View source for Killing of Jean Charles de Menezes

{{short description|2005 wrongful fatal police shooting in London, England}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Portuguese name|Silva|Menezes}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Jean Charles de Menezes
| image       = Menezes.jpg
| image_size  =
| alt         =
| caption     = Menezes in January 2001
| birth_name  = Jean Charles da Silva e de Menezes
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1978|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gonzaga, Minas Gerais|Gonzaga]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|2005|7|22|1978|1|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Stockwell]], [[London]], England
| death_cause = Gunshots to the head
| parents     = Matosinhos Otoni de Menezes (father)<br />Maria Otone da Silva (mother)
}}
'''Jean Charles da Silva e de Menezes''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|ʒeˈɐ̃ ˈʃaʁliz dʒi meˈnezis|lang}}; 7 January 1978 – 22 July 2005) was a Brazilian man killed by officers of the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] at [[Stockwell tube station|Stockwell station]] on the [[London Underground]], after he was wrongly deemed to be one of the [[fugitive]]s involved in the previous day's [[21 July 2005 London bombings|failed bombing attempts]]. These events took place two weeks after the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London bombings of 7 July 2005]], in which 52 people were killed.
The [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] (IPCC) initiated two investigations. Stockwell 1, the findings of which were initially kept secret, concluded that none of the officers would face disciplinary charges. Stockwell 2 strongly criticised the police command structure and communications to the public. In July 2006, the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute any named individual police officers in a personal capacity, although a criminal prosecution of the Commissioner in his official capacity on behalf of his police force was brought under the [[Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974]], on the failure of the [[duty of care]] due to Menezes. The Commissioner was found guilty and his office was fined. On 12 December 2008 an [[Inquest (England and Wales)|inquest]] returned an [[open verdict]].
Menezes's death led to protests in Brazil and prompted apologies from [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]] and [[Foreign Secretary]] [[Jack Straw]]. The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] demonstrated outside [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|British diplomatic missions]] in [[Brasília]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The shooting also led to debate over [[Operation Kratos|shoot-to-kill policies]] adopted by the Metropolitan Police Service after the [[September 11 attacks]].
==Biography==
Menezes grew up on a farm in [[Gonzaga, Minas Gerais]], Brazil. His father was a bricklayer. After discovering an early aptitude for [[electronics]], he left the farm at age 14 to live with his uncle in [[São Paulo]] and furthered his education. At 19, he received a professional diploma from Escola Estadual São Sebastião (São Sebastião State School).{{Citation needed|reason=Other articles this page cites don't relay this information|date=January 2018}}
He arrived in Britain on 13 March 2002, on a six-month visitor visa. After its expiry, he applied to stay on as a student and was granted permission to remain until 30 June 2003.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=Police shot Brazilian eight times |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4713753.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2005 |access-date=5 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972 No. 1610 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/1610/made/data.xht?wrap=true}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dickson, Gormally |first1=Brice, Brian |title=Human Rights in Northern Ireland: The CAJ Handbook |date=2015 |publisher=Hart Publishing |location=Oxford |page=150 |isbn=9781782255048 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRN0BgAAQBAJ&q=as+a+person+entering+Britain+from+Ireland%2C+he+would+have+had+an+automatic+three-month+leave+to+remain&pg=PA150}}</ref><ref name=BBC17Oct>{{cite news |title=Menezes picture "was manipulated" |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7048756.stm |work=BBC News |date=17 October 2007 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
==Shooting==
{{2005 London bombings}}
Almost all of the facts regarding the Menezes shooting were initially disputed by various parties. Contradictory witness accounts, "[[Source (journalism)#"Off the record"|off the record]]" statements from police, and media speculation added to the confusion. An [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] report on 16 August 2005 claimed to contain leaked documents from an IPCC investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=What happened: Death of Jean Charles de Menezes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/7073125.stm |work=BBC News |date=1 November 2007 |access-date=5 January 2010}}</ref>
===Hunt for suspects===
On 22 July 2005, the [[Metropolitan Police]] were searching for four suspects in four attempted bombings carried out the previous day; three at [[London Underground|Underground]] stations and one on a bus in [[Haggerston]]. As the perpetrators had not died in the failed [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]], a large police investigation and a manhunt began immediately. An address in Scotia Road, Tulse Hill, was written on a gym membership card that was found inside one of the unexploded bags used by the bombers.
Menezes, an electrician, lived in one of the flats with two of his cousins and had just received a call to fix a broken [[fire alarm]] in [[Kilburn, London|Kilburn]]. At around 9:30{{nbsp}}a.m., officers carrying out surveillance saw Menezes emerge from the communal entrance of the block.
An officer on duty at Scotia Road, referred to as "Frank" in the Stockwell 1 report, compared Menezes to the [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] photographs of the bombing suspects from the previous day and felt he warranted further attention. As the officer was allegedly urinating, he was unable to immediately film the suspect to transmit images to [[Gold Command]], the Metropolitan Police operational headquarters for major incidents. The inquest transcript confirms that "Frank" was a soldier on [[secondment]] to the undercover surveillance unit.<ref name=inquesttrans1>{{cite web |title=Stockwell Inquest Transcript |url=http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_20.pdf |page=110 |access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref>
===Misidentification===
On the basis of Frank's suspicion, the Met's then Gold Commander [[Cressida Dick]] authorised officers to continue pursuit and surveillance, and ordered that the suspect be prevented from entering the Tube system.
Documents from the independent agency investigation of the shooting later concluded that mistakes in police surveillance procedure led to a failure to properly identify Menezes early on, leading to rushed assumptions and actions later at [[Stockwell tube station]].<ref name=Guardian_Leak>{{Cite news |title=New claims emerge over Menezes death |work=The Guardian |date=17 August 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/july7.menezes |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Rosie |last=Cowan}}</ref>
===Pursuit===
{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}
The officers followed Menezes to a bus stop for the [[London Buses route 2|number 2 bus]] on Tulse Hill where several plainclothes police officers boarded. Menezes briefly got off the bus at [[Brixton tube station|Brixton station]]. Seeing a notice that the station was closed due to a security alert because of the previous day's attempted bombings, he made a telephone call and reboarded the bus towards Stockwell.
Unaware the station was closed,{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} the surveillance officers said they believed that Menezes's behavior suggested that he might have been one of the previous day's failed bomb suspects. Officers claimed that Menezes' behavior appeared "suspicious".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7767449.stm |title=The grey area of Menezes' killing |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref> They later stated that they were satisfied that they had the correct man, noting that he "had [[Epicanthic fold|Mongolian eyes]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean Charles de Menezes inquest timeline |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3061485/Jean-Charles-de-Menezes-inquest-timeline.html |website=The Telegraph |access-date=22 July 2015 |date=22 September 2008}}</ref> At some point during this journey towards Stockwell station, {{convert|3.3|km}} away, the pursuing officers contacted Gold Command,{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} and reported that Menezes potentially matched the description of two of the previous day's suspects, including [[Osman Hussain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6409605.stm |title=UK &#124; 21&nbsp;July&nbsp;bombs were 'just hoaxes' |work=BBC News |date=1 March 2007 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> Based on this information, Gold Command authorised "code red" <!--question: would these be Operation Kratos tactics? -Kwh Yes they would according to the Panorama documentary a few weeks ago PJW--> tactics, and ordered the surveillance officers to prevent Menezes from boarding a train.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} According to a "senior police source at Scotland Yard", Police Commander Cressida Dick told the surveillance team that the man was to be "detained as soon as possible", before entering the station.<ref name=a1>{{Cite news |title=Brazilian "was to be taken alive" |publisher=News |date=18 August 2005 |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0818/demenezes.html |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Gold Command then transferred control of the operation to [[Specialist Firearms Command]] (known as "CO19" or "SO19"), which dispatched firearms officers to Stockwell tube station.
[[File:StockwellTube.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stockwell tube station]] entrance]]
Menezes entered the tube station at about 10:00{{nbsp}}a.m., stopping to pick up a free newspaper. He used his [[Oyster card]] to pay the fare, walked through the barriers, and descended the escalator. He then ran across the platform to board the newly arrived train. Menezes boarded the train and found one of the first available seats.
