View source for Khurul

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Kalmyk Lamaism}}
[[image:Khoshotovsky Khurul 1812.jpg|thumb|[[Khosheutovsky khurul]]]]
A '''khurul''' ({{langx|xal-RU|хурул|translit=khurul}}; {{langx|mn|хурэ / хүрээ|translit=khure / khüree}} or ''hure'' or ''küriye'') is a Buddhist monastery (temple, abode) in [[Kalmyks|Kalmyk]] ([[Oirats|Mongol-Oirat]]) [[Tibetan Buddhism|Lamaism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Плужников |editor-first=В. И. |editor-link=:ru:Плужников, Владимир Иванович |encyclopedia=Термины российского архитектурного наследия: Архитектурный словарь [Terms of Russian architectural heritage: Architectural Dictionary] |title=Хурул |trans-title=Khurul |url=https://tehne.com/library/pluzhnikov-v-i-terminy-rossiyskogo-arhitekturnogo-naslediya-arhitekturnyy-slovar-moskva-2011 |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru |edition= |date=2011 |publisher=Искусство—XXI век |location=[[Moscow|Москва]] |id= |isbn=978-5-98051-087-9 |page=368 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= }}</ref> Some of the most famous Kalmyk khuruls are the [[Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume]] (contemporary) in [[Elista]], [[Republic of Kalmykia]], Russia, and the [[Khosheutovsky khurul]] (which was originally in the [[Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast|Kalmyk AO]] / [[Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Kalmyk ASSR]], but is now located in [[Astrakhan Oblast]], Russia).<ref>{{cite book |last= Polian |first= Pavel |author-link= Pavel Polian |year= 2004|title=Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR |location= Budapest; New York City |publisher= [[Central European University Press]] |isbn= 9789639241688 |lccn=2003019544 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ktrYux1gTMC&pg=PA144|pages=144–145|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>
==Etymology and morphology==
Among Kalmyks and [[Tuvans]], the term '''khurul''' (хурул) is the common name for Buddhist monasteries and temples in [[Kalmykia]], [[Tuva]], [[Mongolia]],  and [[Buryatia]], though, they have been renamed to ''[[datsan]]'' in the latter. The word ''khurul'' derives from the [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] word ''khure'' (хурэ, {{langx|xal-RU|күрә}}), which means "circle", "ring", "inclosure", and/or from the Mongolian word ''khural'' (хурал) which means "assembly" or "religious service", in a more religious context.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Бакаева |first=Э. П. |editor1-last=Жуковская |editor1-first=Н. Л. |editor2-last=Корнев |editor2-first=В. И.|encyclopedia=Буддизм. Словарь. [Buddhism. Dictionary.] |title=Хурул |trans-title=Khurul |url= |access-date= |language=ru |edition= |date=1992 |publisher={{ill|Respublika (publisher)|ru|Республика (издательство)}} |series= |volume= |location=Москва |id= |isbn= |issn= |doi= |page=262 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Жуковская |first=Н. Л. |editor1-last=Жуковская |editor1-first=Н. Л. |editor2-last=Корнев |editor2-first=В. И.|encyclopedia=Буддизм. Словарь. [Buddhism. Dictionary.] |title=Хурэ |trans-title=Khure |url= |access-date= |language=ru |edition= |date=1992 |publisher={{ill|Respublika (publisher)|ru|Республика (издательство)}} |series= |volume= |location=Москва |id= |isbn= |issn= |doi= |pages=262–263 }}</ref><ref name=decor /><ref name="chita" /> The reference to "circles" is explained by the ancient custom of the nomadic people to form circles with their [[yurt]]s during their stops, with the yurt of the leader being in the center. This formation served a protective purpose in case of a sudden enemy attack. Later, this formation became the standard planning concept for those monasteries.<ref name="architecture">{{cite thesis |last1=Асалханова |first1=Екатерина Владимировна |script-title=ru:Архитектурно-пространственные и образно-композиционные особенности храмов северного буддизма |journal=Вестник Иркутского Государственного Технического Университета [Bulletin of the Technical State University of Irkutsk] |date=2015 |volume=5 |issue=100 |pages=314–319 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arhitekturno-prostranstvennye-i-obrazno-kompozitsionnye-osobennosti-hramov-severnogo-buddizma/viewer |access-date=2023-02-19 |trans-title=Architectural-spatial and figurative-compositional features of temples of Northern Buddhism |location=Иркутск |language=ru |id=195.206.39.222:36040/cgi-bin/irbis64r_15/cgiirbis_64.exe?LNG=&Z21ID=&I21DBN=SPEC&P21DBN=SPEC&S21STN=1&S21REF=3&S21FMT=fullwebr&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=1&S21P03=A=&S21STR=Асалханова%2C Екатерина Владимировна}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chunag |first1= Amartuvshin |last2= Jamiyan-Ombo |first2= Gantulga |last3= Garamjav |first3= Dondog |date=January 2011 |pages= 509–514 |title= On the walled site of Mangasyn Khuree in Galbyn Gobi |journal = Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303152377 |access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>
There are different types of Buddhist monasteries in the Mongolian tradition: ''khure'', ''sum'', and ''khiid''. In her study ''"Decor in the architecture of Buryat Buddhist temples"'', Bardanova states that the differentiation of Mongolian monastery types was based on the number of lamas and the status of the institution.<ref name="decor">{{cite thesis |last= Барданова |first= Туяна Иннокентьевна |year= 2006|script-title=ru:Декор в архитектуре бурятских буддийских храмов |location= Улан-Удэ |publisher=Типография Буддийского университета «Даши Чойнхорлин» |language=ru |trans-title=Decor in the architecture of Buryat Buddhist temples|url= https://cheloveknauka.com/dekor-v-arhitekture-buryatskih-buddiyskih-hramov|pages=|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref> Asalkhanova, on the other hand, distinguishes them based on layout and location in her work on ''"Architectural-spatial and figurative-compositional features of temples of Northern Buddhism"''.<ref name=architecture />
