View source for Kettling

{{Short description|Police tactic of containing people at a protest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{other uses|Kettle (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=January 2014}}
{{self-published|date=January 2014}}}}
[[File:G20 climate camp police kettling protesters.jpg|thumb|Riot police kettling protesters at the [[Camp for Climate Action#Camp in the City 2009|Camp for Climate action]], part of the [[2009 G20 London summit protests]]]]
[[File:Wien - Anti-Corona-Demo, 8. Jänner 2022, Kesselung.JPG|thumb|Police kettling protesters at the Opernring in Vienna, [[COVID-19 pandemic in Austria#Prevention measures|part of the protest against coronavirus restrictions]]]]
'''Kettling''' (also known as '''containment''' or '''corralling''')<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23670983-details/Police+defend+%27corralling%27+thousands+of+protesters+for+eight+hours+in+City/article.do|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912090155/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23670983-details/Police+defend+'corralling'+thousands+of+protesters+for+eight+hours+in+City/article.do|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=Police defend 'corralling' thousands of protesters for eight hours in City|last=Davenport|first=Justin|date=3 April 2009|work=Evening Standard|access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref> is a [[police]] [[Riot Control|tactic]] for [[Crowd control|controlling large crowds]] during [[Demonstration (people)|demonstration]]s or [[protest]]s. It involves the formation of large cordons of police officers who then move to contain a crowd within a limited area. Protesters either leave through an exit controlled by the police, leave through an uncontrolled gap in the cordons, or are contained, prevented from leaving, and arrested.
The tactic has proved controversial, in part because it has resulted in the detention of ordinary bystanders as well as protesters.<ref name="bbc1"/> In March 2012 kettling was ruled lawful by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] following a legal challenge.<ref name=bbc_15march2012>{{cite news|title=European court says 'kettling' tactics in 2001 lawful|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17378700|access-date=15 March 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 March 2012|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315101625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17378700|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Tactics==
The term ''kettle'' is a metaphor, likening the containment of protesters to the containment of heat and steam within a domestic [[kettle]]. Its modern English usage may come from "''[[Kessel (cauldron)#Kessel|Kessel]]''"{{snd}}literally a cauldron, or 'kettle' in German{{snd}}that describes an encircled army about to be annihilated by a superior force.<ref>{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Joyce |title=Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306234334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |url-status=live }}</ref> A cauldron is expected to be "boiling" with combat activity, the large enemy forces still quite able to offer "hot" resistance in the initial stages of encirclement, and so are to be contained, but not engaged directly.
To avoid allusions to military confrontation, kettling is sometimes described as "corralling", likening the tactic to the [[Pen (enclosure)|enclosure of livestock]]. Although large groups are difficult to control, this can be done by [[Force concentration|concentrations]] of police. The tactic prevents the large group breaking into smaller splinters that have to be individually chased down, thus requiring the policing to break into multiple groups.<ref>{{cite news |first=Duncan |last=Campbell |title=Did the handling of the G20 protests reveal the future of policing? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/03/g20-protests-police-kettling |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=6 April 2009 |location=London |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100111/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/03/g20-protests-police-kettling |url-status=live }}</ref>
The cordon is then maintained for a number of hours, during which it may be reduced in size. It varies as to whether protestors are entirely prevented from leaving, or allowed to leave in controlled numbers through a designated exit. The aim is to contain the protestors until they are no longer in the mood for protesting and want to go home, at which point the cordon is lifted.<ref name="bbc-explains">{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Joyce |title=Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2018-06-20 |archive-date=2018-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306234334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Peter Waddington]], a sociologist and former police officer who helped develop the theory behind kettling, wrote: "I remain firmly of the view that containment succeeds in restoring order by using boredom as its principle weapon, rather than fear as people flee from on-rushing police wielding batons."<ref name="Bpost">{{cite news | title=At boiling point: Policing and crowd control expert, Professor Peter Waddington, assesses the controversial 'kettling' technique employed at the G20 conference | work=Birmingham Post | date=21 April 2009 | author=Waddington, Peter | pages=21}}</ref>
Kettling has been criticized for being an indiscriminate tactic which leads to the detention of law-abiding citizens and innocent bystanders.<ref name="Grauniad1">{{cite news|first=Sandra|last=Laville|author2=Campbell, Duncan|title=Baton charges and kettling|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/03/g20-protests-police-tactics|publisher=Guardian|date=3 April 2009|access-date=6 April 2009|location=London|archive-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100113/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/03/g20-protests-police-tactics|url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases protesters are reported to have been denied access to food, water and toilet facilities for long periods.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|first=Julian|last=Joyce|title=Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8000641.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=16 April 2009|access-date=18 April 2009|archive-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419200253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8000641.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Further criticism has been made that in some instances the tactic has been used to foment disorder with the aim of changing the focus of public debate.<ref name="THES1">{{cite news|first=Alastair|last=Hudson|title=Defeated by violence and silence|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=414866|publisher=TSL Education|date=20 January 2011|location=London|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921065401/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=414866|url-status=live}}</ref> In some countries the tactic has led to legal challenges on the grounds of human rights violations. In England, courts have ruled that kettling is permitted if it is used in good faith, proportionate and enforced for no longer than was reasonably necessary.<ref name="bbc-explains"/>