Three surveillance officers, codenamed Hotel 1, Hotel 3 and Hotel 9, followed Menezes onto the train. According to Hotel 3, Menezes sat down with a glass panel to his right about two seats in. Hotel 3 then took a seat on the left with about two or three passengers between Menezes and himself. When the firearms officers arrived on the platform, Hotel 3 moved to the door, blocked it from closing with his left foot, and shouted "He's here!" to identify the suspect's location.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
===Shooting===
The firearms officers boarded the train and it was initially claimed they challenged the suspect, though later reports indicate he was not challenged.<ref name=Telegraph_August_3_2007>{{cite news |title=Menezes could not have saved his life |newspaper=Telegraph |date=3 August 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1559318/Menezes-could-not-have-saved-his-life.html |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Edwards}}
</ref> According to Hotel 3, Menezes then stood up and moved towards the officers and Hotel 3, at which point Hotel 3 grabbed him, pinned his arms against his torso, and pushed him back into the seat. Although Menezes was being restrained, his body was straight and not in a natural sitting position. Hotel 3 heard a shot close to his ear, and was dragged away onto the floor of the carriage. He shouted "Police!" and with hands raised was dragged out of the carriage by one of the armed officers who had boarded the train. Hotel 3 then heard several gunshots while being dragged out.<ref name=Dispatch_August_23_2005>{{Cite news|title=Executed: Anatomy of a police killing |publisher=Daily Dispatch |date=23 August 2005 |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2005/08/23/Foreign/amendez.html |access-date=9 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109143617/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2005/08/23/Foreign/amendez.html |archive-date=9 January 2009 }}</ref>
Two officers fired a total of eleven shots according to the number of empty cartridge casings found on the floor of the train afterwards. Menezes was shot seven times in the head and once in the shoulder at close range and died at the scene. An eyewitness later said that the eleven shots were fired over a thirty-second period, at three-second intervals.<ref name=g1>{{Cite news|title=De Menezes "shot 11 times during 30 seconds" |work=Daily Telegraph |date=26 August 2005 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/26/umenezes.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/08/26/ixportaltop.html |location=London |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118035536/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F26%2Fumenezes.xml&sSheet=%2Fportal%2F2005%2F08%2F26%2Fixportaltop.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref> A separate witness reported hearing five shots, followed at an interval by several more shots.<ref name=2ndW>{{Cite news| title=De Menezes 'Two bursts of gunfire at Tube death, say witnesses'| work=Daily Telegraph| date=27 August 2005| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/27/nmenez27.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/27/ixhome.html |location=London |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118035541/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F27%2Fnmenez27.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F27%2Fixhome.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>
Immediately after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police stated that the shooting was "directly linked" to the investigation of the attempted bombings the previous day. It was revealed that police policy towards suspected [[suicide bombers]] had been revised and that officers had been ordered to fire directly towards suspects' heads, the theory according to British authorities being that shooting at the chest could conceivably detonate a concealed bomb.<ref name=shootinhead>See press commentary, e.g. {{cite web |url=http://www.themoderatevoice.com/posts/1122223370.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230165444/http://www.themoderatevoice.com/posts/1122223370.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2006 |title=British Police: Sorry But Policy Is Shots To Head |work=themoderatevoice.com |access-date=29 July 2005}}</ref>
The SO19 firearms officers involved in the shooting were debriefed and drugs and alcohol tests were taken as per standard procedure. The officers were taken off duty pending an investigation into the shooting. One security agency source said later that members of SO19 received training from the [[Special Air Service|SAS]]. He said the operation was not typical of the police and bore the hallmarks of a special forces operation.<ref name=c1>{{cite news |first=James |last=Cusick |title=A COVER-UP? AND IF SO ... WHY? |newspaper=Sunday Herald |date=21 August 2005 |url=http://www.sundayherald.com/51372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204000850/http://www.sundayherald.com/51372 |archive-date=4 December 2005}}</ref>
It emerged that [[hollow-point bullet]]s had been employed and a senior police source said that Menezes's body had been "unrecognisable". These bullets are widely used in law enforcement, where it may often be necessary to quickly stop an armed assailant while minimising the risk of collateral damage posed by the use of [[full metal jacket bullet|full metal jacket]] ammunition. A full metal jacket bullet is more likely to exit the target while still retaining lethal force. A Home Office spokesman said, "Chief officers can use whatever ammunition they consider appropriate for the operational circumstances."<ref name=LeonardStehn>{{Cite news |title=Police used dum-dum bullets on Brazilian shot at tube station |work=The Guardian |date=16 November 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/16/july7.menezes |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Vikram |last=Dodd}}</ref>
===Immediate aftermath===
The day after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police identified the victim as Jean Charles de Menezes and said that he had not been carrying explosives, nor was he connected in any way to the attempted bombings. They issued an apology describing the incident as "a tragedy, and one that the Metropolitan Police Service regrets".
The Menezes family condemned the shooting and rejected the apology. His grandmother said there was "no reason to think he was a terrorist". Although it was initially reported that they were offered almost £585,000 compensation,<ref name=cmp>{{cite news |title=London police chief defends handling of shooting |newspaper=New Zealand Herald |date=22 August 2005 |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10341786}}</ref> the Menezes family eventually received £100,000 in compensation from the Metropolitan Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean Charles de Menezes' family settles for £100,000 Met payout |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 November 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/nov/23/jean-charles-de-menezes-settlement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Family of Jean Charles de Menezes agree compensation with Met Policer |publisher=[[The Telegraph (U.K.)]] |date=24 November 2009 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6636370/Family-of-Jean-Charles-de-Menezes-agree-compensation-with-Met-Police.html}}</ref>
His cousin, Alex Alves Pereira, said: "I believe my cousin's death was result of police incompetence." Pereira said that police claims regarding the incident had been conflicting, and took issue with their pursuit of Menezes for an extended period and their allowing the "suspected suicide bomber" to board a bus. "Why did they let him get on a bus if they are afraid of suicide bombers?... He could have been running, but not from the police... When the Underground stops, everybody runs to get on the train. That he jumped over the barriers is a lie."<ref name=Cousin>{{Cite news|title=Cousin of innocent shooting victim speaks |publisher=Life Style Extra |date=24 July 2005 |url=http://www.lifestyleextra.com/ShowStory.asp?story=DB2415712W&news_headline=cousin_of_innocent_shooting_victim_speaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531042011/http://www.lifestyleextra.com/ShowStory.asp?story=DB2415712W&news_headline=cousin_of_innocent_shooting_victim_speaks |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2010 }}</ref>
The Brazilian government released a statement expressing its shock at the killing, saying that it looked forward "to receiving the necessary explanation from the British authorities on the circumstances which led to this tragedy." Foreign Minister [[Celso Amorim]], who had already arranged to visit London, said he would seek a meeting with the UK's Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw. He later met ministers and had a telephone conversation with Straw.
The [[Muslim Council of Britain]] expressed immediate concern about the apparent existence of a "shoot-to-kill" policy and called on police to make clear their reasons for shooting the man dead.
On 27 July 2005, Menezes's body was flown to Brazil for burial. His funeral took place in Gonzaga on 29 July 2005, exactly one week since the shooting.<ref name=BrazillianFuneral>{{cite news |title=Home town buries shot Brazilian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4726613.stm |work=BBC News |date=29 July 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> A public requiem mass for Menezes, attended by [[Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor]], was held at [[Westminster Cathedral]] around the same time.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/thousands-mourn-brazilian-shot-by-british-police-1.524057| title = Thousands mourn Brazilian shot by British police {{!}} CBC News}}</ref>
==Public reaction==
===In Britain===
A vigil at Stockwell Station was held with some of the relatives on the Sunday immediately following the shooting and police apology. Another, called by the [[Stop the War Coalition]], was held on 25 July. They state that a thousand people attended and then several hundred people, led by a group of Brazilians (some of whom had been friends with Jean Charles), began an impromptu demonstration.