*'''Khure''' — large monasteries, at which the clergy lived permanently. They are located in the steppe and were built in the form of a circle. [[Ulaanbaatar#Names and etymology|Ikh-khure]], the residence of the [[Bogd Khan|Bogd Gegeen]], used to be the largest nomadic [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] monastery, which later settled and grew to the size of a city (now: the capital of Mongolia — [[Ulaanbaatar]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=821 |title=Brief history of Ulaanbaatar |accessdate=2010-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218102841/http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=821 |archivedate=2008-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.legendtour.ru/rus/mongolia/ulaanbaatar/ulaanbaatar_history.shtml|title=ИСТОРИЯ УЛАН-БАТОРА|trans-title=History of Ulaanbaatar|language=ru|accessdate=2016-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527083721/http://www.legendtour.ru/rus/mongolia/ulaanbaatar/ulaanbaatar_history.shtml|archivedate=2016-05-27}}</ref><ref name=architecture /> Rinchen used the term "monastic city" to describe ''khure''.<ref name="Majer">Rinchen, B.; Maidar, D., ed. (1979). Mongol ard ulsiin ugsaatnii sudlal, khelnii shinjleliin atlas [Ethnographic and Linguistic Atlas of the Mongolian People’s Republic]. Ulaanbaatar. ''according to'' {{cite web |last1= Majer |first1= Zsuzsa |last2= Teleki |first2= Krisztina | url= http://www.mongoliantemples.net/images/pdfs/OLDUBWEB%202008.pdf |title= Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khьree, Ikh Khьree or Urga, the Old Capital City of Mongolia in the First Part of the Twentieth Century |date=2006 |location= Budapest | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227184244/http://www.mongoliantemples.net/images/pdfs/OLDUBWEB%202008.pdf |archivedate=2009-02-27}}</ref>
*'''Sum''' ({{langx|xal-RU|сүм|translit=süm}}) or '''Sume''' or '''Syume''' ({{langx|ru|сумэ / сюме}}) — a small, quadrangular, specialized temple, the [[lama|laity]] of which does not live at the site of the temple constantly, gathering only on major holidays; or a separate temple in a large monastery. They are usually dedicated to particular individuals of the Buddhist [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] and contain [[Sculpture of Mongolia|sculptures]] ({{langx|ru|бурхан|translit=burkhan}}) of said individual.<ref name=architecture /><ref name=decor /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=|title=Бурхан |encyclopedia=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона]]: в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). 1890-1907 |location=СПб. |trans-title=Burkhan |url= https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ЭСБЕ/Бурхан}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Плужников |first=Владимир Иванович|author-link=:ru:Плужников, Владимир Иванович |script-title=ru:Термины российского архитектурного наследия: Словарь-глоссарий |trans-title=Terms of Russian architectural heritage: Dictionary-glossary |language=ru |url=https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01001715524 |location=[[Moscow]] |publisher=[[:ru:Искусство (издательство)|Искусство]] |date=1995 |pages=158 |isbn= 5-210-01984-5 }}</ref> In Kalmykia, these sculptures tend to be made out of wood,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Батырева |first= С.Г. |title=Старокалмыцкое искусство XVII — начала XX века |trans-title=Oldkalmykian art from the XVII till the beginning of the XX century |journal=Наука [Science] |language=ru |location=Москва |publication-date=2005 |pages=81–82}}</ref> while in Buryatia it's common to use wood or metal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Вышел альбом бурятской культовой скульптуры |trans-title=Album of Buryat cult sculpture released |url=http://www.infpol.ru/news/595/5220.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517232454/http://www.infpol.ru/ |archive-date=2012-05-17 |website=Информ Полис онлайн |language=ru}}</ref> Rinchen refers to ''sum'' as "temple".<ref name=Majer />
*'''Khiid''' ({{langx|mn|хийд}}) or '''Khit''' ({{langx|mn|хит}}) or '''Kiid''' ({{langx|xal-RU|кийд}}) — literally: "lonely abode" — are monasteries that are situated on the slopes of high mountains and similarly difficult [[Terrain|topographical relief]]s. For example, [[Manjusri Monastery|Manjusri Khiid]] on the south slope of [[Bogd Khan Mountain]] and [[Tövkhön Monastery|Tövkhön Khiid]] on the Shireet Ulaan Uul mountain.<ref name=architecture /> Khiid are [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitage]]-like monasteries that are meant for retreats.<ref name=decor /> Rinchen uses the word "monastery" for ''khiid''.<ref name=Majer />
In pre-revolutionary Mongolia, monasteries were most often assigned, as part of their names, the type that characterized them at the time of construction, regardless of current social realities. Nowadays, only ''khiid'' in the meaning of "[[monastery]]" and ''sum'' in the meaning of "[[temple]]" are used. In the Russian regions of the settlement of the Mongolian peoples, aside from ''khurul'', the following nomenclature was entrenched and in parts modified in its meaning:
*'''[[Datsan]]''' ({{langx|bua|дасан}}, {{langx|ru|дацан}} ''from'' {{langx|bo|གྲྭ་ཚང།}}) — in [[Tibet]], originally refers to a department, a [[Faculty (division)|faculty]] at a large monastery, where ''[[Buddhist philosophy|tsannid]]'' studies are conducted, or a temple with privileged rights.<ref name=Majer /> Among the Buryats, the word has the meaning of "Buddhist monastery" in general.<ref name=decor /> Whereas for Mongols, a ''datsan'' is a separate temple attached to a large monastery, not necessarily associated with the educational process. Datsans in Buryatia have the same circular layout as ''khure''.<ref name=architecture />
*'''{{ill|Dugan (Buddhism)|lt=Dugan|ru|Дацан#Особенности архитектуры бурятских дацанов}}''' ({{langx|bua|дуган}} ''from'' {{langx|bo|འདུ་ཁང།|translit=du-khang}} — "assembly hall") — a "[[eukterion]]" or "[[shrine]]"<ref name=Majer /> in the understanding of Buryats and Mongols. In Buryatia the word is used interchangeably with ''sume'' ({{langx|bua|сумэ}}), i.e. "temple".<ref name=Majer /><ref name=decor /> It refers to separate buildings, which are attached to a monastery (or are separate temples) and are dedicated to particular deities (e.g., the [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]]) and/or a particular purpose (e.g., medical studies).<ref name=architecture /><!--Ламаизм в Бурятии XVIII — нач. XX вв. // Структура и социальная роль культовой системы. Новосибирск, 1983-->
<!-- notes of further terminology:
Лхакан (тиб.) «дом божества», храм, построенный для одной скульптуры;
Субурган/шодон (бурят.), чортен (тиб.), сувраг (монг.), чайтья (санскр.) -мемориальное сооружение с прахом Будды; также ставятся в честь важных событий; <ref name=decor />
В главе приводятся терминологические обозначения типов храмов, распространившихся в духовной метрополии учения махаяны, в Тибете, а затем в Монголии и Забайкалье: «цокчэн» (тиб. ^одо-сЪеп) цог -собрание, чэн - большой, щокчин» (монг.) и «сокшин» (бурят.) - соборный храм в буддийских монастырях Тибета, Монголии, Бурятии <ref name=decor />
В Монголии возводились типы монастырей в зависимости от численности лам и статуса: хурэ, сумэ, хит, в которых различались гач-дуган, то есть центральный храм, цокчин-дуган - соборный храм, более грандиозное сооружение, и тип тибетского храма - лхакан, трехъярусный, фактически представляющий футляр для одной статуи. --- Quote from: <ref name=decor />
http://bsk.nios.ru/enciklodediya/buddiyskoe-obrazovanie
-->
==Background==
[[image:0Иволгинский дацан46.JPG|thumb|Ivolginsky Datsan]]
Initially, Buddhism and khuruls were promoted and founded by the [[lama]], and [[Zaya Pandita]], the inventor of [[Clear Script|Kalmyk writing]].
