View source for Karawanks Tunnel (railway)

{{Short description|Railway tunnel in Austria and Slovenia}}
{{For|the road tunnel|Karawanks Tunnel (motorway)}}
[[File:karawanken-04.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The northern entrance to the tunnel]]
[[File:Karavanke rail tunnel-south entrance.jpg|thumb|300px|The southern entrance to the tunnel]]
[[File:URN NBN SI IMG-PM5MWXKI.jpg|thumb|300px|The northern entrance to the tunnel during the [[Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia]], 1918 or 1919.]]
The '''Karawanks Tunnel''' ({{langx|de|Karawankentunnel}}, {{langx|sl|Predor Karavanke}}) is the fourth longest [[railway]] [[tunnel]] in [[Austria]] and the longest in [[Slovenia]] with a length of {{convert|7976|m}} (4.96 miles). It passes under [[Rožca]] Saddle between [[Sankt Jakob im Rosental|Rosenbach]] in southern Austria and [[Jesenice, Jesenice|Jesenice]] in northern Slovenia.
Upon opening in October 1906, the Karawanks Tunnel formed an important element of the Karawanken Railway, which was - together with the [[Bohinj Railway]] - constructed to connect the port of [[Trieste]] with [[Klagenfurt]], the capital of the federal state of [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] in Austria.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58044633.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517093602/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58044633.html| url-status=dead| archive-date= 17 May 2011| title=New loan raises EIB lending for Slovenian motorways to Euro 550 million| author=European Report| work=HighBeam Research| date= 4 December 1999}}</ref> Despite the dissolution of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], which had been a driving force for its construction, the line and tunnel alike continued to be a well-trafficked route largely used by freight trains travelling between Austria and Slovenia. During the twenty-first century, the Karawanks Tunnel underwent extensive modernisation, being rationalised from a twin-track layout to a single track to comply with modern safety standards.
==History==
Between 1867 and 1918, Trieste was a part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. It was of considerable strategic importance, being that it was Austria's first seaport and thus naturally became the principal outlet for overseas trading by the Austro-Hungarian Empire; however, its effectiveness was undermined by the lack of an adequate railway communication with the Austrian interior. Seeking to greatly bolster international trade activity at Trieste in particular and the over-sea trade of Austria in general, it was decided in 1901 to construct a railway to connect Trieste and Klagenfurt. This line, the Karawanken Railway, was built over and through the [[Karawanks]], Europe's longest (120&nbsp;km/70&nbsp;mi) mountain range; the route presently crosses the border between Austria and Slovenia.
A key feature of the railway was the Karawanks Tunnel. Its construction was particularly challenging due to the local geology being particularly unstable. Boring was accomplished by teams working at either end of the alignment, as many as 6,000 men worked in the tunnel's vicinity at the peak of activity. Electricity generated by waterfalls near to the future tunnel portals were used to power various items of equipment, from lighting to ventilation fans. Progress was made at an average rate of 13 feet per day, although complications would occasionally cause less progress to be made.<ref>{{cite book |first = Frederick A. |last = Talbot |title = The Railway Conquest of the World |publisher = Amberley Publishing |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-1-4456-5222-1}}</ref> In comparison to contemporary tunnels, the total cost of its construction was notably higher.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JLdHAQAAMAAJ&q=Karawanken+Tunnel+railway |title = Bulletin of the International Railway Association, Volume 25 |year = 1911 |author = M. Weissenbruch |publisher = International Railway Association |page = 773}}</ref>
Such was the importance of the Karawanks Tunnel that, on 1 October 1906, the opening ceremony was officiated by the Austro-Hungarian head of state, [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]. The tunnel quickly became a heavily trafficked freight route, even after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the following decade. Through to the present day, it has remained of importance to international freight traffic, being reportedly traversed by in excess of 80 trains per day.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aj6J4WXQGSo Video (Tunnel: 3:20 - 3:45)]</ref>
== Twenty-first century renovations ==