On 23 August 2005, Dania Gorodi, a Romanian immigrant, the sister of victim Michelle Otto who was killed in the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], asked for an end to the criticism of Sir [[Ian Blair]] over the Menezes shooting, which she felt had moved the media focus away from the bombings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1496753/Crucifying-the-police-will-achieve-nothing.html|title=Crucifying the police will achieve nothing|date=23 August 2005|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> "People have lost sight of the bigger picture", she said. "We need to support the police right now, not crucify one man. This is unprecedented in British history. He [Sir Ian] is doing the best he can."<ref name=TelegraphGorodi>{{Cite news|title=Crucifying the police will achieve nothing |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 August 2005 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/23/nfam23.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/23/ixhome.html |location=London |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118035526/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F23%2Fnfam23.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F23%2Fixhome.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>
When, on 12 September 2006, the [[Metropolitan Police Authority]] promoted Commander Cressida Dick to the role of Deputy Assistant Commissioner, the family said they were 'absolutely disgusted'.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uklatest/story/0,,-6075401,00.html Police chief promotion attacked]{{Dead link|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uklatest/story/0,,-6075401,00.html|date=August 2009}}, [[The Guardian]], 12 September 2006.</ref> The family also criticised the awarding of the [[Queen's Police Medal]] to Commander Dick in the 2010 New Year's Day honours.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8435507.stm Honour for Met chief who led Menezes operation], BBC News, 31 December 2009.</ref>
On 29 September 2008, performance artist [[Mark McGowan (performance artist)|Mark McGowan]] "re-enacted" the killing at Stockwell station, to protest against the then-current lack of response. He was quoted as saying that "People are distracted by things like ''[[The X Factor]]'' and Christmas, so I'm doing this as a reaction."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jean Charles de Menezes shooting show outside Stockwell Tube station |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/3933427.Jean_Charles_de_Menezes_shooting_show_outside_Tube_station/ |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=Thisislocallondon |access-date=9 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531032710/http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/3933427.Jean_Charles_de_Menezes_shooting_show_outside_Tube_station/ |archive-date=31 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Alice-Azania |last=Jarvis |title=Pandora: Artistic response to de Menezes death |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pandora/pandora-artistic-response-to-de-menezes-death-1038861.html |date=28 November 2008 |work=The Independent |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London}}</ref>
====Police comments====
Senior Scotland Yard officer Deputy Assistant Commissioner Alan Given, who had operational responsibilities in relation to the officers who had actually killed Menezes, said "... when it came to the Stockwell shooting, there was a sense that it was no different from an incident such as police shooting a bank robber".<ref>''The Observer'', "Top police 'clear' Met chief over Menezes" (19 March 2006), by David Rose</ref>
On the day of Menezes's death, at his mid-afternoon press conference, Sir Ian Blair, stated: "I need to make clear that any death is deeply regrettable".<ref>''Financial Times'' "[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/453316bc-fb15-11d9-a0f6-00000e2511c8.html?nclick_check=1 Law of the Gun raises Fresh Doubts]", 23 July 2005</ref>
===In Brazil===
The reaction of the Brazilian public was overwhelmingly negative. Protests and demonstrations were held in Brazil.<ref name=BrazilProtests>{{cite news |title=Protest in Brazil after shooting |work=BBC News |date=26 July 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4714691.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> His cousin called Menezes's death a "third-world error". Brazilian newspaper ''[[O Globo]]'' criticised [[Home Secretary]] [[Charles Clarke]] for his praise for the Metropolitan Police Service after the shooting,  while ''[[Jornal do Brasil]]'' wrote that "Instead of apologising, the English authorities came out in defence of those responsible for this disastrous [police] action."<ref name=3rdWorldParallel>{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Kingstone |title=Brazilian's death was 'third-world error' |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4716141.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
==Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry==
Several days after the shooting, it was announced that the incident would be subject to an internal investigation by officers from [[Scotland Yard]]'s Directorate of Professional Standards and would be referred to the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] (IPCC), as is the case with all fatal police shootings.
Immediately after the shooting, Commissioner Sir Ian Blair telephoned the Chairman of the IPCC and wrote a letter to the Home Office, describing his instruction that "the shooting that has just occurred at Stockwell is not to be referred to the IPCC and that they will be given no access to the scene at the present time." The letter, later released by the Met under the Freedom of Information Act, expressed the Commissioner's intent to protect the tactics and sources of information used in a counter-terrorism operation from the public jeopardising future operations.<ref name=blairletter>{{cite web |url=http://cms.met.police.uk/news/policy_organisational_news_and_general_information/commissioner/commissioner_s_letter_to_the_home_office |title=Commissioner's letter to The Home Office |work=Metropolitan Police Service – Homepage |access-date=4 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510125404/http://cms.met.police.uk/news/policy_organisational_news_and_general_information/commissioner/commissioner_s_letter_to_the_home_office |archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref>
===Controversy between the Met and the IPCC===
On 18 August, lawyers representing the Menezes family met the IPCC and urged them to conduct a "fast" investigation. The lawyers, [[Harriet Wistrich]] and [[Gareth Peirce]], held a press conference where they lamented the "chaotic mess". They stated their desire to ask the IPCC "to find out&nbsp;... how much is incompetence, negligence or gross negligence and how much of it is something sinister".<ref name=Lawyer_IPCC_Meet_08_18_2005>{{Cite news |title=De Menezes lawyers meet IPCC |publisher=ITV News |date=18 August 2005 |url=http://www.itn.co.uk/news/1900255.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924044634/http://www.itn.co.uk/news/1900255.html |archive-date=24 September 2005 }}</ref>
On 18 August, the IPCC issued a statement in which it said that the Metropolitan Police was initially opposed to them taking on the investigation.<ref name=IPCC_allege>{{Cite news |title=Full text: IPCC statement |work=The Guardian |date=18 August 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/18/brazil.menezes |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London}}</ref> It also announced that the inquiry was expected to last between three and six months. The IPCC announced it took over the inquiry on 25 July;<ref name=IPCC_25_July_pr>[http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/pr250705_stockwell.htm IPCC take over investigation into Stockwell shooting] IPCC Press Release (25 July 2005) Accessed on 18 August 2005
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222115337/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/pr250705_stockwell.htm |date=22 February 2006 }}</ref> however, the inquiry was not handed over until 27 July.<ref name=BBC_delay_report>{{cite news |title=Met 'resisted Tube death probe' |work=BBC News |date=18 August 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4163568.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
The police lobbied MPs to try to influence the inquiry into the shooting. Unsolicited e-mails were sent by Nick Williams, the acting inspector at the Metropolitan Police's Diamond Support Group, to [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MPs denying that there was a "shoot-to-kill" policy and that the tactics employed were necessary.<ref name = "BrMo 16Nov2005">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/police-accused-of-lobbying-mps-over-shooting-515525.html |title=Police accused of lobbying MPs over shooting |first1=Colin |last1=Brown|author1-link = Colin Brown (political journalist) |first2=Nigel |last2=Morris |date=16 November 2005 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> The Met declined repeated requests by the IPCC to disclose hundreds of pages of internal papers that gave the Met's private assessment of the operation, including discussions about how much compensation the Met thought it should pay to the Menezes family; the risk that individual officers might face murder or manslaughter charges; the vulnerability of Blair and the Met to an action for civil damages; and whether Special Branch officers altered surveillance logs.<ref name = "DaLe 05Mar2006">{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article206702.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101131534/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article206702.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2014 |title=Met suppress files that tell full shooting story |author=David Leppard |date=5 March 2006 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |access-date=9 April 2012 |quote=[B]ehind the scenes, the IPCC has pressed for the Met files at two meetings in the past three weeks. The commission has told Blair it is entitled to them under section 17 of the 2002 Police Reform Act, which gives it the power to demand 'all such information and documents' it judges necessary to conduct its inquiries.}}</ref>
In May 2006, the [[Metropolitan Police Federation]], a staff association that represents the interests of police officers, released a 12-page statement which was highly critical of the IPCC in general, and specifically criticised the handling of the "Stockwell inquiry".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4755333.stm |title=Police criticise 'perverse' IPCC |work=BBC News |date=9 May 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
===Leak of inquiry===
On 16 August 2005, British television network [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] released a report said to be based on leaked documents from the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission|IPCC]] investigation which conflicted with previous statements by police chief [[Sir Ian Blair]].<ref name=ITV_Leak_08_16_2005>{{Cite news |url=http://www.itv.com/news/index_1677571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231131820/http://www.itv.com/news/index_1677571.html |archive-date=31 December 2005 |title=Mistakes led to tube shooting |publisher=ITV |date=16 August 2005}}</ref> The Met and the IPCC refused to comment on the allegations while the IPCC investigation was ongoing, though an anonymous "senior police source" claimed that the leak was accurate.