==By country==
===Australia===
On 3 November 2020, in Melbourne, Victoria, 395 people protesting against the state government were arrested after being kettled for four hours.{{Cn|date=November 2021}}
===Brazil===
On January 8, 2023, in Brasilia, Brazil, an estimated 1500 people [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|attacking the seat of the three branches of government]], were kettled at the Army’s headquarters by the Federal and Estate police.{{Cn|date=January 2023}}
===Canada===
[[File:Toronto G20 Protests.tif|thumb|Kettling at the G20 Summit in Toronto (2010)]]
On 27 June 2010, 200 persons, including protesters, bystanders and news reporters, were kettled in Toronto at the intersection of Queen Street and Spadina Avenue during the [[2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests|G20 summit protests]]. Several hundred people were also kettled outside of the Novotel Hotel on the Esplanade and arrested.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Poisson|first=Jayme|date=4 Nov 2020|title=Victorian MP fined for attending anti-lockdown rally says people should be allowed to protest|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/04/victorian-mp-fined-for-attending-anti-lockdown-rally-says-people-should-be-allowed-to-protest|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105234037/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/nov/04/victorian-mp-fined-for-attending-anti-lockdown-rally-says-people-should-be-allowed-to-protest|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year the Toronto Police Department swore to never use kettling again.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jaume |last=Poisson |title=Exclusive: Toronto police swear off G20 kettling tactic |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1012959--exclusive-toronto-police-swear-off-g20-kettling-tactic?bn=1 |publisher=The Toronto Star |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824030201/http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1012959--exclusive-toronto-police-swear-off-g20-kettling-tactic?bn=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2015, police superintendent David 'Mark' Fenton was convicted of two charges of unlawful arrest and one charge of discreditable conduct, disciplinary offences under the Ontario ''[[Police Services Act (Ontario)|Police Services Act]]'', for ordering the kettling in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Wendy |last=Gillis |title=G20 commander apologizes after being convicted of misconduct |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2015/08/25/toronto-police-g20-supervisor-found-guilty-of-misconduct.html |date=August 25, 2015 |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=November 19, 2015 |archive-date=November 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120101524/http://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2015/08/25/toronto-police-g20-supervisor-found-guilty-of-misconduct.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the judge convicting Fenton also made it clear that "containing or kettling is not illegal".<ref>{{cite web |author=Cara McKenna |agency=The Canadian Press |title=More than five years later, senior officer found guilty over mass arrests, 'kettling' at 2010 G20 protests |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/toronto-g20-officer-david-fenton-charged |date=August 25, 2015 |work=[[National Post]] |access-date=December 23, 2017 |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172025/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 March 2011, 250–300 protesters in Montréal were kettled on St-Denis just north of Mont Royal during the Annual March Against Police Brutality. Police used [[stun grenade]]s, riot gear, and horses to kettle the crowd.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dario Ayala |last=Poisson |title=Video: The annual Montreal demonstration against police brutality |url=https://montrealgazette.com/Video+annual+Montreal+demonstration+against+police+brutality/4445950/story.html |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=15 March 2011 |access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref>
On 23 May 2012, police in Montréal moved in on student protesters, kettling them and making 518 arrests—the largest number in one night since the [[2012 Quebec student protests|student protests]] began weeks earlier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police kettle Montreal student protesters, arresting 518 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-faces-mounting-pressure-amid-student-crisis-1.1212198?cmp=rss |access-date=2012-05-24 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200409/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2012/05/24/montreal-arrests-kettling.html?cmp=rss |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 March 2013, at the annual [[police brutality]] march, the police kettled a group of protesters on Ste-Catherine street in Montréal after the march was declared illegal for not presenting an itinerary before the protest. After almost two hours of attempting to break up the groups protesting, the police closed in and arrested anyone caught in the kettle. At the end of the evening, police stated that there were around 250 arrests, two injured police officers, and one protester who was unwell.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christopher |last=Curtis |title=Cops jump on anti-brutality march early |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Cops+jump+anti+brutality+march+early/8107487/story.html#ixzz2NfZCmc99 |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Montreal Gazette]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320185537/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Cops%2Bjump%2Banti%2Bbrutality%2Bmarch%2Bearly/8107487/story.html |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Denmark===
Between 250 and 1000 non-violent protesters at the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in [[Copenhagen]] were kettled by police. A police spokesman said that the detainment was necessary to avoid disorder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/anticorporate-demonstrators-arrested-1838760.html|title=Anti-corporate demonstrators arrested|last1=Rawlinson|first1=Kevin|first2=Ben|last2=Ferguson|date=12 December 2009|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=13 December 2009|location=London|archive-date=16 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216055151/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/anticorporate-demonstrators-arrested-1838760.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Finland===
Finnish anarchist demonstration [[Smash Asem]] was prevented from taking place when 200 riot police and hundreds of other police and [[Finnish Border Guard]] personnel kettled around 300 to 500 demonstrators and bystanders in front of [[Kiasma]] in downtown [[Helsinki]] for more than three hours on 9 September 2006.
