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{{Short description|Men named Joses}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}{{use British English|date=September 2021}}
{{See also|New Testament people named Joseph}}
'''Joses''' ({{langx|grc|Ἰωσῆς}}<ref>[https://biblehub.com/greek/2500.htm Strong's Greek: Ἰωσῆς (Iósés) / Joses – Bible Hub]</ref>) is a name, usually regarded as a form of [[Joseph (given name)|Joseph]], occurring many times in the [[New Testament]]:
* Joses, one of the four [[brothers of Jesus|"brothers" of Jesus]] ({{Langx|el|ἀδελφοί|links=no|lit=brethren|translit=adelphoi}})<ref>''Greek New Testament'', [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/gnt/mat013.htm Matthew 13:55]: "οὐχ οὖτός ἐστιν ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός; οὐχ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ λέγεται μαριὰμ καὶ οἱ '''<u>ἀδελφοὶ</u>''' αὐτοῦ ἰάκωβος καὶ ἰωσὴφ καὶ σίμων καὶ ἰούδας;"</ref><ref>{{Bibleref2|Mark|6:3|DRA}}</ref>
* Joses or Joseph, son of a Mary of Clopas and brother of a James ([[James the Less]] according to Mark 15:40<ref name="Mark 15:40 text analysis">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/text/mark/15-40.htm |title=Mark 15:40 Text Analysis |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>), mentioned in Mark 15:40,<ref name="Mark 15:40 text analysis"/> Mark 15:47,<ref name="Mark 15:47 text analysis">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/text/mark/15-47.htm |title=Mark 15:47 Text Analysis |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> and [[Matthew 27:56]]<ref name="Matthew 27:56 text analysis"/>
* Joses or Joseph, the real name of [[Barnabas]] according to Acts 4:36<ref name="Acts 4:36 text analysis"/><ref name="Acts 4:36 parallel"/><ref>[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref>
* There is also a Ἰησοῦ or a Ἰωσή (''Jose'', ''Joshua'' or ''Jesus'') in Luke 3:29<ref name="Luke 3:29 text analysis"/><ref name="Luke 3:29 parallel"/>
== Etymology ==
''Joses'' is a short Greek form of Joseph. Unlike Greek ''Joseph,'' however, which remains frozen as ''Joseph'' in all grammatical cases, ''Joses'' functions like a true Greek name and is declined in Greek, taking the ending ''{{Not a typo|-e/-etos}}'' in the genitive case, hence ''Jose''/''Josetos'' ({{Lang|grc|Ἰωσῆ}}/{{Lang|grc|Ἰωσῆτος}}), 'of Joses'.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
Although spelling of Joseph is fairly constant in Greek, spellings of the short forms Joses and Josis vary. [[Tal Ilan]]'s catalogue of Jewish name inscriptions of the period (2002) notes variation in the spelling of "Joseph" (indeclinable in Greek) and various shorter (and sometimes declined) Greek variants, but also notes that the full form ''Joseph'' is dominant with 47 of 69 Greek inscriptions.<ref>Bauckham in: Quarles, ''Buried Hope Or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb'' (2008), p. 84: "In Greek this short form of the name is rarer and does not seem to have any consistent spelling.[41] Among the Greek forms of the name Joseph, Iosepos (....) is overwhelmingly dominant, accounting for 47 of the 69 occurrences."</ref>
== New Testament ==
''Joses'' and ''Joseph'' in their various grammatical cases are often found as [[textual variants in the New Testament]].