Canadian Lana Vandenberghe, the IPCC secretary who admitted responsibility for the leak, was suspended and subsequently sacked.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7795289.stm | title=Menezes: The woman who leaked the story | work=BBC News |date=22 December 2008 |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanderson |first=David |date=2 April 2024 |title=Police persecuted me, says De Menezes whistleblower |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-persecuted-me-says-de-menezes-whistleblower-pvmhd09903l |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2006 |title=I was the Jean Charles de Menezes whistleblower |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/22/menezes.lifeandhealth |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The IPCC launched an investigation into the leaking of the documents. On 21 September, [[Leicestershire Police|Leicester Constabulary]] Serious Crime Unit initiated dawn raids on behalf of the IPCC on one Scottish and two London residential premises, at which time Vandenberghe was arrested. Two more dawn raids took place on 5 October, during which [[ITN]] journalist [[Neil Garrett]] and his pregnant girlfriend Louise, were arrested.<ref name=Guardian_012506>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/25/jeancharlesdemenezes.tvnews |date=25 January 2006 |work=The Guardian |title=ITN journalist arrested over leak from Stockwell shooting inquiry |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Vikram |last=Dodd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Garrett |first=Neil |date=15 May 2006 |title=The cost of telling the truth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/15/mondaymediasection.jeancharlesdemenezes |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
On 4 May 2006, Leicestershire Police and the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] announced that no charges would be filed against Vandenberghe, Garrett or his partner.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4976450.stm |title=No charges follow Menezes 'leak' |work=BBC News |date=5 May 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
===Stockwell 1===
According to a press release made on 9 December by the IPCC's chairman Nick Hardwick and John Tate, its Director of Legal Services, the inquiry's report would list some of the criminal offences that the commission thought may have been committed by police. Though without having reached any conclusions, they also admitted the commission's judgement would be a "lower threshold" than the standard prosecutors would apply in making any final decision to prosecute.<ref name="Charges_Eyed">{{Cite news|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2005/12/10/Charges_Eyed_in_British_Mistaken_Shooting_y|title=Charges Eyed in British Mistaken Shooting|date=10 December 2005|work=The Guardian (via wn.com)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722215437/http://article.wn.com/view/2005/12/10/Charges_Eyed_in_British_Mistaken_Shooting_y|archive-date=22 July 2015|agency=AP|location=London}}<!--{{Dead link|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5469984,00.html|date=August 2009}}--></ref>
On 14 March 2006, the IPCC announced that the first part of the inquiry, known as "Stockwell 1" had been completed and recommendations were passed on to the Metropolitan Police Authority and Crown Prosecution Service, but the report "[could not] be made public until all legal processes have concluded".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/pr140306_stockwell.htm |title=IPCC Completes Recommendation Report Following Stockwell Investigation |date=14 March 2006 |access-date=10 May 2006 |publisher=IPCC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005407/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/pr140306_stockwell.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
The report was published on 8 November 2007.<ref name=StockwellOne>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/stockwell_one.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100908152737/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/stockwell_one.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2010 |title=IPCC: Stockwell One |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=2 February 2012 |publisher=IPCC }}</ref>
===Stockwell 2===
"Stockwell 2", the second part of the inquiry, focuses on the conduct of Sir Ian Blair and Andrew Hayman following the discovery of Menezes's identity, and was released on 2 August 2007.<ref name="Stockwell2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/ipcc_stockwell_2.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100908152737/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/ipcc_stockwell_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2010 |title=Stockwell 2 |publisher=The IPCC |date=2 August 2007 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The allegations were that MPS officers "made or concurred with inaccurate public statements concerning the circumstances of the death. The alleged inaccurate information included statements that Mr. de Menezes had been wearing clothing and behaving in a manner which aroused suspicions."<ref name="Stockwell2" />
===Brian Paddick===
On 17 March 2006, the Met was threatened with legal action by [[Deputy Assistant Commissioner]] [[Brian Paddick]]. In evidence to the IPCC, Paddick had stated that a member of Sir Ian's private office team believed the wrong man had been targeted just six hours after the shooting, contrary to the official line taken at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/18/menezes.topstories31 |title=Officer who challenged Met chief may lose job |first=Vikram |last=Dodd |date=18 April 2006 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 July 2006 |location=London}}</ref> When this information became public, Scotland Yard issued a statement that the officer making the claim (Paddick) "has categorically denied this in his interview with, and statement to, the IPCC investigators". The statement continued that they "were satisfied that whatever the reasons for this suggestion being made, it is simply not true". Paddick's interpretation of this statement was that it accused him of lying.<ref name=Blairlibel17_03_2006>{{cite news |title=Menezes claim sparks libel talks |work=BBC News |date=17 March 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4816934.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
After a statement was released on 28 March by the Met that it "did not intend to imply" a senior officer had misled the probe into the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes, Paddick accepted the 'clarification' and considered the matter closed.<ref name=Metregret28_03_2006>{{cite news |title=Met Police 'regret' Menezes claim |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4855004.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
In a substantial campaigning ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' interview (17 November 2007 – "I know how to make Londoners feel safe") which Paddick gave to support his suitability to become Mayor, he said "Policing is a dangerous job, we should trust the professional judgement of officers on the front line. We shouldn't prosecute them or their bosses if they decide to put their lives on the line for the public".{{Full citation needed|date=May 2021}}
===Investigation into suppression of evidence===
On 13 October 2008, at an inquest into the death, a police surveillance officer admitted that he had deleted a computer record of Cressida Dick's instruction that they could allow Menezes to "run on to Tube as [he was] not carrying anything". At the inquest he told the court that "On reflection, I looked at that and thought I cannot actually say that." The IPCC announced that it would investigate the matter "[at its] highest level of investigation".<ref>[https://archive.today/20090809181154/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4937395.ece "De Menezes officer investigated over admitting deleting evidence"] Times online (13 October 2008)</ref>
==DPP and CPS involvement==
In July 2006, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), which like the IPCC operates independently of the Met, announced that it would not carry forward any charges against any individual involved in the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes.
The Metropolitan Police Commissioner in his official capacity faced criminal charges under sections 3(1) and 33(1)(a) of the [[Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974]] for "failing to provide for the health, safety and welfare of Jean Charles de Menezes".<ref>{{cite web |title=Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 |url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm |access-date=18 July 2006 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |year=1991}}</ref>
The decision not to prosecute individuals was made on the grounds of insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5186050.stm |title=No charges for Menezes officers |work=BBC News |date=17 July 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> The family of Menezes appealed against the decisions of the office of the [[Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)|Director of Public Prosecutions]] (DPP) on behalf of the Crown Prosecution Service in the High Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6208836.stm |title=Menezes case goes to High Court |work=BBC News |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
The legal representatives of the Metropolitan Police Service, on behalf of the office of the Commissioner, pleaded not guilty to the charges, "after the most careful consideration".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5359500.stm |title=Met not guilty plea over Menezes |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>  The trial started on 1 October 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/nov/08/menezes.terrorism1 |title=Timeline: the Stockwell shooting |work=Guardian |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Haroon |last=Siddique}}</ref>
On 14 December 2006, [[Stephen Richards (judge)|Lord Justice Richards]] (Richards LJ) of the High Court, sitting with Mr. Justice Forbes (Forbes J) and Mr. Justice Mackay (Mackay J), unanimously rejected an application for a [[judicial review in English law|judicial review]] into the decision of the office of the DPP on behalf of the CPS to rule out criminal prosecutions of the individual police officers who shot dead Jean Charles de Menezes, ruling that "[I]t was a reasonable decision{{Nbsp}}… on the basis that they were likely to fail".<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 December 2006|title=Menezes family lose court battle |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6180137.stm |access-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110124426/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6180137.stm|archive-date=10 January 2007}}</ref>
On 1 November 2007, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner in his official capacity was found guilty of the above offences, and his office was fined £175,000, together with £385,000 of legal costs.<ref>BBC News. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7069796.stm Police guilty over Menezes case]. Last updated 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</ref> The Met published a terse release about this decision<ref>Metropolitan Police. [http://cms.met.police.uk/news/met_comment/health_and_safety_trial_result Health and Safety trial result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124011223/http://cms.met.police.uk/news/met_comment/health_and_safety_trial_result |date=24 November 2007 }} 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</ref> and [[Len Duvall]], Chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority, asked that the full report on the investigation be published.<ref>Metropolitan Police. [http://cms.met.police.uk/news/met_comment/mpa_and_acpo_on_health_and_safety_verdict MPA and ACPO on Health and Safety verdict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109061503/http://cms.met.police.uk/news/met_comment/mpa_and_acpo_on_health_and_safety_verdict |date=9 January 2008 }}. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</ref>