===France===
On the Guillotière bridge In [[Lyon]], on the 20 October 2010, a few hundred protesters were kettled for several hours. The next day in [[Place Bellecour]], about 500 citizens and protesters [[2010 French pension reform strikes|defending the public pension]] were kettled for six hours without food or water by both the police and the military. They were prevented from marching, and tear gas and water cannons were used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rebellyon.info/Temoignages-sur-la-prison.html|title=Témoignages sur la prison à ciel ouvert|publisher=rebellyon.info|language=fr|date=2010-10-22|access-date=2011-01-31|archive-date=2011-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104184851/http://rebellyon.info/Temoignages-sur-la-prison.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Germany===
An early example of kettling was by [[Federal Police (Germany)|German police]] in 1986. During a demonstration by [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti-nuclear]] protesters at [[Heiligengeistfeld]], Hamburg on 8 May, [[Hamburg Police]] cordoned approximately 800 people into a "kettle" for several hours.<ref name="nadir">{{cite web|url=http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/sanis/archiv/brokdorf/kap_06.htm|title=Hamburg Heiligengeistfeld 8. Juni 1986|publisher=Nadir|access-date=2009-04-19|quote=Polizeiterror gegen AKW-Gegner/innen – 800 Menschen einen Tag eingekesselt |language=de |trans-title=Police terror against anti-nuclear activists – 800 people kettled in one day|archive-date=2008-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007174808/http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/sanis/archiv/brokdorf/kap_06.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> German kettling tactics distinguish a stationary form of detention ({{lang|de|{{ill|Polizeikessel|de}}}}) and a mobile form, in which protesters are enclosed by a mobile police cordon while they march ({{lang|de|{{ill|Wanderkessel|de}}}}). These types of police cordon were also regularly used in the UK before the tactic got refined at the N30 protest (see below), and dubbed a kettle.
Kettling has been challenged in the German courts on several occasions. The 1986 {{lang|de|[[Hamburg Police#Controversies and incidents|Hamburger Kessel]]}} was ruled unlawful by the [[administrative court]] of Hamburg. The [[Judiciary of Germany#Ordinary courts|district court]] found German police guilty of wrongful deprivation of personal liberty.
Following an anti-nuclear protest in 2002 in [[Hitzacker]], [[Lower Saxony]], a protester took a case to court because she had been denied access to toilets when she was held within a police kettle. The district court found that she had been handled inhumanely and that the police had acted unlawfully.<ref name="castor">{{cite news|url=http://www.castor.de/presse/ejz/2004/oktober/23.html|title=Gericht: Klo-Verbot ist menschenunwürdig |language=de |trans-title=Court: Toilet ban is inhumane|date=2004-10-23|work=castor.de|publisher=Elbe-Jeetzel-Zeitung|access-date=2009-04-19|quote=Castor-Ankunft 2002: Frau musste Notdurft im Polizeikessel verrichten – Urteil: Polizei handelte rechtswidrig [Castor protest 2002: woman had to answer call of nature in police cordon – Judgement: Police acted unlawfully] |archive-date=2009-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408095301/http://www.castor.de/presse/ejz/2004/oktober/23.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Israel===
During the protests over the [[2018–2019 Gaza border protests|killing of demonstrators along the fence with Gaza]], the [[Israel Police|Israeli police]] in [[Jerusalem]] and [[Haifa]] used  kettling tactics twice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-21|title=הטקטיקה החדשה של המשטרה נגד המפגינים למען עזה|url=https://www.mekomit.co.il/הטקטיקה-החדשה-של-המשטרה-נגד-המפגינים-ל/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=שיחה מקומית|language=he-IL|archive-date=2020-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010070944/https://www.mekomit.co.il/%d7%94%d7%98%d7%a7%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%97%d7%93%d7%a9%d7%94-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a9%d7%98%d7%a8%d7%94-%d7%a0%d7%92%d7%93-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a4%d7%92%d7%99%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%9c/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dozens were arrested after being locked in a kettle for hours. Among those kettled were also [[Member of Knesset|MKs]] from [[Joint List|The Joint List]].
In the summer of 2020 during mass demonstrations<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Boxerman|first1=Aaron|display-authors=etal|title=Thousands protest nationwide against Netanyahu as demonstrations ratchet up|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-protest-against-netanyahu-government-across-country/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001162023/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-protest-against-netanyahu-government-across-country/|url-status=live}}</ref> in front of [[Beit Aghion|the Prime Minister's official residence]], the Israeli police used the tactic several times and prevented demonstrators wishing to leave the demonstration compound from leaving.{{cn|reason=Do not link Facebook, it's [[WP:RS/P|not a reliable source]]|date=July 2022}} Criticism had been leveled at the fact that the tactic is used to deter protesters from reaching the protest and due to the dangerous high density it creates in the context of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Israel|COVID-19 pandemic]].
