914 and was conscripted into the [[Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces|Austro-Hungarian army]] where he served until the end of [[World War I]] in 1918. He enrolled again at the University of Vienna and in 1920 obtained a doctorate in political science with a dissertation on "The Problem of the Violation of Belgian Neutrality".<ref name="Bernstorff" />
During this time he met [[Hans Kelsen]] and embraced his Pure Theory of Law together with [[cosmopolitanism]], aversion to [[nationalism]] and a commitment to the development of international law through the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="Bernstorff">{{cite book|last=Bernstorff |first=Jochen von |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/public-international-law-theory-of-hans-kelsen/8A168EC98D294F6E2C99118A77A50847 |title=The public international law theory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in universal law |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-77646-5 |publication-place=Cambridge |oclc=701051530 |url-access=subscription |pages=283–285}}</ref> These ideas hindered his academic career in Austria and in most German-language universities.<ref name="Bernstorff" /> He only obtained his ''[[Habilitation]]'' in 1927 and was never appointed professor in Austria and Germany, although he was invited twice, in 1930 and 1932, to deliver the prestigious [[The Hague Academy of International Law#Publications|Hague Lectures]].<ref name="Bernstorff" />
From 1932 to 1934 he was a [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] Research Fellow in the United States. Thanks to the auspices of [[Manley Ottmer Hudson|Manley O. Hudson]], he obtained a chair in international law at the [[University of Toledo]], which he held until 1960, when he retired. From 1944 onwards he was a member of the editorial committee of the [[American Journal of International Law]]. In 1955 he delivered a third series of Hague Lectures. In 1957 he was elected associate of the [[Institut de Droit International]], and in 1969 a full member; due to failing health, he resigned from that prestigious academic institution in 1969, in order to make room for younger scholars.<ref name=":0" />
He was given a doctorate ''[[Honorary degree|honis causa]]'' by the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|National University of Mexico]].<ref name=":0" /> Often invited to lecture in Latin American countries, he had an interest in Latin American legal philosophy and often published in Spanish, thus contributing to the spread of Kelsen's theory in both North and South America.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bernstorff" />
He died in Toledo on August 5, 1970, at the age of 80.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bernstorff" />
== References ==
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[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian jurists]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Toledo faculty]]
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