==Controversy over police procedure==
Much discussion following the shooting centred on the [[rules of engagement]] followed by armed police when dealing with suspected suicide bombers. Roy Ramm, a former commander of specialist operations for the Metropolitan Police, said that the rules had been changed to permit officers to "shoot to kill" potential [[suicide bomber]]s, claiming headshots are the safest way to kill the suspect without risk of detonating devices.<ref name="ShootToKillBBC">{{cite news |title=Will police now shoot to kill? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4707781.stm |work=BBC News |date=22 July 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
The possibility of a police confrontation with a suicide bomber in the United Kingdom had reportedly been discussed following the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States. Based on this possibility, new guidelines were developed for identifying, confronting, and dealing forcefully with terrorist suspects. These guidelines were given the [[code name]] "[[Operation Kratos]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=MPA: Committees: Reports: 27&nbsp;Oct&nbsp;05 (13) "Suicide terrorism" |url=http://www.mpa.gov.uk/committees/mpa/2005/051027/13/ |publisher=Metropolitan Police Authority |date=27 October 2005 |access-date=26 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716030504/http://www.mpa.gov.uk/committees/mpa/2005/051027/13/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>
Based in part on advice from the security forces of [[Israel]] and [[Sri Lanka]]—two countries with experience of suicide bombings—Operation Kratos guidelines allegedly state that the head or lower limbs should be aimed at when a suspected suicide bomber appears to have no intention of surrendering. This is contrary to the usual practice of aiming at the [[torso]], which presents the biggest target, since a hit to the torso may detonate an explosive belt.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslims back 'shoot to kill' despite an innocent man's death |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/07/24/nshot124.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/07/24/ixnewstop.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=24 July 2005 |location=London |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118035521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F07%2F24%2Fnshot124.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F07%2F24%2Fixnewstop.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>
Sir Ian Blair appeared on television on 24 July 2005 to accept responsibility for the error on the part of the Metropolitan Police, and to acknowledge and defend the "shoot to kill" policy, saying:
{{blockquote|There is no point in shooting at someone's chest because that is where the bomb is likely to be. There is no point in shooting anywhere else if they fall down and detonate it.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Someone else could be shot,' British police chief warns |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/someone-else-could-be-shot-british-police-chief-warns-1.547258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117215006/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/someone-else-could-be-shot-british-police-chief-warns-1.547258 |archive-date=17 January 2008 |publisher=CBC News |date=24 July 2005}}</ref>}}
The Met's commissioner Sir Ian Blair, and his predecessor [[John Stevens, Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington|Lord Stevens]], had expressed concern about the legal position of police officers who might kill suspected suicide bombers. There is no explicit legal requirement for armed officers to warn a suspect before firing, although guidelines published by the [[Association of Chief Police Officers]] say that this "should be considered". A potential suicide bomber is thought to represent a circumstance where warning the suspect may put the public at greater risk because the bomber may detonate his explosives after being warned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shooting watershed for UK security |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4708373.stm |work=BBC News |author=Jon Silverman |date=23 July 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
Lord Stevens defended the policy he introduced, despite the error that had been made. [[Azzam Tamimi]] of the [[Muslim Association of Britain]] was critical, saying: "I just cannot imagine how someone pinned to the ground can be a source of danger." Other leaders of the UK's [[Islam|Muslim]] community took a similar view.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debate rages over 'shoot-to-kill' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711769.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 July 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> [[Ken Livingstone]], the then [[Mayor of London]], defended the police as having acted in the way they thought appropriate at the time, and with the aim of protecting the public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shot man not connected to bombing |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711021.stm |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
[[Confirmation bias]] on the part of the Metropolitan Police may have come into play in this case. Disconfirming evidence that Menezes was the suspect may have been present, but interpreted incorrectly. The threat of a suicide bombing on the Underground may have produced stress and time pressures in individuals within the department, which in turn could have affected their decision-making thresholds.<ref>Rossmo, Kim. (2008). Criminal Investigative Failures. CRC Press.</ref>
Owing to the controversy surrounding the death of Menezes, the codename of Operation Kratos was dropped from all police lexicon in 2007–08, although the tactics for dealing with a suicide threat remained broadly the same.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/12/menezes-police |title=De Menezes: How the Met tried to win the PR war |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 December 2008 |first=Rachel |last=Williams |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|title=MPS response to the MPA Stockwell scrutiny |publisher=Metropolitan Police Authority |date=2 April 2009 |first=Jeremy |last=Wilson |url=http://www.mpa.gov.uk/committees/sop/2009/090402/09/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716030957/http://www.mpa.gov.uk/committees/sop/2009/090402/09/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|title=Inquest into the death of Jean Charles de Menezes – Metropolitan Police Commissioner's response to the Rule 43 Report |first=Moir |last=Stewart |publisher=Metropolitan Police Service |date=20 February 2009 |url=http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/committees/sop/090402-09-appendix02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031016/http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/committees/sop/090402-09-appendix02.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>
During the trial an allegation was made that the police had manipulated a photo of de Menezes so as to increase his resemblance to a "terrorist", Hussain Oman. A forensic specialist concluded de Menezes' face "appeared to have been brightened and lost definition". However, when asked if there had been any manipulation of any of the primary features of the face he replied "I don't believe there has been any... but making the image brighter has changed the image."<ref name=BBC17Oct />
==Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign==
[[File:Jean charles de menezes shrine dec 06-2.jpg|thumb|Shrine to Jean Charles de Menezes outside Stockwell Underground Station]]
On 16 August 2005, the Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign, also known as "Justice4Jean", began calling for a public inquiry into the "unlawful killing" of Menezes.<ref name="Justice4jean.com">
{{cite web |title=The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign |url=http://justice4jean.com/?p=2 |work=Justice4jean.com |access-date=25 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100352/http://justice4jean.com/?p=2 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead  }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=de Menezes Family Campaign Launch And Rally |url=http://londonist.com/2005/10/de_menezes_fami.php |publisher=The Londonist |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=17 July 2006}}</ref>
Critics such as Conservative [[London Assembly]]man [[Brian Coleman]] have suggested that the involvement of Asad Rehman, a former leader of the [[Stop the War Coalition]] and former adviser to [[Respect Party|Respect]] politician [[George Galloway]] in the campaign shows that the family's campaign had been "hijacked" and the death of Menezes was being used to "advance a political aim".<ref>{{cite news|title='Marxists have hijacked family's quest for justice' |author=Philip Johnston |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/24/nmenez124.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/08/24/ixhome.html |date=24 August 2005 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227141436/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F24%2Fnmenez124.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F08%2F24%2Fixhome.html |archive-date=27 December 2005 }}</ref> Galloway's secretary said that Rehman had been acting in "a personal capacity, … not in his role as political adviser", and Menezes family members Alessandro Pereira and Vivien Figueiredo denied any manipulation.<ref name=Times_August_24_j4j>{{Cite news|title=Galloway adviser is helping Brazilian campaign |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1748177,00.html |date=24 August 2005 |work=The Times |location=London |first=Dominic |last=Kennedy |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211083615/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C22989-1748177%2C00.html |archive-date=11 February 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Jean Charles de Menezes (mosaic - Stockwell Station).jpg|left|upright|thumb|Mosaic outside Stockwell station]]
The family campaign organised three events in 2005:
* On 29 July, a vigil in Parliament Square and a multi-faith memorial service at Westminster Cathedral were held at the same time as Menezes's funeral in Brazil.
* On 22 August, a petition asking for a public inquiry was delivered to [[10 Downing Street|Downing Street]] by Menezes family member Alessandro Pereira and members of Justice4Jean. The protestors made their way from Downing Street to [[Scotland Yard]], together with the relatives of Paul Coker and Azelle Rodney, individuals who also died in London police incidents in 2005.<ref name=Guardian_August_23_protest>{{Cite news |title=Brazilian officials in UK for answers on killing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/23/brazil.menezes |date=23 August 2005 |work=The Guardian |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Rosie |last=Cowan}}</ref>
* On 10 October, the campaign was launched at the [[London School of Economics]] with Menezes's parents, the family lawyer [[Gareth Peirce]], [[Bianca Jagger]], [[Matthew Taylor (Liberal politician)|Matthew Taylor]] MP and [[Irene Khan]] from [[Amnesty International]].