The choice of construction and the place of laying the foundation of khuruls was and still is made by Buddhist monks. In the center of the base of the pit, a sword, a bowl of rice (''arshan'' — alms to the Buddhist gods), and many paper rolls with Buddhist prayers are placed. The set-up is similar to the ceremony of construction  and ascension of Buddhist [[stupa]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Miracle Stupa - Stupa | url=http://www.stupa.pl/en_stupa.html | publisher=stupa.pl | access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>
Historically, khuruls played an important role in the spiritual and cultural lives of Kalmyks. The monasteries were not only meant as a place of worship, but also as an institution of learning where people would study the [[Dharma]] and Indo-Tibetan medicine. Sacred Buddhist texts, books on medicine, and fine ritual accessories were kept in khuruls. A lot of books were imported from [[Tibet]], [[China]], and [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://buddhist.ru/buddhist-news/site/9492-segodnia-my-stali-svideteliami |title=Сегодня мы стали свидетелями еще одной страницы истории Калмыкии – сегодня открылся хурул |trans-title= Today we have witnessed another page in the history of Kalmykia – a khurul was opened today |language=ru |last=Павлов|first=Валерий|date=2019|work=Ассоцация "Будизм в Интернете" |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref name=buddhism>{{cite web|url=https://buddhist.ru/eng/|title=Buddhism in Russia|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>
With the raise of [[communism]] and [[Stalin]]'s rule, many khuruls were closed, repurposed (e.g., as kindergartens), or even destroyed, due to the ideological struggle against religion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://buddhist.ru/buddhist-news/site/4230-telo-tylky-rinpoche |title=Тэло Тулку Ринпоче освятил место, где у волжских калмыков стоял хурул "Джером Кошар" |trans-title= Telo Tulku Rinpoche consecrated the place where the khurul "Jerome Koshar" of the Volga Kalmyks was |language=ru |last=Павлов|first=Валерий|date=2012|work=Ассоцация "Будизм в Интернете" |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://savetibet.ru/2009/12/14/temple.html|last=БАЛАКАЕВА |first=Надежда |title=Хошеутовский хурул должен стоять в Калмыкии|language=ru|trans-title=The Khosheutovsky khurul must be in Kalmykia |date=2009 |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsric&AN=edsric.A577752315&site=eds-live&authtype=sso&custid=s8992667|title=Buddhism flourishes in Siberia, opening window on its pre-Soviet past.(World)|last=Weir|first=Fred|date=2018|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=2019-11-12|issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Timasheff|first=N. S.|date=1955|title=Urbanization, Operation Antireligion and the Decline of Religion in the USSR|journal=American Slavic and East European Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=224–238|doi=10.2307/3000744|issn=1049-7544|jstor=3000744}}</ref><ref>Bräker, Hans (1981). Der Buddhismus in der Sowjetunion, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 22 (2/3), p. 333</ref> [[Buryatiya]] had 34 [[datsan]]s by 1846, but by 1935 about one third of them were emptied because the clergy fled or was repressed. One year later, more than two thirds of all Buryatian datsans were closed, and the [[lama]]s expelled based on accusations of treason and espionage. In [[Kalmykia]], 79 khuruls were closed down between the years 1917 and 1937. [[Tuva]], as an "independent" state since 1921, was spared until 1929, but then the Communist Party started to systematically arrest lamas and monks. A lot of khuruls in Tuva and Kalmykia were burned down. It wasn't until the 1940s that the repression eased, and a new Buddhist temple — [[Ivolginsky Datsan]] — was built in the [[Ivolginsky District]], in Buryatia. Restorations of destroyed temples and constructions of new temples began in the period of [[Perestroika]]. Nowadays, there are about 22 khuruls in Kalmykia, 16 in Tuva, and more than 30 in Buryatia. Some Buddhist centers can also be found in big cities like [[Moscow]] and [[Saint-Petersburg]],<ref name=buddhism /> and some eastern regions of Russia, for example, in [[Altai Republic]] and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]].<ref name="chita" />
==Practices==
===General rules===
When visiting a khurul, it is important to wear decent clothes: the clothes should neither be too revealing nor provocative. This not only applies to women, but also to men, for whom, for example, it is not appropriate to wear [[shorts]] or too revealing shirts when visiting. Furthermore, it is not allowed to visit in an intoxicated state. It is recommended to not consume alcohol for at least one day before visiting a khurul. One should also refrain from smoking for at least a few hours before the visit. The reason for this is that the smell of alcohol and cigarettes is, on the one hand, disliked by the deities, and on the other hand, can lead to punishment by those deities that have not yet reached [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]], according to Lodoi, the administrator of [[Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume]].<ref name=rules>{{cite web |last1=Лодой |first1=Йонтен |script-title=ru:Уроки основ буддизма. Правила посещения Хурула |trans-title=Lessons on the basics of Buddhism. The rules of visiting a Khurul |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_zGWxObqDU |website=youtube.com |publisher=Bumba Mediaholding |language=ru |format=video |date=2020-06-14}}</ref><!--romanized name of admin following [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)]] instead of [[Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian]] as this is his Buddhist name, his given name is Сергей Киришов acc. to https://tegrk.ru/archives/145338--><ref name="excursion">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Экскурсия по хурулу |trans-title=A Tour around the Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru:80/Золотая-обитель-Будды-Шакьямуни/ekskursiya-po-xurulu |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204013339/http://khurul.ru:80/Золотая-обитель-Будды-Шакьямуни/ekskursiya-po-xurulu |archive-date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2023-07-22 |language=ru}}</ref><!--has further information on prayers and rules, paragraph starting with "Ежедневно в хуруле проводятся молебны"-->
