View source for Juku

{{short description|Cram schools in Japan}}
{{otheruses}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[File:LECOffice.jpg|thumb|right|LEC, one cram school company in Japan]]
[[File:Yoyogi Seminer Nagoya.JPG|thumb|right|The Nagoya office of Yoyogi Seminar]]
'''''Gakushū juku''''' ({{langx|ja|[[wiktionary:学習塾|学習塾]]}}; see [[cram school]]) are private, fee-paying schools that offer supplementary classes often in preparation for key school and university entrance exams. The term is primarily used to characterize such schools in [[Japan]]. Juku typically operate after regular school hours, on weekends, and during school vacations.
==History==
Juku attendance rose from the 1970s through the mid-1980s; participation rates increased at every grade level throughout the [[compulsory education]] years. This phenomenon was a source of great concern to the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Ministry of Education]], which issued directives to the regular schools that it hoped would reduce the need for after-school lessons, but these directives had little practical effect. Some juku have branches in the [[United States]] and other countries to help children living abroad catch up with students in Japan.
While new media have been introduced into juku as instructional and delivery methods, traditional teaching is increasingly shifting to individual [[tutor]]ing. This shift is partly a response by the supplementary education industry to [[Demographics of Japan|declining numbers of children]] in Japan and the threat this decline poses to their industry.
==Structure and curriculum==
There are two types of juku, academic and nonacademic.
===Academic juku===
Academic juku can be roughly divided into categories.
* Locally based middle- or small-sized cram schools<ref name="eij">{{cite web|url=http://www.education-in-japan.info/sub109.html|title=education-in-japan.info|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>
* Schools for salvaging dropouts or children who avoid regular school (free schools, etc.)<ref name="eij" />
* Franchising cram schools<ref name="eij" />
* Other miscellaneous types of cram schools<ref name="eij" />
As of 2011, almost one in five children in their first year of [[primary school]] attended after-class instruction, rising to nearly all university-bound high schoolers.<ref name="economist">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21542222|title=Testing times|newspaper=The Economist|date=31 December 2011|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> The fees are around ¥260,000 ($3,300) annually.<ref name="economist" />
Academic juku offer instruction in the five required subjects: [[mathematics]], [[Japanese language]], [[science]], [[English language|English]], and [[social studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm|title=中央教育審議会初等中等教育分科会教育課程部会教育課程企画特別部会（第２回）|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513162928/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/016/siryo/04092801/003/002.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are best known and most widely publicized for their role as "cram schools", where children (sent by concerned parents) can study to improve scores on upper-secondary school [[entrance examination]]s. However, as seen above, there are also juku that provide supplementary education, whether remedial courses to help children falling behind in their studies, refresher courses to explain material in further detail, or courses that cover material on a higher level and thus appeal to children bored by the standardized class structure.<ref name="nyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/27/world/how-do-japan-s-students-do-it-they-cram.html|title=How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram|date=27 April 1992|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>
===Nonacademic juku===
Many other children, particularly younger children, attend nonacademic juku for [[piano]] lessons, English conversation, [[art]] instruction, [[Japanese calligraphy]] (shodō), [[human swimming|swimming]], and abacus ([[soroban]]) lessons.
==Social influence==
Juku also play a social role, and children in Japan say they like going to juku because they are able to make new friends. Many children ask to be sent because their friends attend. Some children seem to like juku because of the closer personal contact they have with their teachers and, for students in crowded spaces like Tokyo in particular,<ref name="economist" /> the relief jukus can provide from small homes, family, television, Internet, and other distractions.<ref name="economist" />
To some observers, juku represent an attempt by parents to exercise a meaningful measure of choice in [[Education in Japan|Japanese education]], particularly for children attending [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]].
==Controversy==
===Criticism===
Because of the commercial nature of most juku, some critics argue that they have [[profit (economics)|profit]] rather than [[education]] at heart. Shares in five juku chains are traded publicly, and 25 others were as of 1992 ready to issue stock as well.<ref name="nyt" />
Not all students can afford to attend juku, but school and university test scores rise in direct proportion to spending on juku.<ref name="economist" /> The average fee is $160 a month for elementary school and $175 a month for junior high school, but the best ones are several times that amount.<ref name="nyt" /> Japan spent $10.9 billion on tutoring and cram schools in 1991 alone,<ref name="nyt" /> including $9 billion on juku for students in the ninth grade or below<ref name="nyt" /> "almost double the figure spent [in 1985]."<ref name="nyt" /> With poor students therefore at risk of falling behind, the social and [[economic inequality]] in what had been a relatively [[egalitarian]] approach to education, at least in public schools through ninth grade, is why Japan's powerful teachers' union does not support the juku institution.<ref name="economist" />
In response to these accusations,
<blockquote>"juku teachers and administrators say that since their schools are profit-making enterprises, they have to guarantee results to succeed. The results are easy to measure since they depend on how many graduates pass the examinations for private school. The profit motive, in other words, provides an incentive to create an atmosphere in which students want to learn."<ref name="nyt" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>"The rise of juku is praised as a secret of Japanese success, a healthy reflection of a system of advancement based on merit. It is also criticized as forcing a new generation to surrender its [[childhood]] out of an obsession with status and [[rat race|getting ahead]]. 'Juku are harmful to Japanese education and to children,' said Ikuo Amano, professor of sociology at the University of Tokyo. 'It's not healthy for kids to have so little free time. It is not healthy to become completely caught up in competition and status at such a young age.'"<ref name="nyt" /></blockquote>
For some, "the schools are also seen as reinforcing a tradition of rote learning over ingenuity."<ref name="economist" />
===Merits===
In many ways, juku compensate for the formal education system's inability or unwillingness to address particular individual problems. "In a 2008 government survey, two-thirds of parents attributed the growing role of juku to shortcomings in public education,"<ref name="economist" /> such as the abolition of Saturday schooling (which therefore reduces the number of hours available to cover course material) and the reduction of curricular content (see [[Yutori education]]).
Juku offer a more personalized service<ref name="economist" /> "and many encourage individual inquisitiveness when the public system treats everyone alike. 'The juku are succeeding in ways that the schools are not,' an OECD report says."<ref name="economist" />
==See also==
*[[Hagwon]], similar word in Korean to describe cram schools in South Korea
*[[Higher education in Japan]]
*[[Kyōiku mama]], Japanese pejorative meaning "education mother".  Similar to the concept of a "[[stage mother]]."
*[[List of jukus in Japan]]
*[[Tiger parenting]]
*[[Tuition centre]]s in Singapore
*[[Yobikō]], similar to juku, but partially overseen by Japan's Ministry of Education, and focused on preparing students to take college admission tests.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html Library of Congress entry]
{{commons category|Juku}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Academic pressure in East Asian culture]]
[[Category:School types]]
[[Category:Testing and exams in Japan]]
[[Category:Test preparation companies]]