The family and their campaign continue to be actively supported by [[Newham Monitoring Project]]; on 22 July 2007 they held a minute of silence outside Stockwell tube station to commemorate the second anniversary of Menezes's death. Two days earlier the campaign projected a 20 metre by 30 metre (65' x 100') image of Menezes's face with the slogan "Two Years, No Justice" on the walls of the Houses of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jean Charles 'Two Years, No Justice' |url=http://icsouthlondon.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200southlondonheadlines/tm_headline=jean-charles-two-years-no-justice&method=full&objectid=19505226&siteid=50100-name_page.html |date=23 July 2007 |publisher=icSouthLondon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118052644/http://icsouthlondon.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200southlondonheadlines/tm_headline=jean-charles-two-years-no-justice&method=full&objectid=19505226&siteid=50100-name_page.html |archive-date= 18 January 2008 }}</ref> The campaign set up a blog for the duration of the inquest starting on 22 September 2008 and released a pre-inquest briefing.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
On 7 January 2010, a memorial was unveiled at Stockwell tube station. It was made by local artist Mary Edwards, with the help of Menezes' cousin, Vivian Figueiredo, and Chrysoula Vardaxi, a member of a group that kept alive the memorial "shrine" to Menezes beginning within the days following his death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Haroon |title=Jean Charles de Menezes memorial unveiled at Stockwell station |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/07/jean-charles-de-menezes-memorial |access-date=1 June 2015 |agency=The Guardian |date=7 January 2010}}</ref>
[[File:10th Anniversary of Death of Jean Charles de Menezes.jpg|thumb|The Campaign commemorates the 10th anniversary of the shooting]]
===European Court of Human Rights===
{{Main|Armani Da Silva v. UK}}
On 10 June 2015, the Menezes family took the British government to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] over the decision not to prosecute anyone involved in the killing of Jean Charles de Menezes. The legal challenge was mounted under [[Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights#The use of force and exceptions in paragraph 2|Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights]] regarding state deprivation of life and use of force.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33066098 |title=Jean Charles de Menezes family in European court challenge |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/10/jean-charles-de-menezes-european-court-to-hear-human-rights-challenge |title=Jean Charles de Menezes: European court to hear human rights challenge |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>
On 30 March 2016, the Grand Chamber held—by a majority of 13 to 4—that there had been no violation of Article 2:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35927775 |title=Jean Charles de Menezes family loses European court fight |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/30/jean-charles-de-menezes-police-officers-shouldshould-not-be-prosecuted-echr |title=Jean Charles de Menezes: family lose fight for police officers to be prosecuted |first=Owen |last=Bowcott |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
{{blockquote|…the Court considered that all aspects of the authorities' responsibility for the fatal shooting had been thoroughly investigated […] The decision not to prosecute any individual officer was not due to any failings in the investigation or the State's tolerance of or collusion in unlawful acts; rather, it was due to the fact that, following a thorough investigation, a prosecutor had considered all the facts of the case and concluded that there was insufficient evidence against any individual officer to prosecute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press?i=003-5338286-6656072 |title=Press release: Grand Chamber judgment Armani da Silva v. the UK - investigation into fatal shooting in the London Underground |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]] |date=30 March 2016}}</ref>}}
Dissenting judges highlighted concerns about the objective [[reasonableness]] of the "honest belief, perceived for good reasons" justifying the use of force; that officers were permitted to write their notes up together; that the threshold for prosecution was more stringent than in other states; and the incongruity that no individual was subject to disciplinary action despite a finding of institutional criminal responsibility under the Health and Safety Act.<ref>{{cite web| title=Case of Armarni da Silva v. The United Kingdom |url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng/?i=001-161975 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]] |date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
==Inquest==
[[File:Sir Michael Wright AB.JPG|thumb|160px|left|The coroner Sir Michael Wright arriving at [[The Oval]] on 5 November 2008]]
The inquest opened on 22 September 2008 at the John Major conference room at [[The Oval]], [[Kennington]], London. The coroner, [[Michael Wright (judge)|Sir Michael Wright]], a former [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] judge and assistant deputy coroner for Inner South London, and the jury heard from almost 70 witnesses, including over 40 police officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: The Menezes inquest |work=BBC News |date=22 September 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7628103.stm |first=Dominic |last=Casciani}}</ref>
On the first day the inquest heard that the police officers who shot Menezes dead were "convinced" at the time that he was a suicide bomber. In his comments, Sir Michael Wright said that the two officers thought Menezes was about to detonate a "device" on the Tube. He took the inquest jury through the events leading up to Menezes's death, listing a number of occasions where officers were unclear whether or not they thought they were pursuing a bomber. The jury was told of differences between what was being relayed on radio and logged in the Scotland Yard control room and how the officers in the field were interpreting the information.<ref name=bbc20080922>{{cite news |title=Police 'thought Menezes had bomb' |work=BBC News |date=22 September 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7629961.stm }}</ref>
He said that when Menezes entered the Stockwell Tube station no member of the surveillance team had positively identified him as Hussain Osman. Regarding the decision of the two firearms officers to shoot Menezes, Sir Michael said that they had fired nine rounds between them, seven of which had struck Menezes's head at point blank range. He added that the two officers concerned were convinced that Menezes was a suicide bomber about to detonate a device, and that the only option open was an instant killing.<ref name=bbc20080922/>
On 13 October, the IPCC launched an investigation after a Metropolitan police surveillance officer named only as "Owen" admitted that he had altered evidence submitted to the inquest. The officer had deleted one of his own computer notes which quoted deputy assistant commissioner Cressida Dick as concluding that Menezes was not a security threat. The note said "CD{{snd}}can run on to tube as not carrying anything".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Peter |title=Met officer tells inquest he tampered with De Menezes evidence |work=The Guardian |date=13 October 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/13/jean-charles-menezes-inquest-ipcc |access-date=6 May 2010 |location=London}}</ref>
On 24 October the inquest heard that Menezes was initially not considered as a suspect, and that the police wanted unarmed officers to halt and question him in case he had information about the failed terrorist attack of 21 July 2005. Detective Sergeant Piers Dingemans and a four-man squad were tasked with stopping Menezes for intelligence purposes as he travelled to Stockwell station on a bus. Dingemans told the inquest that his car was behind the bus when he was stood down at 09:55, and said he thought this was because Menezes was then considered a suspect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Batty |first=David |title=De Menezes inquest: initial plan was to question Brazilian, says detective |work=The Guardian |date=24 October 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/24/de-menezes-inquest |location=London}}</ref>
On 2 December Sir Michael ordered the jury, shortly before they retired to consider their verdict, that they could not return one of "unlawful killing", leaving their options as "lawful killing", or an [[open verdict]]. He said that the verdict could not be inconsistent with the earlier criminal trial. As well as the short-form verdict of "lawful killing" or "open", Sir Michael also asked them to respond to three questions of fact, and nine possible contributory factors with simple "yes", "no", or "cannot decide" answers.<ref name=4Dec>[http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/hearing_transcripts/dec_04.pdf Transcript, 4 December] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122183417/http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/hearing_transcripts/dec_04.pdf |date=22 January 2009 }}, page 26 at line 20, The Stockwell Inquest, Sir Michael Wright.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/03/de-menezes-inquest-coroner-questions|title=Key questions presented to jury in Jean Charles de Menezes inquest|author=Guardian Staff|date=3 December 2008 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> The Menezes family lodged an immediate application for a [[judicial review]] of the decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23595932-details/Menezes%3A+ban+on+unlawful+killing+verdict/article.do |title=Menezes: ban on unlawful killing verdict &#124; News |publisher=[[Evening Standard]] |date=22 July 2005 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411055336/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23595932-details/Menezes:+ban+on+unlawful+killing+verdict/article.do |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
On 4 December, during Sir Michael's summing-up, members of the Menezes family got up and undid their jackets exposing printed slogans on their T-shirts, with the wording "Your legal right to decide{{snd}}unlawful killing verdict", and left the courtroom after pausing for 30&nbsp;seconds in front of the jury. The following day, Sir Michael asked the jury to ignore the protest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/05/menezes-london |title=De Menezes jurors told to ignore family protests|date=5 December 2008 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> In his summing-up, Sir Michael stated that to return a verdict of lawful killing, the jury should be "satisfied of two matters on the balance of probabilities":<ref name=4Dec/>
{{blockquote|(a) that at the time they fired, Charlie 2 and Charlie 12 honestly believed that Mr de Menezes represented an imminent mortal danger to them and/or others around them; and{{pb}}(b) that they used no more force than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances as they honestly believed them to be.}}
If the jury was not satisfied on both of these, they were to return an open verdict.
On 9 December the jury asked the coroner whether they were required to find unanimity on the short-form verdict and all of the additional questions. Sir Michael instructed them that they should strive for unanimity, but he would accept a 10–1 or 9–2 verdict.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/09/menezes-inquest-majority-verdict|title=De Menezes coroner invites majority verdict|date=9 December 2008 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> Later that day one of the jury was permanently dismissed owing to travel plans, reducing the jury to 10, and the following day Sir Michael said he would now accept a 9–1 or 8–2 verdict.<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5ju3eDFp9dRPADI4Y7FjMuxTtjqrg  Majority ruling for de Menezes jury], [[Press Association]], 10 December 2008 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
On Friday 12 December 2008, the inquest into Jean Charles' death returned an open verdict.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Open verdict at Menezes inquest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7764882.stm |publisher=BBC |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref> Their answers to the specific questions and contributory facts were as follows. In the latter portion, the answers "yes", "no", and "can't decide" were determined by the jury while answering the broader question "which of these other factors, if any, contributed to the death".<ref name="BBC 2008">{{Cite news |title=Menezes jury's verdict explained |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7761652.stm |publisher=BBC |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jury questions and answers<ref name="BBC 2008"/>
|-
! colspan=2 | Questions of fact
|-
| "Did firearms officer C12 shout "armed police"?"
| {{No}}
|-
| "Did Mr Menezes stand up from his seat before he was grabbed in a bear hug by officer Ivor?"
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "Did Mr Menezes move towards C12 before he was grabbed in a bear hug by Ivor?"
| {{No}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Possible contributory factors
|-
| "The pressure on police after the suicide attacks in July 2005."
| {{unk|Cannot decide}}
|-
| "A failure to obtain and provide better photographic images of failed bomber Hussain Osman to surveillance officers."
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "The general difficulty in providing identification of the man under surveillance in the time available."
| {{No}}
|-
| "The fact that the views of the surveillance officers regarding identification were not accurately communicated to the command team and firearms officers."
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "A failure by police to ensure that Mr Menezes was stopped before he reached public transport."