===Paying respect and performing ''Ergts''===
[[File:Белый старец в Троицком.jpg |thumb|The [[Sagaan Ubgen|Tsagan Aav]] statue of Troitsky {{ill|Urzhin Nuutsn Tyarni Sume|ru|Троицкий хурул}}]]
When entering the courtyard of a khurul, it is custom to bow three times before the khurul and thus before its deities. To do so, the hands are put together into a position, where the thumbs touch each other and are folded into the palm ('lotus bud' [[mudra]]). In this position, the hands first touch the top of the head, then the forehead, next the throat (or mouth), and the chest, and finally one bows. The hand gestures are meant as [[karma|karmic]] [[mudra|seals]] to achieve the same enlightenment as Buddha one day. They represent the [[Ushnisha]], [[Urna]], the speech of Buddha, and the enlightened mind of Buddha.<ref name=rules />
[[File:Устуу-Хурээ 03.jpg|thumb|A worshipper praying barefoot]]
After bowing before the khurul, the visitor proceeds to the statue of [[Sagaan Ubgen|Tsagan Aav]], if there is one, and bows before the statue to appease the lords of the locality and the lords of the place one lives at. Following tradition, it is then necessary to walk around the khurul [[clockwise]] before entering it. This practice is called ''ergts'' ({{langx|xal-RU|эргц}}<!--https://riakalm.ru/news/religion/34429-v-kalmykii-otmetyat-buddistskij-prazdnik -->, {{langx|mn|эргех / эргэцэх}}, lit. ''to walk around smth. [clockwise as a sign of respect]''<!--pages 1711-1712: https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/bamrs_full.pdf-->). During the 'big' ''ergts'' (i.e., walk around the 'outer' circle), one stops at every statue that surrounds the khurul to bow before it and to then walk around it clockwise. This creates a karmic bond to the [[Pandita (Buddhism)|teachers]] who are represented by such statues. [[Prayer wheels]] ({{langx|xal-RU|кюрдэ|translit=kyurde}}) along the walk are to be spinned clockwise, as well. Those wheels contain thousands of [[mantra]]s and spinning them not only equals reading them all but also strengthens any prayer one does. To multiply the effect, one can repeat the ''ergts'' several times. Monks traditionally walk around the khurul three, seven, or twenty one times for this purpose. Once the 'big' ''ergts'' is completed, one proceeds with the 'small' ''ergts'' (i.e., walk around the 'inner' circle which is right around the khurul). Once again, the prayer wheels on this walk are spinned clockwise. After finishing the ''ergts'' one can enter the khurul. Before entering, though, it is necessary to take of one's shoes and any headgear.<ref name=rules /><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:В центральном хуруле Калмыкии рассказали о важности ритуального обхода вокруг святыни |trans-title=Speaking about the importance of a ritual tour around the sanctuary in the central khurul of Kalmykia |url=http://www.elista.org/socium/v_centralnom_hurule_kalmykii_rasskazali_o_vazhnosti_ritualnogo_obhoda_vokrug_svyatyni/ |date=2022-12-16 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=ru}}</ref>
Inside the main prayer hall, a [[prostration]] is performed in front of the [[Buddha]]. There are two ways of prostration: a full one and none-full one.
* Full prostration: the hands are put in the 'lotus bud' mudra position and go from touching the top of the head, to the forehead, to the throat, and to the chest. All this is done while visualizing that one is bowing before the living Buddha himself. When doing those gestures, one can utter a [[mantra]]. For example:
{{block indent|1={{verse transliteration-translation
|lang=xal
|originalHeading = Original Kalmyk Oirat
|Ламд Мүргмү
Бурхнд Мүргмү
Номд Мүргмү
Бурсң Хувргт Мүргмү
|transliterationHeading = Romanized
|Lamd Mürgmü
Burkhnd Mürgmü
Nomd Mürgmü
Bursñ Khuvrgt Mürgmü
|translationHeading = English translation
|Worshipping the Teacher
Worshipping Buddha
Worshipping Dharma
Worshipping Sangha}}}}
:After the hand gesture, one kneels down, touches the ground with one's palms, stretches out with the full body on the ground, touching the ground with one's forehead, and then quickly gets up again.
* Non-full prostration: this is done if someone for some reason cannot perform the full prostration (e.g., due to health issues). It follows the same pattern as the full prostration, except that it is not necessary to stretch out completely on the ground, but instead one performs a "five point touch", where one kneels and bows down to the ground, so that the knees, palms, and forehead touch the ground.<ref name=rules />
After this the believer is permitted to proceed to the altair section where the throne and image of the [[Dalai Lama]] are located. There, one can place one's [[khata|khadak]] ({{langx|xal-RU|хадак / хадг}}) on the throne and then perform another three bows. For these bows, one does the forementioned hand gestures and then touches the throne with one's forehead while bowing to receive blessings. One can then go up the altair section and perform further ritual bowings before the other deities of the khurul.<ref name=rules />
Kalmyks also have a tradition of never turning their backs towards the images of the deities and Buddha inside a khurul, that's why a lot of people leave the altair section somewhat walking backwards. But, accoroding to Lodoi, the monks of the khurul recommend to not be too strict about this rule and to walk normally for safety reasons, because in their opinion the mind and attitude of the worshipper is more important than such symbolism. As long as worshippers have the right motivation and show respect towards Buddha in their mind, they have nothing to fear from turning their back towards the deities. Lodoi also points out, that there are usually paintings of deities on all sides of the khurul and it is therefore impossible to never face them with one's back.<ref name=rules />
Before leaving the khurul, one can once again bow before Buddha, and then walk out.