===Spain===
On 16 May 2012, [[Acampada Sol]] called for a {{lang|es|[[cacerolazo]]}} because the Spanish [[risk premium]] exceeded 500 points that day. The demonstrators were marching through Calle Alcalá, in Madrid, when police forces surrounded them for more than 30 minutes; after the kettled protesters asked for solidarity through the Internet, several additional hundred people gathered outside of the kettle.  Around 500 demonstrators waited seated on the pavement until the police forces finally removed the blockade, allowing them to leave the area and return to [[Puerta del Sol]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/05/16/madrid/1337197283_494179.html |title=La cacerolada del 15-M, atrapada una hora entre antidisturbios en Alcalá Parliament Square (in Spanish) |newspaper=El País |date=16 May 2012 |publisher=elpais.es |last1=Pérez-Lanzac |first1=Carmen |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518002355/http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/05/16/madrid/1337197283_494179.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the nonviolent demonstrations in Catalonia, following the arrest of exiled president Carles Puigdemont by German authorities in 2018, police used kettling as a way of breaking up the protests.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/protest-barcelona-puigdemont-detention_251904_102.html | title=Tens of thousands protest in Barcelona against Puigdemont detention | date=25 March 2018 | access-date=2018-03-27 | archive-date=2018-03-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102521/https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/protest-barcelona-puigdemont-detention_251904_102.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
====Miners' strike, 1984====
The [[Battle of Orgreave]], a violent day in the year–long [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|miners' strike in Great Britain in 1984–85]], has been cited as an early example of police kettling a crowd of protesters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Dan |title=Background: 'The Battle of Orgreave' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33107090 |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=BBC News |date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920165634/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33107090 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Parliament Square disability rights demonstration, 1995 ====
The kettling tactic was used in the UK against disabled people during a disability rights demonstration in [[Parliament Square]], London, in October 1995.{{cn|reason=Flickr is a user-generated source consisting of photos. It's not a [[WP:RS|reliable]] or even adequate source|date=July 2022}}
====N30 anti-WTO demonstration, 1999====
The kettling tactic was used in the UK at the N30 anti-WTO protest at Euston station, London (parallel to the shut-down of the meeting in Seattle) on 30 November 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/11/468945.html |title=A brief history of 'kettling' |publisher=Indymedia.org.uk |date=2010-11-27 |access-date=2010-12-13 |archive-date=2012-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015205146/http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2010/11/468945.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a development of previously used police cordoning tactics; the difference was the long length of time, constant impermeability, and the small size of the kettle.
====May Day 2001====
The tactic was used by the London [[Metropolitan Police]] during the [[International Workers' Day#United Kingdom|May Day riots of 2001]] to contain demonstrators. However, the action also resulted in large numbers of bystanders as well as peaceful demonstrators being detained in [[Oxford Circus]].<ref name="bbc1"/>
====G8 summit, 2005====
Kettling was later used at protests against the [[31st G8 summit]], held in 2005.{{cn|reason=removed dead source, even the archive was dead|date=July 2022}}
====G20, 2009====
Kettling was used once again during the [[2009 G-20 London summit protests]] outside the [[Bank of England]], as part of the police [[Territorial Support Group]]'s "Operation Glencoe".<ref name="bbc1"/> When police started to allow protesters to leave the kettle, they were photographed by [[Forward Intelligence Team]]s and told to give their names and addresses. Some refused to do so and were forced back into the kettle by police.<ref>{{cite news |first=Duncan |last=Campbell |title=G20: Did police containment cause more trouble than it prevented? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/g20-protests-police-kettling |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 2, 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009 |location=London |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906095943/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/02/g20-protests-police-kettling |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of complaints over the tactic were subsequently made to the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-kettling-under-fire-as-may-refuses-to-rule-out-water-cannon-2158673.html |title=Police 'kettling' under fire as May refuses to rule out water cannon |newspaper=The Independent |date=13 December 2010 |access-date=2020-09-21 |location=London |last=Savage |first=Michael |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224165702/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-kettling-under-fire-as-may-refuses-to-rule-out-water-cannon-2158673.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bob Broadhurst]], the commanding officer during the protests, said that, "kettling was the best option" to counter the potential of widespread disruption by protesters".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8057685.stm |title='Training concern' for G20 police |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2009-05-29 |archive-date=2009-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522131958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8057685.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 April 2009, [[Scotland Yard]] ordered a review of these tactics. Criticism of the policing of demonstrations had been increasing, and amateur video footage which recorded two incidents of violent police behaviour, notably the [[death of Ian Tomlinson]], brought police tactics into the media spotlight. The incidents were said by [[Sir Paul Stephenson]], [[Metropolitan Police Commissioner]], to be "clearly disturbing",<ref name="ft">{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Megan |date=15 April 2009 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/db331250-29ee-11de-9d01-00144feabdc0.html |title=Police to review 'kettling' tactics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172025/https://www.ft.com/content/db331250-29ee-11de-9d01-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=2021-03-06 |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=16 April 2009}}</ref> and Stephenson ordered the review to consider whether the tactic is "appropriate and proportionate".<ref name="ft"/> The video footage also showed that police officers were concealing their shoulder identification numbers whilst on duty.<ref name="guardian_vid">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2009/apr/20/g20-police-id-refusal |title=Bishopsgate police officer refuses to give ID number |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307164903/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2009/apr/20/g20-police-id-refusal |archive-date=2016-03-07 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 May 2009}}</ref>
An inquiry was held by the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] (IPCC) into an incident during the G20 protests, in which a woman held in a kettle suffered injuries from police action and subsequently experienced a suspected [[miscarriage]]. The inquiry concluded in August 2009 that the Metropolitan Police should review its crowd control methods, including the tactic of kettling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/aug/06/ipcc-police-public-protests|title=IPCC demands change in police tactics after G20 protests inquiry|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=2009-08-06|work=The Guardian|access-date=2022-07-22|location=London}}</ref><!-- Dead URL, archive was incorrect, can't find it on the modern Times site: <ref name="times-ipcc">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6741319.ece|title=Police must change protest tactics after suspected G20 miscarriage|last=Fresco|first=Adam|date=2009-08-06|work=The Times|access-date=2009-08-06|location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> -->
