View source for Kakuyids

{{Short description|Daylamite Shia dynasty in Iran (1008–1141)}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = آل کاکویه
|conventional_long_name = Kakuyid Emirate
|common_name = Kakuyids
|
|era       = Middle Ages
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|year_start  = 1008
|year_end    = 1141
|event_pre   =
|date_pre    =
|event1      =
|event2      =
|event_start =
|date_start  =
|event_end   =
|date_end    =
|p1                     = Buyid dynasty
|p2                     =
|flag_p2                =
|p3                     =
|flag_p3                =
|s1                     = Great Seljuq Empire
|s2                     = Atabegs of Yazd
|flag_s2                =
|image_flag  =
|image_coat  =
|image_map   = KakuyidMapHistoryofIran.png
|image_map_caption = The Kakuyids at their greatest extent
|
|capital          = [[Isfahan]]<br/>(1008–1051)<br/>[[Yazd]]<br/>(1051–1141)
|national_motto   =
|national_anthem  =
|common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
|religion         = [[Shia Islam]]
|currency         =
|leader1      = [[Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar]]
|year_leader1 = 1008–1041
|leader2      = Garshasp II
|year_leader2 = 1095–1141
|title_leader = [[Emir]]
|today =
}}
{{History of Iran}}
The '''Kakuyids''' (also called '''Kakwayhids''', '''Kakuwayhids''' or '''Kakuyah''') ({{langx|fa|آل کاکویه}}) were a [[Shia]] [[Muslim]] dynasty of [[Daylamite]] origin that held power in western Persia, [[Jibal]] and [[Kurdistan]] (c. 1008&ndash;c. 1051). They later became ''[[atabeg]]s'' (governors) of [[Yazd]], [[Isfahan]] and [[Abarkuh]] from c. 1051 to 1141. They were related to the [[Buyids]].<ref>''The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World'', C.E. Bosworth, '''The Cambridge History of Iran''', Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 37.</ref>
== Origins ==
Scholars state that the Kakuyids were [[Daylamites]],{{sfn|Bosworth|1994|pp=773-774}}{{sfn|Potts|2014|p=180}}{{sfn|Herzig|Stewart|2014|p=65}} and relatives of [[Sayyida Shirin]],{{sfn|Huart|1993|p=667-668}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1998|pp=359-362}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=244}} who was from the [[Daylamite]]{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=244}}<ref>{{cite web|author1=Sadiq Sajjadi|author2=Sayyid Ali Al-i Dawood|title=Al-i Kakuya|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/988|publisher=[[CGIE]]|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> [[Bavand dynasty]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=244}}{{sfn|Madelung|1975|p=217}}{{sfn|Madelung|1984|pp=747-753}}
== History ==
The founder of the Kakuyid dynasty was [[Ala al-Dawla Muhammad]], a [[Daylamites|Daylamite]] military leader under the service of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid amirate]] of [[Jibal]]. His father, [[Rustam Dushmanziyar]], had also served the Buyids, and was given lands in the [[Alborz]] to protect them against the local rulers of the neighbouring region of [[Tabaristan]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2010|pp=359–362}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|pp=773–774}} Rustam was the uncle of [[Sayyida Shirin]], a princess from the Bavand dynasty who was married to the Buyid ''[[amir]]'' (ruler) [[Fakhr al-Dawla]] ({{reign|976|980|984|997}}).{{sfn|Bosworth|1970|p=74}}{{sfn|Spuler|2014|p=101}} Because of this connection, Ala al-Dawla Muhammad is often referred to as ''Ibn Kakuya'' or ''Pisar-i Kaku'', "meaning son of the uncle."{{sfn|Bosworth|1970|p=74}}{{sfn|Spuler|2014|p=110}} By 1008, he was the governor of the city of [[Isfahan]], a position which Sayyida Shirin had secured him. However, the report of the 11th-century local historian of Isfahan, [[Mafarrukhi]], suggests that Ala al-Dawla Muhammad was in control of the city at least as early as 1003.{{sfn|Bosworth|1970|p=74}}{{sfn|Bosworth|2010|pp=359–362}} Over time, he effectively became independent of Buyid control.
At times Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar acted as an ally of the Buyids; when [[Shams al-Dawla]] was faced with a revolt in Hamadan, for example, he turned to the Kakuyids for aid. Shortly after Shams al-Daula died, he was succeeded by [[Sama' al-Dawla]], however, the Kakuyids invaded and took control of Hamadan in 1023 or 1024. They then moved on and seized [[Hulwan, Iran|Hulwan]] from the '[[Annazid]]s. The Buyid [[Musharrif al-Dawla]], who ruled over [[Fars Province|Fars]] and [[Iraq]], forced the Kakuyids to withdraw from Hulwan, but they retained Hamadan. Peace was made between the two sides, and a matrimonial alliance was eventually arranged.
Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar was succeeded in 1041 by his son [[Faramurz]]. While in Hamadan another Kakuyid, [[Garshasp I]], took power. In 1095, [[Garshasp II]] became the new emir of the Kakuyid dynasty, and was later killed at the [[Battle of Qatwan]] in 1141.<ref>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, ''Historic cities of the Islamic world'', (BRILL, 2007), 562.</ref> Faramurz's reign was cut short by the [[Seljuks]], who after a year-long siege of Isfahan took the city in 1051 or 1052. Despite this, Faramurz was given [[Yazd]] and Abarkuh in fief by the Seljuks. The Kakuyids remained the governors of these provinces until sometime in the mid-12th century; their rule during this time was known for the construction of mosques, canals and fortifications.
==Kakuyid rulers==
* [[Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar]] (1008–1041)
* [[Faramurz|Faramurz ibn Muhammad]] (1041–1070's) – [[Isfahan]], later in [[Yazd]] and [[Abarkuh]]
* [[Garshasp I|Garshasp I ibn Muhammad]] (1041–1048) – [[Hamadan]], [[Nihawand]], [[Borujerd]] and western [[Jibal]]
* [[Ali ibn Faramurz]] (1070's –1095) – [[Yazd]]. Married [[Chaghri Beg]]'s daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija, in 1076–1077.<ref>''Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd'', C. E. Bosworth, '''Iran''', Vol. 8, (1970), 86.</ref>
* [[Garshasp II]] (1095–1141)
==Family tree==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | AMD | | | | | | | |AMD=Sharwin ([[Sharwin III]]?)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | SAY | | | | | | RUS | |RUS=[[Rustam Dushmanziyar]] |SAY=[[Sayyida Shirin]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MUH | | | | | | | | |MUH=[[Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar|Muhammad]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | GA1 | | | ABU | ||FAR=[[Faramurz]] |GA1=[[Garshasp I]] |ABU=[[Abu Harb]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | ALI | | | | | | | | |ALI=[[Ali ibn Faramurz|Ali]] }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | GA2 | | | | |GA2=[[Garshasp II]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{The Cambridge History of Iran|volume=4 |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |chapter=The early Ghaznavids |chapter-url={{Google books|hvx9jq_2L3EC|plainurl=y|page=162}} |pages=162–197}}
* {{The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=5 |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |chapter=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) |chapter-url={{Google books|16yHq5v3QZAC|plainurl=y|page=1}} |pages=1—202}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=1970 |title=Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd |journal=[[Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies|Iran]] |volume=8 |pages=73–95 |doi=10.2307/4299634 |jstor=4299634}} {{Registration required}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=15 |fascicle=4 |title=Kākūyids |year=1998 |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kuyids-dynasty |pages=359–362}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=15 |fascicle=7 |title=ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad |year=1984 |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ala-al-dawla-abu-jafar-mohammad-b|pages=773–774}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=15 |fascicle=3 |title=Abū Manṣūr Farāmarz |year=1983 |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-mansur-faramarz-zahir-al-din-sams-al-molk-eldest-son-of-the-kakuyid-amir-of-jebal-ala-al-dawla-mohammad-b |pages=335–336}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=3|fascicle=3|title=ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW |year=1988 |first1=Ch. |last1=Bürgel |first2=R. |last2=Mottahedeh |author-link2=Roy Mottahedeh |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja |pages=265–269}}
* {{The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |last=Busse |first=Heribert |author-link=:de:Heribert Busse |chapter=Iran under the Buyids |chapter-url={{Google books|hvx9jq_2L3EC|plainurl=y|page=250}} |pages=250–305}}
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition |volume=1 |title=Bāwand |last=Frye |first=R. N. |author-link=Richard N. Frye |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/bawand-SIM_1294 |page=1110}}
* {{cite book |first=Margaretha T. |last=Heemskerk |title=Suffering in the Mu'tazilite theology |publisher=Brill |year=2000}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Huart |first=CL. |article=Kākōyids |encyclopedia=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IIII |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=1993 |isbn=9789004097902 |pages=667–668 |url={{Google books|7CP7fYghBFQC |plainurl=y |page=667}}}}
* {{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates |edition=Second}}
* {{The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |last=Madelung |first=W. |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |chapter=The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran |chapter-url={{Google books|hvx9jq_2L3EC|plainurl=y|page=198}} |pages=198–249}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=1 |fascicle=7 |title=Āl-e Bāvand (Bavandids) |year=1984 |first=W. |last=Madelung |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-bavand |pages=747–753}}
* {{cite book |title=Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century |year=1999 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |last=Meisami |first=Julie Scott |pages=1–319 |isbn=9780748612765 |url={{Google books|UGkuLXhnPLYC |plainurl=y}}}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=4 |fascicle=6 |title=Buyids |year=1990 |first=Tilman |last=Nagel |author-link=Tilman Nagel |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/buyids |pages=578–586}}
* {{cite book |last=Potts |first=Daniel T. |title=Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era |location=London and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199330799 |url={{Google books|8c3QAgAAQBAJ |plainurl=y}} |pages=1–558}}
* {{cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |title=Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/26295 |year=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28209-4}}
{{refend|2}}
{{coord missing|Iran}}
{{Kakuyids}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kakuyids| ]]