===Prayers and the ritual of ''Serdzhim''===
There can be daily prayers in some khuruls. The khuruls are not closed for those prayers and people are welcome to join them, if they wish. The prayers concern topics like well-being, health, longevity, and appeasements to the deities. During those prayers, the monks perform a special ritual called ''serdzhim'' ({{langx|xal-RU|серджим}}). In the ritual, a "Golden Drink", which is brought in by the worshippers, is offered to the tutelary deities.<ref name=rules /><ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Ритуалы продления жизни состоятся в хуруле в Элисте |trans-title=Life extension rituals will take place in the khurul in Elista |url=https://www.kalmykianews.ru/2013/ritualy-prodleniya-zhizni-sostoyatsya-v-hurule-v-eliste/#more-11570 |date=2013-11-26 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |work=Kalmykia News |language=ru}}</ref><!--http://savetibet.ru/2010/08/02/kalmykia.html / https://www.kalmykiatour.com/buddijskie-ritualy-v-oktyabre/#more-28843 --> In Kalmykia, the drink, called ''serdzhim'', is a strongly-brewed black tea.<ref name=rules /> In Buryatia, the drink is called ''serzhem'' ({{langx|bua|сэржэм / сержем}}) and can be either freshly-brewed tea, milk, [[vodka]],<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Значение обрядов «сэржэм» и «даллага» |trans-title=The meanings of the rituals "serzhem" and "dallaga" | publisher= Пресс-служба Санкт-Петербургского дацана |url=https://dharmasite.ru/main/922/?ysclid=lgb9k5r1cn848664720 |date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ru}}</ref> or another liquid, depending on regional traditions.<ref name="chita">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Ритуалы и обряды |trans-title=Rituals and Ceremonies |url=https://chita-datcan.ru/sluzhbyi-i-obryadyi/ritualyi |date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Обряд подношения «Золотого напитка» Сержем |trans-title=The ceremony of offerring the "Golden Drink" Serzhem |url=http://hurul.ru/obryad-podnosheniya-zolotogo-napitka-serzhem/ |date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ru}}</ref><!-- all three sources elaborate on other ceremonies--> The tea is poured in a special container and then used by the monks as an offer to the deities during the ritual.<ref name=rules />
Aside from such daily prayers, there are also occasional prayers or other regularly recurring prayers. One such prayer is ''yoryâl'' ({{langx|xal-RU|йорял}}), also called "memorial service" ({{langx|ru|поминальная служба|label=none}}) in Russian, though, the Russian term isn't completely accurate as the purpose of the service isn't commemoration. Instead, the monks recite special benevolent, well-wishing prayers for the deceased during ''yoryâl'', so that the deceased would live a good life following their reincarnation.<ref name=rules /><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Буддийские ритуалы в октябре |trans-title=Buddhist rituals in October |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/buddijskie-ritualy-v-oktyabre/#more-28843 |date=2019 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ru}}</ref>
Furthermore, there are prayers for certain deities on certain days (e.g., for the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], the [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]], etc.).<ref name=rules />
The monks' prayers are for the well-being of all worshippers and all living beings, but if someone needs the monks to pray for them individually, then this can be done by writing down the name of the person on the prayer sheet. The monks will then stand up during the prayers and read out those names.<ref name=rules />
===Offerings===
It is also custom to make offerings in khuruls. There are various types of offerings, such as light in the form of [[lampada]]s, scent in the form of [[insence|insence sticks]], flowers, food items and drinks, and so on.<ref name=rules />
==List of khuruls and sumes==
===Kalmykia===
'''[[Elista]]'''
*[[Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume]]<!--File:Элиста.jpg-->
*[[Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery]] <!--https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ростуризм._Республика_Калмыкия_05.jpg-->
* Samye Tinlei Kunkyab Pelbar Ling<!--https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Buddhas_Khurul_in_Elista.jpg--><ref>{{cite web| script-title=ru:Пагоды и ступы Элисты. Непередаваемая буддистская атмосфера города |trans-title=Pagodas and stupas of Elista. The indescribable Buddhist atmosphere of the city |url=https://lifeinroad.ru/pagodyi-i-stupyi-elistyi-neperedavaemaya-buddistskaya-atmosfera-goroda/ |date=2017-03-28 |author=Liora |archive-url= |archive-date=|access-date=2023-09-04 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| script-title=ru:Строительство Дхарма Центра Самьелинг в Элисте |trans-title=Construction of the Dharma center Samyeling in Elista |url=https://buddhist.ru/buddhist-news/news/1711-stroitelstvo-dharma-tsentra-sameling-v-eliste?ysclid=lm40f12fqk91663943 |author=Tenpa Sherab |date=2008-01-19 |archive-url= |archive-date=|access-date=2023-09-04 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| script-title=ru:Благословение Зеленой Тары |trans-title=Blessing of Green Tara |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2011/blagoslovenie-zelenaya-tara/?ysclid=lm40f4yxxu836052019 |date=2011-08-18 |archive-url= |archive-date=|access-date=2023-09-04 |language=ru}}</ref>
<!--Хурул в исправительной колонии source: https://web.archive.org/web/20181120014607/http://khurul.ru/2009/01/xurul-v-ispravitelnoj-kolonii/-->
'''[[Gorodovikovsk]]'''
[[image:Xurulzankavy.jpg|thumb|Tantric Monastery of Vladika Tsongkhapa]]
*{{ill|Tantric Monastery of Vladika Tsongkhapa|ru|Тантрический монастырь Владыки Зонкавы}}<ref>{{cite web| script-title=ru:Тантрический монастырь Владыки Зонкавы, Городовиковск |trans-title=Tantric Monasetry of Vladika Tsongkhapa, Gorodovikovsk |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=755 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517134028/http://khurul.ru/?p=755 |work={{ill|Khalmg Unn|ru|Хальмг унн}} |archive-date=2012-05-17|access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Iki-Burulsky District]]'''