[[Denis O'Connor (policeman)|Denis O'Connor]], [[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary|Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary]], said in a report concerning the policing of the G20 protests that some police commanders did not understand the House of Lords' ruling<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/418/41807.htm |title=Use of Close Containment |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 June 2009 |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026094920/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/418/41807.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> regarding kettling. He also stated that containing protesters in a kettle was "inadequate" and belonged to a "different era" of policing. He did not suggest that kettling should be abandoned but rather that the methods must be adapted so that peaceful protesters and bystanders are able to leave the kettle.<ref name="paullewis">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/07/g20-policing-report-kettling|title=G20 police chiefs were unclear on kettling law, report finds|last=Lewis|first=Paul|date=7 July 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2009-07-08|location=London|archive-date=2013-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906234724/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/07/g20-policing-report-kettling|url-status=live}}</ref> The report also commissioned a survey, conducted by [[MORI]], which found that the majority of the UK public do feel that the use of kettling is appropriate in some situations. Depending on the circumstances, between 10% and 20% of those questioned feel that it is never appropriate to contain people in this way.<ref name="adaptprotest">{{cite web |url=http://www.hmic.gov.uk/sitecollectiondocuments/ppr/ppr_20090706.pdf |title=Adapting to Protest |first=Denis |last=O'Connor |date=7 July 2009 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary]] |access-date=2009-07-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130200822/http://www.hmic.gov.uk/sitecollectiondocuments/ppr/ppr_20090706.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
In April 2011, the [[High Court of Justice]] ruled that kettling on that occasion was illegal, and it set out new guidelines as to when police were permitted to kettle protesters.<ref>{{cite BAILII |litigants = R (on the application of Moos & another) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis |court = EWHC |division = Admin |year = 2011 |num = 957 |parallelcite = [2011] UKHRR 851, [2011] HRLR 24, [2011] ACD 82 |date = 14 April 2011 |courtname = auto |juris = auto}}</ref> The Court ruled that the police "may only take such preventive action as a last resort catering for situations about to descend into violence".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2011/04/14/uk-court-rules-that.html |title=UK court rules that kettling was illegal |date=13 April 2011 |publisher=Boing Boing |access-date=2011-04-14 |archive-date=2011-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417093023/http://www.boingboing.net/2011/04/14/uk-court-rules-that.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ruling was overturned on appeal, with [[David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury|Lord Neuberger]] LJ stating that the High Court erred in assessing the reasonableness of kettling using their own view rather than assessing the reasonableness of the decision of the officer in charge at the time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-16629055 |work=BBC News |title=Met Police wins appeal over G20 kettling tactics |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 19.01.2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/19/kettling-protesters-lawful-appeal-court |title=Kettling protesters is lawful, appeal court rules |first=Owen |last=Bowcott |date=19 January 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-date=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223190914/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/19/kettling-protesters-lawful-appeal-court |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Student protests, 2010====
Kettling was used during the [[2010 student protests in London|24 November 2010 student protest]] in London and in various other locations around the country. ''Guardian'' blogger Dave Hill thought the kettling was in retrospect "probably inevitable", after the [[2010 student protest in London|protest two weeks before]] had led to damage at the Conservative Party headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Dave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/davehillblog/2010/nov/25/hasmetropolitan-police-whitehall-student-demonstration-kettling |title=Kettling questions |publisher=Guardian |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=2010-12-13 |location=London |archive-date=2013-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917214840/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/davehillblog/2010/nov/25/hasmetropolitan-police-whitehall-student-demonstration-kettling |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2011 three school children challenged the use of kettling of children at this protest. They sought a judicial review in the High Court, arguing it broke the laws of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child]] and the [[Children Act 2004]], mainly the right to protest and the safety of children.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13679665 |title=Kettling of children at tuition fees protest challenged |publisher=BBC London |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=2011-06-10 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13679665 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kettling was used to contain student protesters in Parliament Square on 9 December 2010 and thereafter on Westminster Bridge.<ref>{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Joyce |date=December 9, 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |title=Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306234334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11963274 |archive-date=2018-03-06 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Protesters were trapped in Trafalgar Square and other landmarks for up to nine hours. An anaesthetist from Aberdeen Royal Infirmary working as part of a field hospital said that there was a serious health and safety risk to people trapped in the kettle and some suffered crush injuries whilst others were nearly pushed off [[Westminster Bridge]] into the freezing Thames, likening it to the [[Hillsborough disaster]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Mark |last1=Townsend |last2=Malik |first2=Shiv |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/19/police-kettle-risk-crush-hillsborough |title=Kettle tactics risk Hillsborough-style tragedy |work=The Guardian |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=2011-04-10 |location=London |archive-date=2014-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211072710/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/19/police-kettle-risk-crush-hillsborough |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Anti-Cuts protests, 2011====
Kettling was again used at the [[2011 anti-cuts protest in London]]. Activists were given assurances by Metropolitan police that they would be shown to safety after the protest, which was described as non-violent and sensible. Once outside, the protesters were kettled, handcuffed and taken into custody.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shiv |last=Malik |date=March 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/28/cuts-protest-uk-uncut-fortnum |title=Cuts protesters claim police tricked them into mass arrest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224225037/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/28/cuts-protest-uk-uncut-fortnum |archive-date=2017-02-24 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
====Legal challenges====
Following the use of "kettling" during the May Day protest in 2001, two people who had been [[corral]]led by the police at Oxford Circus sued the Metropolitan Police for wrongful detention, alleging that it was in breach of the [[European Convention of Human Rights]], and that they had been held without access to food, water or toilets.<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1956323.stm|title=Police sued over May Day protest|date=2002-04-28|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-04-16|archive-date=2004-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509095234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1956323.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The pair lost their court action in 2005,<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4374853.stm|title=Pair lose protest damages claim|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-04-16|date=2005-03-23|archive-date=2021-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172031/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/v51.js|url-status=live}}</ref> and their appeal failed in 2007<ref name="bbc4">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7044948.stm|title=Pair lose May Day protest claim|date=2007-10-15|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-04-16|archive-date=2007-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017030755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7044948.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> when the Court of Appeal backed the High Court ruling.