=== Joses, brother of Jesus ===
{{quote|"Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? And are not his sisters here with us? And they took offense at him." (Mark 6:3, [[ESV]])}}
{{quote|"Is not this the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary? And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas?" (Matthew 13:55, [[ESV]])}}
A minority of (Alexandrian, Western) Greek manuscripts in Matthew 13:55 read "Joseph" ({{Lang|grc|Ἰωσήφ}}) the standard spelling of the name.<ref>Greek New Testament, United Bible Societies, - footnotes to Mark 6:3 and critical apparatus NA24.</ref> Roman Catholics hold that Joses the [[brothers of Jesus|brother of Jesus]] is the same as Joses the brother of James referred in Matthew 27:56 and Mark 15:40.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn37ImknvSAC |title=Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians" |author=Karl Keating |publisher=Ignatius Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780898701777 |pages=284–288}}</ref><ref name=Camerlynck/>
=== Joses, brother of James (the Less?) ===
In Mark 15:40 and Mark 15:47, a Joses is identified as the son of a certain Mary, who is also the mother of a certain James. For both verses, Ἰωσῆτος and Ἰωσῆ are found as textual variants, but both are genitives of Ἰωσὴς meaning ''of Joses''.<ref name="Mark 15:40 text analysis"/><ref name="Mark 15:47 text analysis"/>
{{quote|"There were also women looking on from a distance, among whom were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome." (Mark 15:40, [[ESV]])<br />"Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where [Jesus] was laid." (15:47 ESV).}}
Matthew 27:56 also refers to a Mary, mother of a James, but it is unclear whether her other son is called ''Joses'' (Ἰωσῆ, favoured by Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, and the Greek Orthodox Church) or ''Joseph'' (Ἰωσὴφ, favoured by Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants], [[Editio Octava Critica Maior|Tischendorf's 8th Edition]] 1864–94, and Nestle 1904).<ref name="Matthew 27:56 text analysis">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/27-56.htm |title=Matthew 27:56 Text Analysis |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Modern English Bible translations are about evenly split on which textual variant to follow, with half including the [[New International Version]] (1978) rendering it as ''of Joseph'', and the other half including the [[English Standard Version]] (2001) as ''of Joses''.<ref name="Matthew 27:56 parallel">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/matthew/27-56.htm |title=Matthew 27:56 Parallel |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
{{quote|"There were also many women there, looking on from a distance, who had followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering to him, among whom were Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James and Joseph and the mother of the sons of Zebedee." (Matthew 27:55–56, ESV)}}
In the New Testament, the name "[[James the Less]]" appears only in Mark 15:40, who, by parallel accounts of the [[women at the crucifixion]] is usually equated with the James in "Mary the mother of James," who in turn is sometimes equated with [[Mary of Clopas]], mentioned only in John 19:25. According to a tradition of [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]] (Eusebius III.11), this [[Clopas]] was a brother of Joseph, making his wife [[Mary of Clopas|Mary]] Jesus' aunt and this James the younger and Joses to be Jesus' cousins.<ref>ed. [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] ''New Testament Apocrypha - Gospels and Related Writings.'' p483</ref>
[[James Tabor]] speculates that Mary the mother of James is the same person with Mary the mother of Jesus and that Clopas was her second husband,<ref>{{Cite book| author = Tabor, James D.| author-link = James Tabor| title = The Jesus Dynasty: A New Historical Investigation of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 2006| isbn = 0-7432-8723-1| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo}}</ref> thus making Joses half [[brothers of Jesus|brother of Jesus]]. [[Roman Catholic]] tradition follows [[Jerome]]'s view that Mary the mother of James (wife of Clopas) is the sister of Mary the mother of Jesus, though they need not be literally sisters, in light of the usage of the said words in Greek, Hebrew and [[Aramaic]].<ref name=Camerlynck>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm |author=Camerlynck, Achille |chapter=St. James the Less |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company (retrieved from New Advent) |year=1910}}</ref>
=== Acts 4:36 (Barnabas) ===