*[[Iki-Burul]]sky Khurul "Orgyen Samye Ling"<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Оргьен Самье Линг |trans-title=Orgyen Samye Ling |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/sights/orgen-same-ling/ |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:История создания Ики-Бурульского Хурула «Оргьен Самье Линг» и Ступы «Чжанчуб Дудул Чортен»|language=ru|trans-title=The history of the construction of the Iki-Burulsky Khurul "Orgyen Samye Ling" and the Stupa "Chzhanchub Dudul Chorten"|url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2005/iki-burul-khurul-history/ |access-date=2023-02-12|date=2005-05-20 }}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20120517154753/http://khurul.ru/?p=99 and https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/cultural-autonomy-and-spiritual-revival-in-kalmykia-a-conversation-with-valeriya-gazizova-->
*Baga-Burulsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:10-12 июня Строгий ретрит Ньюнгнэ в Калмыкии |language=ru |trans-title= Strict retreat of Nyungne in Kalmykia on 10th-12th June |date=2014-06-01 |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2014/10-12-iyunya-strogij-retrit-nyungne-v-kalmykii/ |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>
*Khomutnikovsky Khurul "Tashi Lkhunpo" (Таши Лхунпо) (ruins)
*Orgakinsky Khurul "Bogdo Dalai Lamin Rashi Lunpo"<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Богдо Далай Ламин Раши Лунпо |trans-title=Bogdo Dalai Lamin Rashi Lunpo |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/bogdo-dalaj-lamin-rashi-lunpo/ |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20131129154344/http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2009/08/20/znat_svoi_korni_48654.html and https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172952/http://khurul.ru/?p=102 and https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2018/16-iyulya-obryad-myayadrin-ergc/#more-18797-->
'''[[Ketchenerovsky District]]'''
*Altsyn-Khutinsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Хурул |trans-title=Khurul |url=https://outdoors.ru/foto/view.php?id=34447 |date=2009 |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Калмыкия на старых фотографиях. Хурульный комплекс |trans-title=Kalmykia in old photos. Khurul complex |url=http://shakyamuni.ru/pic/31 |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172851/http://khurul.ru/?p=107-->
*Godzhursky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Хурул в селе Годжур |trans-title=Khurul in the village of Godzhursky |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=106 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517155042/http://khurul.ru/?p=106|archive-date=2012-05-17|access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
*Sarpinsky Khurul "Sera Tosam Ling"<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Хурул «Сера Тосам линг» распахнул свои двери для верующих |trans-title=The khurul "Sera Tosam Ling" opened its doors for believers |url=https://www.khurul.ru/2021/04/30/hurul-sera-tosam-ling-raspahnul-svoi-dveri-dlya-veruyushhih/ |date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><!--reliable/official source from the ministry of digital development - Республиканская интернет-газета "Степные вести" ("Теегин Зянг")  Учредитель: Министерство цифрового развития Республики Калмыкия
Директор-главный редактор: Ланцынова М.И. https://tegrk.ru/archives/107775 or https://ru24.net/elista/283571074  and https://riakalm.ru/index.php/news/religion/28683-v-kalmykii-v-poselke-sarpa-otkrylsya-khurul-sera-tosam-ling-->
*Shin Mer Khurul<ref>{{cite news|author=Менке КОНЕЕВ|script-title=ru:Хурул на родине Геше Вангьяла |trans-title= A khurul in the birthplace of Geshe Wangyal|url=http://www.halmgynn.ru/9974-hurul-na-rodine-geshe-vangyala.html |date=2019-04-29 |work=Общественно-политическая газета «Хальмг үнн» («Калмыцкая правда») |publisher=[[RIA Novosti|АУ РК «РИА Калмыкия»]]|access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://www.kalmykiatour.com/shin-mer/ and https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2019/21-sentyabrya-otkrytie-hurula-v-shin-mere/-->
'''[[Lagansky District]]'''
[[Image:Buddhist temple in Djalykovo, Kalmykia, Russia 02.jpg|thumb|Galsan Khurul]]
*Ulankholsky Tsagan-Khurul<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--not stated--> |script-title=ru:Уланхольскому Цаган-хурулу исполнилось 15 лет |trans-title=The Tsagan-khurul of Ulankholsk turned 15 years old |url=https://riakalm.ru/news/religion/9230-ulankholskomu-tsagan-khurulu-ispolnilos-15-let |date=2017-09-08 |work= [[RIA Novosti|RIA Kalmykia]]|access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
<!-- http://uralan-info.1gb.ru/index.php/nashi-traditsii/item/6465-v-poselke-ulan-khol-15-let-dejstvuet-buddijskij-khram-tsagan-khurul and https://riakalm.ru/news/34591-v-rajone-kalmykii-projdet-prazdnichnyj-moleben and https://tegrk.ru/archives/138849 and https://vesti-kalmykia.ru/news/v-poselke-ulan-hol-otmetili-20-letie-mestnogo-hurula and https://web.archive.org/web/20120517133943/http://khurul.ru/?p=764-->
*Lagan Dargyeling Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Буддийский храм в городе Лагань |trans-title=Buddhist temple in the city of Lagan |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/1995/budda-temple-lagan/ |date=1995-06-02 |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Lyudmila |last=Klasanova |title=New Maitreya Statue Consecrated in Kalmykia |url=https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/maitreya-statue-consecrated-in-kalmykia |date=2019-09-23 |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en}}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20140306155425/http://khurul.ru/?p=761-->
*Galsan Khurul in [[Dzhalykovo]]<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Галсанг-хурул в Джалыково |trans-title=Galsang-khurul in Dzhalykovo |url=https://denisanikin.ru/tag/xurul |date=2017-12-18 |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://denisanikin.ru/8324-galsang-xurul-v-dzhalykovo-->
'''[[Maloderbetovsky District]]'''
*Maloderbetovsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Малые Дербеты |trans-title=Malye Derbety |url=https://www.kalmykiatour.com/malye-derbety/ |date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=ru}}</ref><!--http://www.elista.org/socium/v_maloderbetovskij_hurul_privezli_statuyu_bodhisatvy_kshitigarbha/ and https://www.kalmykiatour.com/2022/bolshoj-moleben-bozhestva-zelenoj-tary-na-ustranenie-prepyatstvij-i-boleznej/ and https://riakalm.ru/index.php/news/religion/9012-maloderbetovskij-khurul-posetil-kundeling-rinpoche-fotoreportazh and https://tourism-kalmykia.ru/hurul_malie_derbeti -->
'''[[Oktyabrsky District, Republic of Kalmykia|Oktyabrsky District]]'''
*{{ill|Aldr Diilvrin Syume|ru|Храм Великой Победы (Большой Царын)}}<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:«Алдр Диилврин Сюме» - Храм Великой Победы (Больше-Царынский хурул) |trans-title="Aldr Diilvrin Syume" - temple of the Great Victory (Bolshe-Tsarynsky khurul) |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172900/http://khurul.ru/?p=767|archive-date=2012-05-17|date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