In 2009, ''Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis'' [2009] UKHL 5,<ref>{{cite BAILII |court=UKHL |year=2009 |num=5 |litigants=Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis |courtname=auto |juris=auto}}</ref> a ruling by the [[House of Lords]], decided that the High Court was entitled to take into consideration the "purpose" of the deprivation of liberty before deciding if human rights laws applied at all.<ref name="lords2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/ld200809/ldjudgmt/jd090128/austin-1.htm |title=Judgments – Austin (FC) (Appellant) & another v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Respondent) |date=2009-01-28 |publisher=House of Lords Appellate Committee |access-date=2009-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011023337/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/ld200809/ldjudgmt/jd090128/austin-1.htm |archive-date=2011-10-11 }}</ref> Summing up, [[David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead|Lord Hope]] said:
{{quote|There is room, even in the case of fundamental rights as to whose application no restriction or limitation is permitted by the Convention, for a pragmatic approach which takes full account of all the circumstances.
|Baron Hope of Craighead
|quoted in ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref name="guardian_christian">{{cite news |last=Christian |first=Louise |date=2 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/apr/02/g20-protest-kettling |title=G20: Questions need to be asked about 'kettling' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084948/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/apr/02/g20-protest-kettling |archive-date=2017-02-11 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>}}
A plaintiff from the 2001 protest, along with three non-protesting members of the public who had been kettled by police, took an appeal to the [[European Court of Human Rights]], claiming that kettling violated [[Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights]], the right to liberty and security. Whereas the House of Lords "accepted she was a lawful and peaceful demonstrator prevented by her detention from collecting her child",  in March 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that kettling was lawful and that the Metropolitan Police were entitled to detain groups of people as "the least intrusive and most effective means to protect the public from violence".<ref name=bbc_15march2012/> On the issues related to the European Convention on Human Rights, the court ruled:
{{quotation|Article 5 did not have to be construed in such a way as to make it impracticable for the police to fulfil their duties of maintaining order and protecting the public.|Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights|Ruling, March 2012<ref name=bbc_15march2012/>}}
===United States===
====Anti-Globalization movement, Washington D.C., 2002====
As part of [[Anti-globalization movement|ongoing anti-globalization demonstrations]] and early demonstrations against [[2003 invasion of Iraq|the impending invasion of Iraq]], several hundred protesters and bystanders were kettled in [[Pershing Park]] and subsequently arrested by [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia|DC Police]], resulting in large, sometimes record-breaking class-action settlements and ongoing litigation to restrict the practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceonline.org/pcjf_and_u_s_gov_t_reach_2_2_million_settlement_over_2002_mass_arrests|title=PCJF and U.S. Gov't reach $2.2 million settlement over 2002 mass arrests, includes landmark reforms in U.S. Park Police practices|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023643/http://www.justiceonline.org/pcjf_and_u_s_gov_t_reach_2_2_million_settlement_over_2002_mass_arrests|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Iraq War protest, Chicago, 2003====
In 2012 the City of Chicago agreed to a $6.2 million class-action settlement over the [[mass arrest]] of protesters and passersby kettled during [[20 March 2003 anti-war protest|a massive protest]] marking the start of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=City reaches $6.2 mil settlement in 2003 Chicago protest lawsuit |url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120209/NEWS02/120209752/city-reaches-6-2-mil-settlement-in-2003-chicago-protest-lawsuit |newspaper=Crain's Chicago Business |location=Chicago |date=9 February 2012 |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130145039/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120209/NEWS02/120209752/city-reaches-6-2-mil-settlement-in-2003-chicago-protest-lawsuit |url-status=live }}</ref> After previously halting and turning around as many as 8,000 marchers near the intersection of [[Oak Street (Chicago)|Oak Street]] and [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan Avenue]], for several hours the [[Chicago Police Department]] (CPD) unlawfully detained over 1,000 people kettled on [[Chicago Avenue]] between Michigan and Mies van der Rohe Way, ultimately arresting over 900 people without probable cause.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Vodak v. City of Chicago |vol=639 |reporter=F.3d |opinion=738 |court=7th Cir. |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=22 January 2017 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4854652187353377606}}</ref>
====Republican National Convention, New York City, 2004====
The [[New York Police Department]] used orange mesh [[snow fence|snow fencing]] on several occasions to cordon and corral protesters at various locations during the [[2004 Republican National Convention protest activity|Republican National Convention (RNC)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyclu.org/pdfs/rnc_report_083005.pdf |title=Rights and Wrongs at the RNC |access-date=2014-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505110825/http://www.nyclu.org/pdfs/rnc_report_083005.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-05 }}</ref>
====Occupy Wall Street, 2011====
In response to the [[Occupy Wall Street]] (OWS) protests in [[New York City]], police used orange mesh [[Snow fence|snow fencing]] to contain crowds of and to mass arrest protesters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/09/occupy-wall-street-movement-reports-80-arrested-today-in-protests/|title=80 Reported Arrested in Wall Street Protest|website=ABC News|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619173949/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/09/occupy-wall-street-movement-reports-80-arrested-today-in-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/sep/25/occupywallstreet-occupy-wall-street-protests | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Matt | last=Wells | title=Police crack down on 'Occupy Wall Street' protests | date=25 September 2011 | access-date=12 December 2016 | archive-date=19 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519132659/http://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/sep/25/occupywallstreet-occupy-wall-street-protests | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Presidential inauguration of Donald Trump, Washington D.C., 2017====
Police officers in the District of Columbia used kettling on a large group of protesters at the intersection of 12th and L streets on 20 January 2017. Among those detained and later charged were several journalists,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/24/journalists-charged-felonies-trump-inauguration-unrest|title=Four more journalists get felony charges after covering inauguration unrest|first=Jon|last=Swaine|date=24 January 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125212632/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/24/journalists-charged-felonies-trump-inauguration-unrest|url-status=live}}</ref> who were accused of felony rioting. The charges were later dropped en masse.