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "The innocent behaviour of Mr Menezes increasing suspicion."
| {{No}}
|-
| "The fact that the position of the cars containing the firearms officers was not accurately known by the command team as firearms teams were approaching Stockwell Tube."
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "Shortcomings in the communications system between various police teams on the ground."
| {{Yes}}
|-
| "Failure to conclude at the time that surveillance officers could have been used to carry out the stop on Mr Menezes at Stockwell."
| {{Yes}}
|}
The officer identified as "Ivor" was a member of a SO12 Special Branch covert surveillance team who had followed Menezes on the bus and attempted to identify him. He has also been designated as "Hotel 3". The officer identified as "C12" or "Charlie 12" was a member of a CO19 firearms unit who first opened fire and killed Menezes.
==Disputed facts and events==
===Clothing===
With regard to his dress on the day of the shooting ''[[The Observer]]'' reported that he was dressed in "baseball cap, blue fleece and baggy trousers". Mark Whitby, a witness to the shooting, told [[Reuters]] that he observed Menezes wearing a large winter coat, which "looked out of place".<ref>{{cite news|title=Bomb suspect gunned down on Tube after frantic chase with armed police |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=23 July 2005 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/07/23/nshot23.xml |location=London |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118035516/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F07%2F23%2Fnshot23.xml |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}
</ref> Vivien Figueiredo, a cousin of Menezes, was later told by police that Menezes was wearing a denim jacket on the day of the shooting.<ref name=Family_Briefed_23_08_2005>{{cite news |title=Menezes family 'briefed by Met' |work=BBC News |date=23 August 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4175432.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Anthony Larkin, another eyewitness, told the BBC that Menezes appeared to be wearing a "[[explosive belt|bomb belt]] with wires coming out".<ref>{{cite news |title=Man shot dead by police on Tube |work=BBC News |date=22 July 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4706787.stm |access-date=8 December 2010}}</ref>
Based on these eyewitness reports, press speculation at the time said that wearing such heavy clothing raised suspicions that Menezes was hiding explosives underneath, and was therefore a potential [[suicide bombing|suicide bomber]]. At the time of the shooting, the temperature in London (at a [[Heathrow Airport]] weather station) was about 17&nbsp;°C (62&nbsp;°F).<ref name=WeatherJuly_22_2005>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGLL/2005/7/22/DailyHistory.html |title=Weather in London, United Kingdom on Friday, 22&nbsp;July 2005 |work=WeatherUnderground.com |access-date=29 July 2005}}
</ref>
No device resembling a bomb belt was reported as found. Menezes was also not carrying a tool bag, since he had left it with his colleague the previous evening. According to the report on leaked IPCC documents, Menezes was wearing a pair of jeans and a light denim jacket. This was confirmed by a photo of his body on the floor of the carriage after the shooting.<ref name=WrongInitialReports>{{Cite news |first=Mark |last=Honigsbaum |title=Brazilian did not wear bulky jacket |date=28 July 2005 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/28/politics.july7 |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London}}</ref>
===Police challenge===
Police initially stated that they challenged Menezes and ordered him to stop outside Stockwell station. [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis|Metropolitan Police Commissioner]] Sir Ian Blair said in a later press conference that a warning was issued prior to the shooting. Lee Ruston, an eyewitness who was waiting on the platform, said the police did not identify themselves.  ''[[The Times]]'' reported "senior police sources" as saying that police policy would not require a warning to be given to a suspected suicide bomber before lethal action was taken.<ref name=TimesNoWarning>{{Cite news|title=Shoot-to-kill without warning |work=The Sunday Times |date=31 July 2005 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1715340,00.html |location=London |first1=jon |last1=UngoedThomas |first2=David |last2=Leppard |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114011044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C2087-1715340%2C00.html |archive-date=14 January 2006 }}
</ref>
The leaked IPCC documents indicated that Menezes was seated on the train carriage when the [[SO19]] armed unit arrived. A shout of "police" may have been made, but the suspect had no opportunity to respond before he was shot.  The leaked documents indicated that he was restrained by an undercover officer before being shot.
During the 2008 inquest into Menezes's death, passengers who were travelling in the same carriage also contradicted police accounts, saying that they heard no warnings and that Menezes gave no significant reaction to arrival of the policemen. One passenger said that Menezes appeared calm even as a gun was held to his head, and was clear that the police officers did not shout any warnings before shooting him.<ref name=g20081104>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Peter |title=Driver of De Menezes train thought police were terrorists |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 November 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/nov/04/menezes-police-terrorists-underground-driver |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London }}</ref>
===Ticket barrier===
Witnesses stated that up to twenty police officers in plain clothes pursued Menezes into Stockwell station, that he jumped over the ticket barrier, ran down an escalator and tried to jump onto a train.<ref name=firstpressreports_2>{{cite news |title=Police shoot man at underground station |date=22 July 2005 |work=Reuters |url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-07-22T102941Z_01_SCH145033_RTRUKOC_0_SECURITY-BRITAIN.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911022547/http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-07-22T102941Z_01_SCH145033_RTRUKOC_0_SECURITY-BRITAIN.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2005 }}; & {{cite news |title=Man shot dead by police on Tube |date=22 July 2005 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4706787.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}
</ref> The Menezes family was briefed by the police that their son did not jump over the ticket barrier and used a [[Travelcard]] to pass through; this was subsequently confirmed by CCTV recordings shown at the Metropolitan Police trial.<ref name=Family_Briefed_23_08_2005/>
The pathologist's post-mortem report, which was written five days after the shooting, recorded that Menezes "vaulted over the ticket barriers" and that he "ran down the stairs of the tube station".  Dr Kenneth Shorrock later told the inquest that he had been given this information by police during a "walk-through" with officers at Stockwell Tube Station but he could not remember who had given him this incorrect information, which had also featured in earliest eyewitness reports.<ref name=SW_27_08_2005>{{Cite news |title=Orders given to police who shot Jean Charles de Menezes were 'ambiguous' |date=5 November 2008 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/nov/05/de-menezes-pathologist-inquest |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Jenny |last=Percival}}
</ref>
It had been suggested that the man reported by eyewitnesses as jumping over the barrier may have been one of the police officers in pursuit.<ref name=ScotsmanDoubts_July_31_2005>{{Cite news |title=Doubts grow over facts of Tube shooting |work=The Scotsman |date=31 July 2005 |url=http://news.scotsman.com/londonbombings/Doubts-grow-over-facts-of.2647712.jp |access-date=9 August 2009}}
</ref>
===CCTV footage===
Initial UK media reports suggested that no CCTV footage was available from the Stockwell station, as recording media had not been replaced after being removed for examination after the previous day's attempted bombings. Other reports stated that faulty cameras on the platform were the reason for the lack of video evidence. An anonymous source confirmed that [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage was available for the ticket area, but that there was a problem with the platform coverage. The source suggested that there was no useful CCTV footage from the platform or the train carriage.<ref name=Guardian_August_23_2005>{{Cite news |title=Row over "blank" CCTV tapes at station |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/23/politics.brazil |work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2005 |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London |first=Rosie |last=Cowan}}
</ref>
Extracts from a later police report stated that examination of the platform cameras had produced no footage. It said: "It has been established that there has been a technical problem with the CCTV equipment on the relevant platform and no footage exists."{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The platform CCTV system is maintained by the Tube Lines consortium in charge of maintaining the Northern Line. The company made a statement to ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'' insisting that the cameras were in working order.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Police and Tube firm at odds over CCTV footage of innocent Brazilian's shooting |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-and-tube-firm-at-odds-over-cctv-footage-of-innocent-brazilians-shooting-307649.html |work=The Independent |date=23 August 2005 |access-date=1 December 2014 |location=London |first=Nigel, Jason, Barrie |last=Morris, Bennetto, Clement}}</ref>
During the inquest, evidence confirmed that the video tapes had been changed by a station supervisor in three video recorders monitoring the station CCTV at 3:09{{nbsp}}am on the morning of the shooting. These machines emit an audible noise if they are not receiving an audio/video signal, but there was no indication the supervisor heard an alarm. Three days later the equipment was tested and it was found that a cable transmitting the CCTV images to the video recorders had been damaged or cut, possibly during refurbishment work (the cable may have been severed when a workman stepped on it); the following day a communications expert confirmed that the alarm was sounding as a result of this loss of signal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where is CCTV film of police tube shooting? |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/74653/Where-is-CCTV-film-of-police-tube-shooting |work=The Sunday Express |date=7 December 2008 |access-date=1 December 2014 |location=London |first=James |last=Murray}}</ref>
The same police report also reported there was no footage from CCTV in the carriage where Menezes was shot, stating: "Although there was on-board CCTV in the train, due to previous incidents [the 7 July bombings], the hard drive had been removed and not replaced."{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
CCTV footage from the number 2 bus Menezes took to the station was also shown during the inquest; it too, was incomplete. The IPCC claimed this was due to excessive vibration, which prevented several cameras on the bus from working.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jean Charles de Menezes inquest sees CCTV footage of last moments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/sep/24/london |work=The Guardian |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=1 December 2014 |location=London |first=Audrey |last=Gillan}}
</ref>
===Motivations===
Several reasons were initially posited by media sources and family members for why Menezes may have run from police, as indicated by initial reports. A few weeks earlier, he had been attacked by a [[gang]] and may have perceived that he was in a similar situation upon seeing [[Undercover operation#Plainclothes law enforcement|plainclothes]] officers chasing him. Several sources have speculated that irregularities about his immigration status may have given him reason to be wary of the police;<ref name=FinancialTimes>{{Cite news |title=Unenviable choices on suicide bombers |date=26 July 2005 |work=Financial Times |url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/4ff2ab9a-fd71-11d9-b224-00000e2511c8.html}}
</ref> evidence that emerged{{Colloquialism|uncertain=y|date=May 2021}} during the course of the criminal trial into the Health and Safety charge showed that Menezes was lawfully in the country on 22 July 2005. This is mentioned in the Stockwell One report, at footnote 4 on page 21.<ref name="StockwellOne" /> The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported that a colleague believed that Menezes ran simply because he was late for his job.<ref name=SMHFireAlarm>{{Cite news |first=Jano |last=Gibson |title=Day Jean Charles's luck turned lethal |date=25 July 2005 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/day-jean-charless-luck-turned-lethal/2005/07/25/1122143775935.html |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> It was later indicated by the leaked IPCC documents that Menezes may have run across the platform to get a seat on the train, and did not know at the time that he was being watched or pursued.