Acts 4:36 states that the person whom the apostles surnamed/nicknamed/called ''[[Barnabas]]'' (Βαρνάβας) was actually named Ἰωσὴφ (''Joseph'') according to Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants], [[Editio Octava Critica Maior|Tischendorf's 8th Edition]] 1864–94, and Nestle 1904, or Ἰωσὴς (''Joses'') according to Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, and the Greek Orthodox Church.<ref name="Acts 4:36 text analysis">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/text/acts/4-36.htm |title=Acts 4:36 Text Analysis |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Most modern English Bible translations such as the [[New International Version]] (1978) render it as ''Joseph'', a minority including the [[King James Version]] (1611) as ''Joses''.<ref name="Acts 4:36 parallel">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/acts/4-36.htm |title=Acts 4:36 Parallel |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
=== Luke 3:29 ===
In the Lukan [[genealogy of Jesus]], Luke 3:29 mentions a Ἰησοῦ or a Ἰωσή (both in genetive) as the 15th descendant of [[David]] in the line from [[Solomon]]'s younger brother [[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]]. Ἰησοῦ ''Iēsou'' is the [[Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke|textual variant]] favoured by Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants], [[Editio Octava Critica Maior|Tischendorf's 8th Edition]] 1864–94, and Nestle 1904, while the variant Ἰωσῆ ''Iōsē'' is favoured by Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, and the Greek Orthodox Church.<ref name="Luke 3:29 text analysis">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/text/luke/3-29.htm |title=Luke 3:29 Text Analysis |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Most modern English Bible translations such as the [[New International Version]] (1978) render it as ''Joshua'', many others including the [[King James Version]] (1611) as ''Jose'', and a few including the [[American Standard Version]] (1900) as ''Jesus''.<ref name="Luke 3:29 parallel">{{Cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/luke/3-29.htm |title=Luke 3:29 Parallel |work=Biblehub.com |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
The Greek spelling ({{Lang|grc|Ἰωσῆ}}, {{Lang|grc-latn|Iōsē}}) is a variant of Joses.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
== Bishops of Jerusalem ==
A "Joses" appears in the bishop lists of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] ("Josis") and [[Eusebius]] ("Joseph") of the [[early bishops of Jerusalem]].<ref>[[Richard Bauckham]], ''Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church'' p 76.</ref>
== Christian traditions ==
In the medieval ''[[Golden Legend]]'', Joses is also identified with [[Joseph Barsabbas]],<ref>[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume5.asp#Nativity%20of%20our%20Blessed%20Lady] "The Nativity of our Blessed Lady", [[William Caxton]]'s English version of the ''[[Golden Legend]]'' of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]</ref> also called Justus, who in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] 1:23 is mentioned as a candidate to fill the vacancy created by the death of [[Judas Iscariot]].
Eusebius lists Justus as the third [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]] after [[James the Just]] and [[Simeon of Jerusalem]]. He does not, however, specify whether this Justus is to be identified with Joses, the brother of Jesus:
:''But when Symeon also had died in the manner described, a certain Jew by the name of Justus succeeded to the episcopal throne in Jerusalem. He was one of the many thousands of the circumcision who at that time believed in Christ.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxv.html|title=Chapter XXXV. Justus, the Third Bishop of Jerusalem.|last=Eusebius}}</ref>
Conversely, in the second book of [[Panarion]], [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] identifies the third Bishop of Jerusalem as "Judah",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/EpiphaniusPanarionBksIIIII1/page/n265|title=Panarion V. II & III|last=Epiphanius}}</ref> and the [[Apostolic Constitutions]] similarly calls him "Judas the son of James".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07157.htm|title=Apostolic Constitutions - Section 4 - XLVI|website=New Advent}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[James, brother of Jesus]]
* [[James the Less]]
* [[Jesus Justus]]
* [[Jude, brother of Jesus]]
* [[New Testament people named Joseph]]
* [[Simon, brother of Jesus]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{New Testament people}}
[[Category:Brothers of Jesus]]
[[Category:Family of Jesus]]
[[Category:Followers of Jesus]]
[[Category:People from Nazareth]]
[[Category:People in the canonical gospels]]