====St. Louis, 2017====
The [[St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department]] (SLMPD) and other agencies (including the [[St. Louis County Police Department]] (SLCPD) and the [[Missouri State Highway Patrol]] (MSHP)), conducted two kettles in St. Louis on September 17 and October 3 during the [[2017 St. Louis protests |protests of 2017]] following the acquittal of former St. Louis police officer Jason Stockley in the [[shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith]]. Over one hundred people were arrested in each instance. Ten journalists were arrested, six of these allege being beaten and/or pepper sprayed, and an undercover police officer was also arrested and beaten. [[Riot police]] and [[Police bicycle|bicycle units]] pepper sprayed and beat many people on 17 September,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://cpj.org/blog/2018/03/journalists-covering-protests-in-us-risk-getting-c.php |title = Journalists covering protests in US risk getting caught up in police kettling tactic |last = Sugars |first = Stephanie |date = March 15, 2018 |website = Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date = 2018-11-30 |archive-date = 2018-12-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181203005257/https://cpj.org/blog/2018/03/journalists-covering-protests-in-us-risk-getting-c.php |url-status = live }}</ref> triggering over a dozen lawsuits and an FBI/DOJ investigation that led to federal indictments of four SLMPD officers who put undercover officer Luther Hall in the hospital,<ref>{{cite news |last = Patrick |first = Robert |title = 4 St. Louis police officers indicted, accused of beating an undercover colleague during Stockley protests |newspaper = St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date = November 30, 2018 |url = https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/st-louis-police-officers-indicted-accused-of-beating-an-undercover/article_4a82d209-b3cd-565e-9a97-309cf1c2a5af.html |access-date = November 30, 2018 |archive-date = November 30, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181130195726/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/st-louis-police-officers-indicted-accused-of-beating-an-undercover/article_4a82d209-b3cd-565e-9a97-309cf1c2a5af.html |url-status = live }}</ref> who himself previously was sued twice for beating a disabled man<ref>{{cite news |last = Patrick |first = Robert |title = $865,000 verdict for man who alleged police beating |newspaper = St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date = June 11, 2010 |url = https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/verdict-for-man-who-alleged-police-beating/article_38b62e25-4c2b-57bd-86cc-9bc0b70192ad.html |access-date = November 30, 2018 |archive-date = March 6, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210306172036/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/verdict-for-man-who-alleged-police-beating/article_38b62e25-4c2b-57bd-86cc-9bc0b70192ad.html |url-status = live }}</ref> and for violating the civil rights of protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aclu-mo.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/AppelSLPDDecision.pdf |title=Appel, et al. v. City of St. Louis, et al. |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2018-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312202625/https://www.aclu-mo.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/AppelSLPDDecision.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
====George Floyd and Breonna Taylor protests, 2020====
In May and June 2020, many cities in the United States experienced [[George Floyd protests|protests]], rioting and looting following the [[murder of George Floyd]] by a policeman in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Police responded aggressively to both the riots and nonviolent protesters, the latter in violation of [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|first amendment protections]]. Police in some jurisdictions used kettling to trap and attack protesters using weapons such as [[tear gas]], [[Pepper-spray projectile|pepper spray]], [[rubber bullet]]s, and [[Baton (law enforcement)|batons]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
Kettling was used extensively by the NYPD to prevent protesters from spreading over more city streets; they were subsequently arrested for violating a legal curfew order.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Watkins |first1=Ali |title='Kettling' of Peaceful Protesters Shows Aggressive Shift by N.Y. Police |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/nyregion/police-kettling-protests-nyc.html |access-date=6 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606084328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/nyregion/police-kettling-protests-nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 June 2020, the New York City Police Department trapped 5,000 protestors on the [[Manhattan Bridge]] for nearly an hour before letting them disperse to the Brooklyn side of the bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Groundwater|first=Colin|title='Kettling' Is Supposed to Defuse Protests—Instead, It Does the Opposite|url=https://www.gq.com/story/what-is-kettling|access-date=2020-06-06|website=GQ|date=5 June 2020|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607214422/https://www.gq.com/story/what-is-kettling|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Falconer|first=Rebecca|title=AOC slams NYPD over reports of police kettling in protesters on Manhattan Bridge|url=https://www.axios.com/aoc-heads-manhattan-bridge-protesters-kettled-in-police-785f7810-9cc7-4ca1-9a06-beae20b5ea10.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Axios|date=3 June 2020|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044456/https://www.axios.com/aoc-heads-manhattan-bridge-protesters-kettled-in-police-785f7810-9cc7-4ca1-9a06-beae20b5ea10.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
