View source for Kadro

{{Short description|Political magazine in Turkey (1932–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox magazine
| logo            =
| logo_size       = 180px
| image_file      = Kadro.jpg
| image_size      = 180px
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| editor          =
| editor_title    =
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| category        = Political magazine
| frequency       = Monthly
| circulation     =
| publisher       =
| founder         = {{ubl|[[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]] | [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]]| Vedat Nedim Tör}}
| founded         =
| firstdate       = January 1932
| finaldate       = December 1934
| finalnumber     =
| company         =
| country         = Turkey
| based           = Ankara
| language        = Turkish
| website         = {{URL|http://www.kadrodergisi.com}}
| issn            =
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}}
'''''Kadro''''' was an influential [[left-nationalist]] and left-[[Kemalism|Kemalist]] [[magazine]] published in [[Turkey]] between January 1932 and December 1934.<ref>{{Cite book
|editor1=Tamer Çetin|title=The Political Economy of Regulation in Turkey|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-7750-2|location=New York
|editor2=Fuat Oğuz|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-7750-2|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref name=banu>{{cite thesis|author=Banu İdrisoğlu|title=Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön|url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2663575/view|location=[[Leiden University]]|page=12|degree=MA|date=2016}}</ref> The title of ''Kadro'' translates from Turkish as "cadre" (referring to the "cadre" of intellectuals who were to be the vanguard of the permanent Turkish revolution).
==History and profile==
''Kadro'' was first published in January 1932.<ref name=banu/> The founders were the members of one of the three major Kemalist factions in the 1930s.<ref name=ertan>{{cite thesis|author=Ertan Aydın|title=The peculiarities of Turkish revolutionary ideology in the 1930s: the Ülkü version of Kemalism, 1933-1936|year=2003|hdl=11693/29409|url=http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/handle/11693/29409|location=[[Bilkent University]]
|degree=PhD|pages=1–2}}</ref> They were leading Turkish journalists and authors: [[Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu]], [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]] and Vedat Nedim Tör.<ref name=banu/> Of them Karaosmanoğlu was also the license holder who asked for permission from [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], [[President of Turkey]], to publish a magazine.<ref name=banu/> Regular contributors of ''Kadro'' included [[Burhan Asaf Belge]], İsmail Hüsrev Tökin and Mehmet Şevki Yazman.<ref name=banu/>
''Kadro'' came out monthly.<ref name=ertan/> It increased its criticism over the bureaucrats of the ruling party, [[Republican People's Party]], which led to its closure in 1934.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehmet Ali Kumral|title=Exploring Emotions in Turkey-Iran Relations Affective Politics of Partnership and Rivalry|year=2020|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-030-39029-7|page=124
|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-39029-7}}</ref>
===Ideology===
''Kadro'' believed that a Turkish revolution would occur in two stages: the battle to achieve political sovereignty, achieved in the [[anti-imperialist]] [[Turkish War of Independence]], and an ongoing battle to liberate the economy and society from imperialist influence. To this end, the ''Kadro'' theorists borrowed heavily from Marxist theory.
Kadro's economic and political theories were influenced by a mix of the elements of the [[Leninism|Leninist]] [[New Economic Policy|NEP]], the [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|elements of a centrally planned economy of the first Soviet Five-year Plan]], and the ideas of Soviet Muslim communist [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]].  Kadro also supported a comprehensive [[land reform]] to redistribute land from big and middle landlords to landless peasants and yeoman farmers. However, unlike the [[collectivization in the Soviet Union]], the proposal of the Kadro theorists did not include the abolition of private land ownership in Turkey. Kadro developed a unique variant of nationalism in the 1930s that focused on national liberation and opposing imperialist powers. The Kadroist definition of a nation is critical of [[Ziya Gökalp]]'s definition, which focuses on race, ethnicity, culture, and religion. The Kadroists believed the Turkish national identity is multi-faceted, as they believe nations can also be defined by their technological development and level of economic integration. The Kadroist writers theorized the idea of the existence of two main categories of countries: the industrialized and the non-industrialized countries.
