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'''Joshua Ives''' (2 May 1854 – 16 June 1931)<ref name=adb>Doreen Bridges, 'Ives, Joshua (1854–1931)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ives-joshua-6807/text11777, published first in hardcopy 1983, accessed online 30 May 2016.</ref> was the first Professor of Music at the [[University of Adelaide]] and founder of the [[Elder Conservatorium of Music]].
==History==
Ives was born at [[Hyde, Greater Manchester]], the sixth son of Hannah Ives, née Goddard and her husband Joseph Ives, a furniture dealer. He was educated at the Commercial School and [[Owens College]], Manchester, and studied music under (later Sir) [[Frederick Bridge]] and [[Henry Hiles]].<ref name=adb/> At age 16 he became assistant organist at All Saints, Manchester (perhaps All Saints Anglican Church, [[Bury, Greater Manchester|Bury]]), and two years later was appointed to St. James, [[Gorton]],  but soon afterwards left for a better position and a finer organ at St. Andrews, Manchester (perhaps St. Andrews Anglican Church at Ramsbottom, [[Bury, Greater Manchester|Bury]]). He moved to St. Stephens, [[Hulme]], where he had a large choir. In 1881 he entered [[Queens' College, Cambridge]], and in 1883 received his Mus. Bac. He was appointed organist at the [[Church of Scotland|Established Church]] in [[Anderston|Anderston, Glasgow]], also lectured on Harmony and Musical Composition at the [[Glasgow Athenaeum]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199927293 |title=Professor Ives |newspaper=[[Evening Journal (Adelaide)|Evening Journal]] |volume=XXX |issue=8513 |location=South Australia |date=5 March 1898 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> See [[List of churches in Greater Manchester]]
It was due to the enthusiasm of the [[Governor of South Australia]], [[William C. F. Robinson|Sir William Robinson]], an accomplished musician, and [[W. R. Cave]]'s sponsorship,<ref>{{cite book|author=[[W. Arundel Orchard]] OBE, FRCM |title=Music in Australia |year=1952 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.28983/2015.28983.Music-In-Australia-1952_djvu.txt |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> that the [[University of Adelaide]] was the first in Australia to offer a degree in music. In order to achieve this, he raised subscriptions totalling £5,000 over five years to employ a Professor of Music, and of 19 applicants in 1884 Joshua Ives was selected and took up the position in March 1885. He was also to replace [[T. H. Jones (organist)|T. H. Jones]] as City Organist; his first recital at the newly enlarged [[Adelaide Town Hall|Town Hall]] instrument was on 9 April 1885, and was well, if not ecstatically, received.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208345694 |title=Organ Recital by Professor Ives |newspaper=[[The Express and Telegraph]] |volume=XXII |issue=6,384 |location=South Australia |date=10 April 1885 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
As there were insufficient funds to found a Chair in Music, and those promised were only for five years, potential students were warned that there was no guarantee of continuation of the course beyond this time, however this failed to diminish the enthusiasm of students and 25 were enrolled for the first year, mostly females. Ives had demanded concessions on matriculation requirements; although not dropped entirely as was the case at Oxford and Cambridge, it was less demanding (presumably omitting the Classical language — [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] — requirement). And the matriculation examinations could be undertaken at any time prior to awarding the Music degree. This had the unfortunate effect that many otherwise successful students never graduated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55023140 |title=Chair of Music |newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]] |volume=XCI |issue=26,226 |location=South Australia |date=29 April 1926 |accessdate=29 May 2016 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The financial position was unsupportable, and other sources of funds were sought, and Professor Ives instituted a scheme of public examinations, the first in Australia, the fees of which were used to support the Chair. The examinations,  modelled on those of the [[Guildhall School of Music]] in London, became very popular and not only contributed largely to the faculty's finances, but led directly to an improvement in the standard of teaching in the colony.