In Washington, D.C., on 1 June 2020, police kettled 60 protesters into a house on Swann Street, making repeated attempts to extract them. The protesters were able to leave the next morning when curfew lifted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaujon |first1=Andrew |title=DC Police Again Turn to 'Kettling', a Controversial Crowd Control Technique |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/06/02/dc-police-again-turn-to-kettling-a-controversial-crowd-control-technique/ |access-date=6 June 2020 |work=Washingtonian |date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604150541/https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/06/02/dc-police-again-turn-to-kettling-a-controversial-crowd-control-technique/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department]] (CMPD) in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], on the night of 2 June boxed in a crowd of marching protesters which was characterized as peaceful. At the front of the march, officers fired tear gas and flash bangs, flanked by riot police on the back of the march, in a location where marchers were pinched between structures on each side. Police allegedly fired tear gas, pepper balls, and rubber bullets indiscriminately. Officials denied these operations as kettling but radio communications indicated a coordinated corralling and punishment plan was carried out, and that officers were celebrated jovially.<ref name="Intercept Charlotte">{{cite news | last = Speri  | first = Alice  | title = Ambushed by the Cops: When Police Deliberately Trap Peaceful Protesters | newspaper = The Intercept  | date = June 2, 2021  | url = https://theintercept.com/2021/06/02/kettling-protests-charlotte-police/  | access-date = }}</ref><ref name="SITU Research">{{cite web  | url = https://situ.nyc/research/projects/charlotte-kettling-analysis  | title = Charlotte Kettling Analysis  | last = | first = | date = June 2021  | access-date = 2021-06-04  }}</ref>
It was also used in Dallas on the [[Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge]] in which protesters were tear gassed and zip tied before being detained. Kettling and mass arrests also were conducted in Philadelphia, Houston, Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland Oregon, and Des Moines.<ref name="Intercept Charlotte"/>
Kettling was used extensively in Louisville during the [[Breonna Taylor protests]], including surrounding a church sheltering protesters several times in the days following the grand jury decision in September and arresting people en masse when they tried to leave.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louisville church opens doors to protesters for second day|url=https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/louisville-first-unitarian-church-protests-arrests/417-44119a5f-4723-433c-948d-0d9700f4c78a|access-date=2020-12-05|website=WHAS11|date=26 September 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030234201/https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/louisville-first-unitarian-church-protests-arrests/417-44119a5f-4723-433c-948d-0d9700f4c78a|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 November 2020, 646 protestors in Minneapolis were kettled on a highway and arrested while protesting against Donald Trump's threats to challenge the US election, as well as social injustices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-arrests-minnesota-minneapolis-6d7414a67319e0ba54239533b91f5ed1|title = 646 people arrested for marching onto I-94 in Minneapolis|website = [[Associated Press]]|date = 21 April 2021}}</ref>
==== Brooklyn Center, Minnesota: Daunte Wright protests, 2021 ====
During early–mid April 2021, protests regarding the [[killing of Daunte Wright]] were held several nights in a row outside the [[Brooklyn Center Police Department]]. On the night of 16 April, police declared it an unlawful gathering and used flash-bangs and smoke grenades. Chemical weapons such as tear gas and/or pepper spray were also used in order to control the protesters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Adwan|first=Noor|title=Opinion: I was one of the 136 arrested on April 16 in Brooklyn Center. This is my story|url=https://mndaily.com/267443/opinion/opinion-i-was-one-of-the-136-arrested-on-april-16-in-brooklyn-center-this-is-my-story/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Minnesota Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-14|title=Brooklyn Center renters blame police for chaos at Daunte Wright protests|url=https://sahanjournal.com/police/brooklyn-center-protests-apartments-tear-gas/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Sahan Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after—the city having declared an 11:00&nbsp;pm curfew at 10:40&nbsp;pm—the protesters were kettled as they tried to leave the scene. 136 out of "several hundred" protesters were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=Law enforcement: 136 people arrested Friday in connection with Brooklyn Center unrest|url=https://kstp.com/news/protesters-demand-justice-for-daunte-wright-for-sixth-night-in-brooklyn-center-/6077896/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=KSTP|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417090046/https://kstp.com/news/protesters-demand-justice-for-daunte-wright-for-sixth-night-in-brooklyn-center-/6077896/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
==See also==
* [[2009 G-20 London summit protests]]
* [[Crowd control]]
* [[Encirclement]]
* [[False imprisonment]]
* [[Forward intelligence team]]
* [[Pincer movement]]
* [[Riot control]]
* [[Snatch squad]]
* [[Sukey]], an organization which emerged in Britain on 28 January 2011 to improve communications among participants in student demonstrations. Its immediate aim was to counteract the police tactics of kettling.
* [[Territorial Support Group]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZbgz3eo4YI YouTube video] of police kettling action at the 'Queen and Spadina' road junction in [[Toronto]] during the [[2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests]]
*[http://earthfirst.org.uk/publicorderguide.htm Guide to Public Order Situations] - UK protest guide to avoiding giving the police control in a large protest situation [http://earthfirst.org.uk/publicorderguide.pdf PDF version]
[[Category:Crowd control]]
[[Category:Tactical formations]]
[[Category:Shields|Kettling]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Human rights in the United Kingdom]]