In 2015, Austria and Slovenia, along with their respective railway infrastructure operating companies, signed an agreement for the renovation and improvement of the Karawanks Tunnel.<ref name = "EC 2017"/> The project has a total budget of 115 million euros, divided over the kilometers of each country, Slovenia contributing 50 million euros while Austria is to spend 65.3 million euros; the project is also financially supported by the [[European Union]] within the framework of the Connecting Europe Facility Program.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kleinezeitung.at/kaernten/5478413/Ein-Jahr-Bauzeit_OeBB-investieren-110-Millionen-Euro-in |title=Ein Jahr Bauzeit: ÖBB investieren 110 Millionen Euro in Karawanken-Bahntunnel |work=www.kleinezeitung.at |access-date=31 October 2018 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/austria-slovenia-border-tunnel-receives-european-funding-18-03-2019/ |title = Austria-Slovenia border tunnel receives European funding |publisher = New Civil Engineer |first = Connor |last = Ibbetson |date = 18 March 2019}}</ref>
The construction work is scheduled to begin on August 10, 2020, and will be carried out by the Austrian [[STRABAG]] for both countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvslo.si/gospodarstvo/zelezniski-predor-karavanke-bo-nadgrajeval-strabag/531332|title = Železniški predor Karavanke bo nadgrajeval Strabag}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.24ur.com/novice/gospodarstvo/zelezniski-predor-karavanke-bo-obavljal-avstrijski-strabag.html| title = Vsak dan prvi - 24ur.com}} </ref> From October 5, 2020, to April 4, 2021, the tunnel is to be closed completely and completed by the end of the year.<ref name="dnevnik.si">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnevnik.si/1042934482|title=Prenova železniškega predora Karavanke bo stekla avgusta}}</ref>
Perhaps most noticeable amongst the changes to be made shall be the reduction of the original twin-track arrangement to a single track configuration; the resulting space freed up is to be reused as an emergency rescue passage, improving safety throughout the tunnel. In parallel with this work, various other improvements and modernisations shall be made to the 100-year-old structure, intended to bring it up to modern standards. These changes include the installation of a ceiling busbar, drainage renewal, a new floor, as well as the partial renovation of the tunnel vault via the addition of new anchors, reinforcement measures and [[concrete]]. The portals from the imperial era are also to be renovated and shine in new splendor. The implementation of new safety standards shall enable a higher operating speed inside the tunnel and make the tunnel [[Rolling highway|RoLa]] - suitable. Despite the fact that the tunnel will only be operated with only the one track in the future, this is unlikely to particularly inhibit traffic as the rest of the line is a single-track as well; to reinstate the second track in compliance with modern safety regulation shall necessitate the boring of a second tunnel, which would involve considerable investment.<ref name = "EC 2017">{{cite web |url = https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/obstacle_border/5_rail_transport_austria-slovenia.pdf |title = Easing legal and administrative obstacles in EU border regions |publisher = [[European Commission]] |author1=W. Pucher |author2=W. Schausberger |date = February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.dri.si/en/fields-of-work/railways/security-and-technical-upgrade-to-the-karavanke-railway-tunnel |title = Security and technical upgrade to the Karavanke railway tunnel |publisher = dri.si |accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref>
In the long term, it is being considered to build a second tube, just like the road tunnel, so that there should be one tunnel with one track per direction of travel. Therefore, as of summer 2020, a study is currently in preparation, which should already determine the best position for a possible second tube. Geology in particular should play a major role here, since it is very unfavorable in the Slovenian area of the current tunnel and has caused many problems in the construction of the first tube. In a historical building documentation, for example, it was described how a drilling rig was regularly crushed by the yielding rock mass and had to be freed again and again. Mine gases and mountain water also caused massive problems. The same was true for the construction of the first road tunnel, which lies in the same geology and runs practically parallel to the railway tunnel. The current solution with only one tunnel and one track should last until 2040, after which the construction of a second tube could be pending.<ref name="dnevnik.si"/>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.ilf.com.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/publikationen/52_Safety_Management_Austrian_Railway_Tunnels.pdf Safety Management for Austrian Railway Tunnels]
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[[Category:Railway tunnels in Austria]]
[[Category:Railway tunnels in Slovenia]]
[[Category:International tunnels]]
[[Category:Austria–Slovenia border crossings]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1906]]
[[Category:Municipality of Jesenice]]
[[Category:Tunnels in the Alps]]
[[Category:Base tunnels]]
[[Category:Proposed railway tunnels]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in Austria-Hungary]]