View source for Kamayurá

{{Short description|Indigenous people of Brazil}}
{{for|the language|Kamayurá language}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Kamayurá
|image=[[File:Flickr - Ministério da Cultura - Encontro de Saberes - Seminário Internacional (17).jpg|250px]]
|caption=Maniwa Kamayurá, traditional Kamayurá architect
|population=467 (2011)<ref name=intro>[http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kamaiura "Kamaiurá: Introduction."] ''Povos Indígenas no Brasil.'' 2011. Retrieved 11 Jan 2012.</ref>
|popplace={{Flag|Brazil}} ([[Mato Grosso]])
|rels=traditional tribal religion
|langs=[[Kamayurá language|Kamayurá]]
|related=
}}
The '''Kamayurá''' are an [[indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous tribe]] in the [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian Basin]] of [[Brazil]].  Their name is also spelled '''Kamayura''' and '''Kamaiurá'''; it means "a raised platform to keep meat, pots and pans." The [[Kamayurá language]] belongs to the [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi–Guarani family]].
The Kamayurá live in the [[Xingu River|Upper Xingu]] region along with Kiabi, Yudja and Suya tribes. The ways of life of these four tribes are quite similar despite having different languages. Their villages are situated around [[Lake Ipavu]], which is six kilometres from the [[Kuluene River]].<!--??THIS INFO DOES NOT SEEM TO MATCH THE MAP IN SEKI 2000??--> Much like other small indigenous cultures around the globe, the Kamayurá are struggling to adapt to the effects of [[deforestation]] and climate change.<ref>
Elizabeth Rosenthal (2009), [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/25/science/earth/25tribe.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=global-home ''An Amazon Culture Withers as Food Dries Up'']. New York Times, July 24th 2009.
</ref>
==Population==
In 2002 there were an estimated 355 people. Now there are about 544 (2010).{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Their numbers had made a good recovery from an all-time low of 94 people recorded in 1954, the previous reduction in numbers due to the [[measles]] [[epidemic]]. The total population was 264 when adventurer [[Karl von den Steinen]] visited the area in the 1880s.
==Description of villages==
The Kamayurá village comprises a round roof that is decorated with [[sape grass]] (''[[Imperata brasiliensis]]'') and the ‘house of the flutes’(Tapuwi) contain important flute (''jakui'') instruments that can only be played by the men. In front of that house there is a meeting area where the men discuss fishing trips or plan festivals and so on.
The house is generally dark and is where the women and children dwell. The rainforest surround the entire village and private gardens can also be found.
== History ==
The region was declared a national park by the Brazilian authorities in 1961, intended to prevent further intrusions and spread of deadly epidemics to locals. The Kamayurá people currently live near other indigenous peoples, namely the Kuikuro and Kalapalo, for example, in Upper Xingu. In regards to contact with non-indigenous people, this was first seen in 1884 with the exploration of Karl Von den Stein. At this time the Kamayurá were situated on the banks of the Lake Ipavu.  Karl Von den Stein was a German explorer, and with his exploration opened up opportunities for other explorers to pass through the region of which the Kamayurá were situated.<ref name="pib.socioambiental.org">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/kamaiura/308|title=Histórico da ocupação no Alto Xingu > Kamaiurá|website=pib.socioambiental.org|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref> In 1942 the Federal Agency was created as well as the Central Brazil Foundation, this opened roads and established camps in the area which the Kamayurá were living. These open roads and camps directly affected the Kamayurá as contact with non-indigenous people continued. In 1961 Funai turned the territory the Kamayurá inhabited, into what is today known as the National Park.<ref name="pib.socioambiental.org"/>
== Social organisation ==
The Kamayurá society comprises several villages, a group of brothers being the owner of each household. They decide what tasks and productive activities should be conducted each day by its members.
After marriage the husband moves and lives in the wife’s parents’ house. Strong alliances can be established through marriages.
The genders are separated shortly after puberty. The boys are taught how to hunt for food with an arrow, do hard labour, and create a basket. Wrestling is done daily which strengthens their muscles. They are also trained in combat and taught leadership skills so they are able to look after their own families later on. This segregation lasts for up to five years before returning.
The teenage girls during seclusion must learn how to weave mats, and perform many basic everyday household duties. After a few years they become ready for marriage, they are given a new name and their ears are pierced. The girls also learn how to dance and look after the family.
== Ceremonies and Rituals ==
There are many ceremonies and rituals of the Kamayurá people. Some of these rituals are: the feast of the dead, and the celebration feast of the warriors. The aim of these rituals is to bring together the various ethnic groups of the Upper Xingu area to celebrate the life of the deceased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/povo/kamaiura/311|title=Os Kamaiurá no sistema ritual do Alto Xingu > Kamaiurá|website=pib.socioambiental.org|access-date=2016-12-06}}</ref>
== Trade ==
[[bow (weapon)|Bows and arrows]] (made with high quality materials), snail-shell belts and ceramic pots are traded with other tribes. Fish nets, [[canoe]]s, [[flute]]s and [[hammock]]s are made as specialised goods.
== Diet ==
The traditional Kamayura diet generally consists of [[fish]], ''beiju'', [[porridge]], [[capsicum|pepper]] and [[bananas]].<ref name=intro/> Fish is the main source of protein. Birds are hunted in the rain forest while wild berries are gathered as the main [[food supplement]]. Most [[fur]]-bearing animals are considered [[taboo]]. Eagles can be a supplement for fish. [[Honey]] is also collected. [[Manioc]] is harvested and processed in beiju and a sweet soup called ''mohete''.<ref name=produce>[http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kamaiura/316 "Kamaiura: Productive Activities."] ''Povos Indígenas no Brasil.'' (retrieved 2 March 2011)</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* [[Lucy Seki]], ''[[Gramática do Kamaiurá, Língua Tupi–Guarani do Alto Xingu]]''. Editora UNICAMP and São Paulo State Official Press (2000). {{in lang|pt}} {{ISBN|85-268-0498-7}}.
== External links ==
*[http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=268 Kamayurá artwork], [[National Museum of the American Indian]]
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090713065547/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1114-google_earth-act.html Kamayura use GPS to protect rainforest]
*[https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Kamaiurá]
{{Xingu}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamayura People}}
[[Category:Xingu peoples]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon]]