Kadro writers believe Turkey's status as a non-industrialized country makes its development of national industries with state power to prevent private interests from emerging via [[statism|statist]] and [[Developmentalism|developmentalist]] policies of the ruling Kemalist regime necessary. Kadro theorists also believe the policies implemented by the Turkish state were crucial to apply to Turkey's national conditions to achieve full [[economic nationalism|economic sovereignty]] from foreign imperialist powers. The main difference between Kadro's economic proposal and the regime's economic policy was that they supported a more substantial state role in the economy with no private sector involvement and full electrification of the country.
The Kadroist theory sharp contrasts with the global capitalist society transition to the socialist society linear model of [[Classical Marxism]]. The Kadroists also developed a theory of [[anti-colonialism]], which described Western industrialized countries' economic and social prosperity as the results of the colonial exploitations of their non-industrialized colonial subjects. Kadro theorists also criticized traditional [[Marxism|Marxist]] literature for lacking coverage on the topic of [[colonialism]] and the theory of [[national liberation]], despite Kadro writers taking certain inspirations from its theories of [[class struggle]] and [[historical determinism]]. Notably, the ''Kadro''theorists believed that they were creating a third (non-capitalist, non-socialist) political doctrine that would be essentially a Turkish form of "[[left-nationalism|social nationalism]]." Kadro was highly critical of [[Italian fascism]] and [[Nazism]], condemning fascism as a racist and imperialist ideology designed to benefit the bourgeoisie of the industrialized nations. However, it also criticized the Marxist rejection of nationalism, arguing national liberation is more than a means to the end and emphasizing the importance of  [[economic nationalism|economic self-determination]] of non-industrialized and colonized nations. The Kadro's interpretation of nationalism can also be seen as a form of [[social patriotism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Türkeş |first1=Mustafa |title=The Ideology of the Kadro [Cadre] Movement: A Patriotic Leftist Movement in Turkey |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=Oct 1998 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=92–119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283971?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ad23bf598080b40f5eba3f969172a48de |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>
The theorists advocated absolute state control of the economy ([[Kemalism#Etatism|statism]] {{langx|tr|devletçilik}}, a key element of [[Kemalist ideology]]),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob M. Landau|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=Westview Press|year=1984
|isbn=0865319863|location=Boulder|page=171|author-link=Jacob M. Landau}}</ref> believing that Turkey could overcome the problem of [[class conflict]] if the state never developed a middle and upper class. If the state was in charge of development, class conflict would not arise, as capital would be in the hands of the state, not specific classes.
''Kadro'' was important as it sought to provide Kemalist Turkey with a solid theoretical underpinning. Although Kadro policies were never absolutely adapted, Turkey did pursue a state-centered development [[strategy]]. The magazine ''Kadro'' led to the creation of a so-called ''Kadro'' movement consisting of left-wing political theorists and its journalists took part in the nightly political debates organized by Atatürk.<ref name=":1"/>
Although it claimed to be supportive of the government and opposed socialism and communism in principle, many members of Kadro, like Ayedemir, were former TKP members. The magazine was shut down in 1934;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Walter F. Weiker|title=Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=1991|isbn=1-85043300-3|editor1=Metin Heper|pages=94–95
|editor2=Jacob M. Landau}}</ref> economically liberal figures in the government (like [[Celal Bayar]]) worked against the ''Kadro'' theories, which they found far too leftist.
==See also==
*[[Ecevitism]]
*[[Kemalism]]
*[[National communism]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Harris, George. "The Communists and the Kadro: Shaping Ideology in Atatürk's Turkey". Istanbul: Isis, 2002.
*Turkes, Mustafa. "A Patriotic Leftist Development-Strategy Proposal in Turkey in the 1930s: The Case of the Kadro (Cadre) Movement", ''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'', 2001, 33: 91–114.
==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kadrodergisi.com}}
* [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5:1-69620 Online digitized version]
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1932 establishments in Turkey]]
[[Category:1934 disestablishments in Turkey]]
[[Category:Defunct political magazines published in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kemalism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1932]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1934]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Ankara]]
[[Category:Turkish-language magazines]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in Turkey]]