*Tashi Gomang<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:В поселке Цаган-Нур Октябрьского района состоялось открытие хурула «Таши Гоманг» |trans-title=The khurul "Tashi Gomang" was opened in the village of Tsagan-Nur, Oktyabrsky District |url=https://www.khurul.ru/2021/07/04/v-poselke-czagan-nur-oktyabrskogo-rajona-sostoyalos-otkrytie-hurula-tashi-gomang/ |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Priyutnensky District]]'''
[[image:Xurulss.jpg|thumb|Uldyuchinsky Khurul]]
*{{ill|Uldyuchinsky Khurul|ru|Ульдючинский хурул}}<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Ульдючинский хурул |trans-title=Uldyuchinsky Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=770 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517190621/http://khurul.ru/?p=770 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Sarpinsky District]]'''
*Arshan-Zelmensky Iki-Khurul<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=774 |script-title=ru:Аршань-Зельменьский Ики — Хурул|trans-title=Arshan-Zelmensky Iki-Khurul |access-date=2011-12-19 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517153045/http://khurul.ru/?p=774 }}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20120517173043/http://khurul.ru/?p=729 whole page archived? links work-->
'''[[Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia|Tselinny District]]'''
<!--[[image:Хурул в Троицком, Калмыкия.jpg|thumb|Troitsky Khurul]]-->
*Khar-Buluksky Khurul "Bogdokhinsky"<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Богдахинский хурул в Хар-Булуке |trans-title=Bogdakhinsky khurul in Khar-Buluk |url=http://travelpost.in.ua/helpful-information/?att=46682 |date= |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2009/08/20/znat_svoi_korni_48654.html |script-title=ru:Знать свои корни|trans-title=Know your roots|publisher=Информационное агентство Республики Калмыкия «Бумбин орн» |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-date=2013-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129154344/http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2009/08/20/znat_svoi_korni_48654.html }}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20120517160653/http://khurul.ru/?p=784-->
*Troitsky {{ill|Urzhin Nuutsn Tyarni Sume|ru|Троицкий хурул}}<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--not stated--> |script-title=ru:В Калмыкии откроют новый хурул. Освятить храм приедет Намка Дриме Ринпоче, дарующий учения |trans-title=A new khurul will be opened in Kalmykia. Namka Drime Rinpoche will come to consecrate the temple, giving teachings |url=https://riakalm.ru/news/daynews/8869-v-kalmykii-otkroyut-novyj-khurul-osvetit-khram-priedet-namka-drime-rinpoche-daruyushchij-ucheniya |work= [[RIA Novosti|RIA Kalmykia]] |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://riakalm.ru/index.php/news/religion/16096-v-kalmykii-troitskij-khurul-osushchestvlyaet-nabor-poslushnikov |script-title=ru:В Калмыкии Троицкий хурул осуществляет набор послушников |date=2018-12-12 |trans-title=The Troitsky Khurul in Kalmykia is recruiting novices |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203114/https://riakalm.ru/index.php/news/religion/16096-v-kalmykii-troitskij-khurul-osushchestvlyaet-nabor-poslushnikov |work=[[RIA Novosti|RIA Kalmykia]]|language=ru }}</ref><!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20120517134110/http://khurul.ru/?p=783 and File:Хурул в Троицком, Калмыкия.jpg-->
*Nayntakinovsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Найнтакиновский хурул |trans-title=Nayntakinovsky Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=782 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517204546/http://khurul.ru/?p=782 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |language=ru}}</ref>
*{{ill|Choyorya-Khurul|ru|Чёёря-хурул}}<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Ики-Чоносовский хурул |trans-title=Iki-Chonosovsky khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=780 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172705/http://khurul.ru/?p=780 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://vesti-kalmykia.ru/news/obyavlena-akciya-po-sboru-sredstv-na-kapitalnyj-remont-baga-chonosovskogo-hurula and https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Малодербетовская_Цаннид_Чойра and http://savetibet.ru/2009/10/29/print:page,1,kalmykia.html-->
*Baga-Chonosovsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Бага-Чоносовский хурул |trans-title=Baga-Chonosovsky Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=777 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517201102/http://khurul.ru/?p=777 |archive-date=2012-05-17|access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Chernozemelsky District]]'''
*Tsekertinsky Khurul in the village of Burovoy<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Цекертинский хурул |trans-title=Tsekertinsky Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=792 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517200812/http://khurul.ru/?p=792 |archive-date=2012-05-17|date= |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref>
*Komsomolsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Хурул в п. Комсомольский |trans-title=Khurul in the village of Komsomolsky |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517201135/http://khurul.ru/?p=790 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |date= |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref><!--http://razvitie-pu.ru/?page_id=5425-->
*Arteziansky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Артезианский хурул |trans-title=Arteziannsky Khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=789 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517134016/http://khurul.ru/?p=789 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref>
*Adykovsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Адыковский хурул |trans-title=Adykovsky khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=785 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172627/http://khurul.ru/?p=785 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Yustinsky District]]'''
<!--[[image:Kalmyk Khurul Tsagan Aman (restored photo).jpg|thumb|The old khurul of [[Tsagan Aman]] that was destroyed in 1925]] [[image:Tsagan Aman. Khurul complex (WR).tif|thumb|The new khurul in Tsagan Aman]]-->