Sir Thomas Elder died in 1897, and bequeathed £20,000 to endow the Chair permanently, but as financial needs were being covered by examination fees, it was decided to establish a Conservatorium of Music, using [[L. G. Reimann]]'s College of Music in [[Wakefield Street, Adelaide|Wakefield Street]] as a nucleus. The Conservatorium was established in 1898; additional temporary premises were secured and additional staff hired. Ives was appointed Director, with a salary increase of £200 and for a term of three years.<ref name=adb/> A partnership was entered into between the University of Adelaide and the Associated Board of the [[Royal College of Music]] and with the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London in order that qualifications gained in South Australia were recognised elsewhere. These links greatly enhanced the status in Australia of the Associated Board, which was hitherto almost unknown. After around 10 years the connection with the Associated Board was relinquished, and a partnership was formed with Melbourne University, forming the basis of the [[Australian Music Examinations Board]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54921041 |title=Australian Music Examinations |newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]] |volume=XC |issue=26,335 |location=South Australia |date=23 May 1925 |accessdate=29 May 2016 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
While in Adelaide he served as Conductor of the Philharmonic Society and was a prolific composer, for organ especially. He served as Organist and Choirmaster at the North Adelaide Baptist Church 1891–1896. The church, which had invested in a particularly fine organ,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198405068 |title=Religious News |newspaper=[[Evening Journal (Adelaide)]] |volume=XXIII |issue=6402 |location=South Australia |date=26 March 1891 |accessdate=4 June 2018 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> pleaded with him not to leave but he was adamant and a replacement was found in [[Louis Yemm]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199911800 |title=Musical Notes |newspaper=[[Evening Journal (Adelaide)]] |volume=XXVIII |issue=8011 |location=South Australia |date=11 July 1896 |accessdate=5 June 2018 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Ives was well known as a speculator on the Stock Exchange, and not averse to litigation: when [[Harry Congreve Evans|"Harry" Evans]]'s clever satirical weekly ''[[Quiz (Adelaide newspaper)|Quiz]]'' recounted some quite pungent gossip about his (as "the organ-grinder"; the "hurdy gurdy man") rocky relationship with the stockbrokers of the city,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166376967 |title=Cracked Chesnuts |newspaper=[[Quiz and The Lantern]] |volume=II |issue=79 |location=South Australia |date=27 February 1891 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> he was quick to sue for libel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article216727475 |title=The Talk of the Town |newspaper=[[Yorke's Peninsula Advertiser]] |volume=XIX |issue=1660 |location=South Australia |date=27 March 1891 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} The result was a sensible retraction by ''Quiz'', who paid all costs (and received priceless publicity).</ref>
He was the subject of complaints from music teachers who felt their students were being unfairly treated in examinations, particularly as compared with Conservatorium students; the standard of Conservatorium teaching was criticised by external examiners.<ref name=adb/>
When the new building, incorporating the Elder Hall, was opened in 1900, Ives was given scant recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54534278 |title=Elder Hall |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |volume=LXV |issue=16,809 |location=South Australia |date=27 September 1900 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
His contract was not renewed when it fell due in 1901. Ives resigned and moved to Victoria. His farewell speech, which was largely boycotted by academic staff, but well received by students, poured contumely on the Chancellor, Sir [[Samuel Way]], and his "henchman" Dr. W. Barlow, the Vice-Chancellor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article192220235 |title=Adelaide University |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=14,598 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=19 December 1901 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> He was vindicated in some of the criticisms that were levelled against him. And Ives's claim that the University sabotaged his arrangements to have his concerto performed were supported by [[Charles Cawthorne]], manager for [[Heinicke's Grand Orchestra]], who were to have performed the work.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5084671 |title=The Music Trade and the Conservatorium |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |volume=L |issue=15,238 |location=South Australia |date=20 August 1907 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The post of City Organist was in 1891 awarded to [[William Richard Pybus]] (1848–1917), in preference to T. H. Jones (1858–1929), one of Ives's supporters, though more experienced (he was the previous incumbent) and arguably the better musician.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article24792607 |title=The City Organist |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |volume=XXXIII |issue=10160 |location=South Australia |date=12 May 1891 |accessdate=31 May 2016 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Ives's replacement at the Conservatorium was Dr. [[J. Matthew Ennis]] (1884–1921) from February 1902.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208664006 |title=Dr. J. M. Ennis |newspaper=[[The Journal (Adelaide)|The Journal]] |volume=LVI |issue=15439 |location=South Australia |date=31 May 1921 |accessdate=31 May 2016 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Of Ives's staff and colleagues, [[Immanuel Gotthold Reimann]] (c. 1858–1932), from whose School of Music the Conservatorium was formed, was its most durable member.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55023140 |title=Chair of Music |newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)|The Register]] |volume=XCI |issue=26,226 |location=South Australia |date=29 April 1926 |accessdate=31 May 2016 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}} An excellent review.</ref>
;Victoria
He accepted the post of organist and choir master of the Yarra Presbyterian Church, St. Kilda Road in 1903. He wrote articles for the Melbourne Herald,
He developed a reputation as an excellent judge of musical performance, and officiated at music competitions from Bendigo, Prahran, Geelong, Hamilton and Horsham to places far away as [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]], [[Dunedin]], New Zealand and [[Boulder, Western Australia]] . In 1920 he was brought back to Adelaide, to adjudicate at the Peace Exhibition in 1920.
He opened a teaching studio at 271 [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10724220 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=19,670 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=5 August 1909 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In 1907 he was appointed to Bendigo's new Conservatorium of Music.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147863380 |title=Bendigo Conservatorium of Music |newspaper=[[The Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser]] |volume=27 |issue=1375 |location=South Australia |date=8 February 1907 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
==Family==
He married Janet Boyd on 3 December 1879.<ref name=adb/> While in Adelaide they lived in Gilles Street East. Mrs Ives left for Scotland February 1899 with her daughters. It is possible they never returned to Australia.
He left property valued at around £3,350 to his partner Sarah Howard,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203035565 |title=Wills and Estates |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=23,819 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=13 August 1931 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> otherwise known as Sarah Jane Ives (died 9 December 1943) and to his daughter Sadie, who married Robert Cooper.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206344628 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=27658 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=11 December 1943 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
His home in Victoria was in New Street, [[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton]] then Ermington Street, [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]].
==Compositions==
*''Symphonie Australien'' for organ and orchestra, first performed at the University in honour of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall on 22 July 1901.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article139159375 |title=Musical Notes |newspaper=[[The Australasian]] |volume=LXX |issue=1829 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=20 April 1901 |accessdate=30 May 2016 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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[[Category:English classical organists]]
[[Category:British male organists]]
[[Category:Australian classical organists]]
[[Category:Australian music educators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Adelaide]]
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Male classical organists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge]]