*Tsagan Amansky Khurul "Tugmyud-gavdzhi"<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Цаган-Аманский хурул |trans-title=Tsagan-Amansky khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=796 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517145739/http://khurul.ru/?p=796 |archive-date=2012-05-17 |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Цаган_Аман and https://www.khurul.ru/2021/07/30/v-czagan-amanskom-hurule-pobyvala-unikalnaya-etnograficheskaya-fotoekspedicziya-burlaczkij-na-volge-dorogami-maksima-dmitrieva/ and https://travel-russia.livejournal.com/449422.html?view=comments and https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/cultural-autonomy-and-spiritual-revival-in-kalmykia-a-conversation-with-valeriya-gazizova and https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/a-kalmyk-village-through-time-buddhist-lore-and-history-in-tsagan-aman-->
*Kharbinsky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|last=Сейсенгалиева | first=Алтана |script-title=ru:«Село и люди. История в лицах» (страницы летописи села Харба) |trans-title="Village and people. History in faces." (pages of the annals of the village of Kharba) |url=https://infourok.ru/issledovatelskaya-rabota-selo-i-lyudi-istoriya-v-licah-5425163.html |date=2021 |work=Министерство образования и науки Республики Калмыкия. МКОУ «Харбинская средняя общеобразовательная школа». Районный заочный конкурс исследовательских краеведческих работ обучающихся "Бичкн Төрскм" |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=ru}}</ref>
'''[[Yashaltinsky District]]'''
*Yashaltinsky Khurul (in construction)<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:В Яшалтинском районе будет возведен хурул |trans-title=A Khurul will be erected in the Yashaltinsky District |url=https://www.khurul.ru/2021/07/24/v-yashaltinskom-rajone-budet-vozveden-hurul/ |date=2021-07-24 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=ru}}</ref> <!--https://tegrk.ru/archives/111162 and https://www.list-org.com/company/12320763 and https://riakalm.ru/news/culture/29692-v-yashalte-postroyat-khurul-->
'''[[Yashkulsky District]]'''
*[[Yashkul]]sky Khurul<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Яшкульский хурул |trans-title=Yashkulsky khurul |url=http://khurul.ru/?p=798 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516055749/http://khurul.ru/?p=798 |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=ru}}</ref><!--https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231204/http://khurul.ru/?p=20589-->
===Tuva===
[[image:Хурээ Цеченлиг.JPG|thumb|[[Kyzyl#Tsechenling Temple|Khuree Tsechenling]] in Kyzyl]]
*{{ill|Ustuu-Khuree|ru|Устуу-Хурээ|tyv|Үстүү-Хүрээ}}
*{{ill|Tsechenling Khuree|tyv|Цеченлиң}}
<!--http://www.elista.org/culture/v_tuve_gotovyatsya_k_otkrytiyu_buddijskogo_monastyrya/ and https://www.tuva.asia/tags/хурул/ and http://savetibet.ru/2022/08/18/tuva-new-hram.html and http://savetibet.ru/category/tuva/ and https://xakac.info/news/5758-->
===Buryatia===
[[image:Datsan Hambyn-Hure (Ulan-Ude).jpg|thumb|Hambyn-Hure Datsan in Ulan-Ude]]
*Ulan-Ude Datsan Khambyn Khure / Hambyn-Hure Datsan
===Astrakhan Oblast===
*[[Khosheutovsky khurul]]
*{{ill|Limansky Khurul|ru|Лиманский хурул}} (used to be on the territory of the [[Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast|Kalmyk AO]] / [[Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Kalmyk ASSR]] but is now located in [[Astrakhan Oblast]], just like the above one)<!--https://liman-dobrian.ru/turistam-na-zametku/ and https://www.drive2.ru/c/543011410636964080/?m=543035599892775231-->
*Kerede khurl in [[Vostochnoye, Astrakhan Oblast|Vostochnoye]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vk.com/club152130521?w=club152130521 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=vk.com |script-title=ru:Буддийский Хурул села Восточное |trans-title=Buddhist khurul of the village of Vostochnoye}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/31263280.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |script-title=ru:В Астрахани построят буддийский храм |trans-title=A Buddhist temple will be built in Astrkhan |language=ru |author=Тодар Бактемир |date=2021-05-19}}</ref><!--Керәдә хурл--><!--File:Vostochnoye Khurul.jpg-->
===Altai Republic===
*Kuree-Datsan "Ak-Burkhan" in [[Gorno-Altaysk]]<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Ак-Бурхан |trans-title=Ak-Burkhan |url=https://www.gornoaltaysk.ru/gorod/dostoprimechatelnosti/vechnye-tsennosti/ak-burkhan/ |date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2023-03-27 |language=ru}}</ref><!--alt: https://tourism04.ru/repablic/dostoprimechatelnosti/all/?arrFilter_96=687869514&set_filter=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA and more info here https://www.komandirovka.ru/sights/gornoaltaysk/buddiyskiy-hram-ak-burkan/ and https://www.gorno-altaisk.info/news/3062 and https://sites.google.com/a/altaiway.com/kopia/buddizm-on-altai and https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA-->
===United States of America===
*Kalmyk Hurul of Saint Zonkava in Philadelphia<ref>{{cite web|title=Temple of Saint Zonkava |url=http://www.jivaka.net/finder/saint-zonkava/ |date=2018-04-08 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=David |last=O'Reilly |title=Dalai Lama visits Philadelphia |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/breaking/20080716_Dalai_Lama_in_Philadelphia_today-gallery.html |date=2008-07-16 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In Photos: His Holiness the Dalai Lama visits Philadelphia |url=https://tibet.net/in-photos-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-visits-philadelphia/ |date=2008-07-17 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-07-14 |language=en}}</ref>
===Mongolia===
<!--https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дашчойлин aka Зүүн хүрээ-->
*[[Choijin Lama Temple|Choijin Lama Sum]]
*[[Tsetserleg (city)#History|Zayiin Gegeen Khiid]]
*[[Amarbayasgalant Monastery|Amarbayasgalant Khiid]]
*[[Khamar Monastery|Khamar Khiid]]
*[[Ongi Monastery|Ongiin Khiid]]
*[[Baldan Bereeven Monastery|Baldan Bereeven Khiid]]
{{clear}}
==See also==
<!--{{commonscat|Monasteries in Kalmykia}}-->
{{commons category|Buddhist temples in Kalmykia}}<!--this one has more examples than the other category-->
*[[Datsan]]
*[[Buddhism in Kalmykia]]
*[[Buddhism in Buryatia]]
*[[Tuva#Religion|Buddhism in Tuva]]
*[[Buddhism in Russia]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Russia topics}}
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Russia]]
[[Category:Gelug monasteries]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Kalmykia]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Russia]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhism]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures]]