===Gunshots===
It was initially stated by police that Menezes was shot five times in the head. Mark Whitby, a passenger on the train Menezes had run onto, said: "one of [the police officers] was carrying a black handgun—it looked like an automatic—He half tripped… they pushed him to the floor, bundled on top of him and unloaded five shots into him." Another passenger, Dan Copeland, said: "an officer jumped on the door to my left and screamed, 'Everybody out!' People just froze in their seats cowering for a few seconds and then leapt up. As I turned out the door on to the platform, I heard four dull bangs."<ref name=quotesontube>{{cite news |title=I saw Tube man shot – eyewitness |date=22 July 2005 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4706913.stm |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Menezes's cousin Alex Pereira, who lived with him, asserted that Menezes had been shot from behind: "I pushed my way into the morgue. They wouldn't let me see him. His mouth was twisted by the wounds and it looked like he had been shot from the back of the neck." Later reports confirmed that Jean Charles de Menezes was shot a total of eight times: seven times in the head and once in the shoulder.<ref name=inquestshots>{{cite news |title=BBC: Police shot Brazilian eight times |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4713753.stm}}
</ref>
The leaked IPCC documents also indicated that an additional three shots had missed Menezes. One witness claimed that the shots were evenly distributed over a timespan of thirty seconds. This has not been substantiated by other witness reports or the leaked IPCC documents.<ref name=TheGuardian30sec>{{Cite news|title=De Menezes – shot for 30 seconds |date=26 August 2005 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1556856,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118094551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0%2C16132%2C1556856%2C00.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 |location=London |first=Vikram |last=Dodd |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
===Involvement of special forces===
Several commentators suggested that [[special forces]] may have been involved in the shooting. Professor [[Michael Clarke (academic)|Michael Clarke]], Professor of Defence Studies at [[King's College London]], went as far as to say that unless there had been a major change in policy it was likely that it was not the police who had carried out the shooting, but special forces:
{{blockquote|To have bullets pumped into him like this suggests quite a lot about him and what the authorities, whoever they are, assumed about him. The fact that he was shot in this way strongly suggests that it was someone the authorities knew and suspected he was carrying explosives on him. […] You don't shoot somebody five times if you think you might have made a mistake and may be able to arrest him. […] Even [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] and [[SO19]] are not trained to do this sort of thing. It's plausible that they were special forces or elements of special forces.<ref name="ShootToKillBBC"/>}}
On 4 August 2005, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that the newly created [[Special Reconnaissance Regiment]] (SRR), a special forces unit specialising in covert surveillance, was involved in the operation that led to the shooting. The anonymous [[Whitehall]] sources who provided the story stressed that the SRR was involved only in intelligence gathering, and that Menezes was shot by armed police, not by members of the SRR or other soldiers. Defence sources would not comment on speculation that SRR soldiers were among the plainclothes officers who followed Menezes onto the number 2 bus.<ref name=Guardian_SRR>{{Cite news |first=Richard |last=Norton-Taylor |title=New special forces unit tailed Brazilian |work=The Guardian |date=4 August 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/04/july7.menezes |access-date=9 August 2009 |location=London}}</ref> On 21 August, the ''[[Sunday Herald]]'' reported that SRR men are believed to have been in the tube train when the shooting occurred.<ref name="c1"/>
Stockwell One states, of the SO12 surveillance teams: (p.&nbsp;28)
"During July 2005 each surveillance team had a member of the military attached to them. Those soldiers were unarmed."<ref name="StockwellOne"/>
In the transcript of the 2008 inquest, some of the soldiers' testimonies are recorded, including that of "Hotel 11"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_23.pdf|title=Codename "Ivor" (continued)|date=23 October 2008|publisher=July Seventh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721221238/http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_23.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and that of "Frank".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_20.pdf|title=Codename "Derek" (continued)|publisher=July Seventh|date=20 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017192809/http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_20.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Legal settlement==
The four-year legal battle by the family of Jean Charles de Menezes ended when they negotiated a settlement with the Metropolitan Police Service in November 2009. The MPS agreed to pay compensation to the family, who in return agreed to end their legal action. The sum of money involved in the settlement was reported to be just over £100,000; in addition the family's substantial legal costs were paid. In a joint statement with the family, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner made "a further unreserved apology to the family for the tragic death of Jean Charles de Menezes" and reiterated "that he was a totally innocent victim and in no way to blame for his untimely death".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/nov/23/jean-charles-de-menezes-settlement |title=Jean Charles de Menezes' family settles for £100,000 Met payout &#124; UK news &#124; guardian.co.uk |work=Guardian |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=24 November 2009 |location=London |first=Vikram |last=Dodd}}</ref>
One journalist reacted critically to the level of compensation paid by the Metropolitan Police, comparing the level of payout with awards by [[employment tribunal]]s, and speculating that "perhaps [de Menezes'] life was worth less because he was poor."<ref name="guardianpayoutunfair">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/nov/25/payouts-unfair-compensation |title=Why are payouts so unfair? |work=The Guardian |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=25 November 2009 |location=London |first=Afua |last=Hirsch}}</ref><!-- Is this quote a full sentence, with the "p" in "perhaps" uncapitalised to fit the prose before it? If not, please move the full stop out of the quote. Otherwise, remove this comment. -->
==Similar incidents==
{{Main|Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom|List of people killed by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom}}
Comparisons have been made between the death of Menezes and other innocent or unarmed men shot by British police officers in disputed circumstances,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711619.stm |title=The police marksman's dilemma |publisher=BBC |author=Chris Summers |access-date=27 November 2007 |date=24 July 2005}}</ref> including [[Stephen Waldorf]], [[Death of James Ashley|James Ashley]], [[Death of Harry Stanley|Harry Stanley]], and the [[2 June 2006 Forest Gate raid]].
==In media==
===Television===
The ''[[Panorama (TV programme)|Panorama]]'' episode "Stockwell – Countdown to Killing", shown on [[BBC One]] on 8 March 2006, investigated and partially dramatised the shooting.
The shooting was the subject of an hour-long "[[docudrama|factual drama]]"<ref name="Media">The opening credits read: This is a true story based on the testimony of Police Officers and eyewitnesses. Some events have been simplified and dialogue created for the purposes of dramatisation. Most names are codenames given by the court to protect individual officers' identities</ref> titled ''Stockwell'', first broadcast on the UK terrestrial channel [[ITV1]] on 21 January 2009 at 9&nbsp;pm.
A two-part documentary titled ''Shoot to Kill: Terror on the Tube'', first broadcast on [[Channel 4]] on 10 and 11 November 2024, seeks to set the shooting in the context of the fear-filled atmosphere in London in July 2005 and includes an interview with the police officer who killed Menezes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rebecca |last=Nicholson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/nov/10/shoot-to-kill-terror-on-the-tube-review-jean-charles-de-menezes-docuseries-channel-4 |title=Shoot to Kill: Terror on the Tube review – an extraordinary look at how Jean Charles de Menezes was killed |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/shoot-to-kill-terror-on-the-tube |title=Shoot to Kill: Terror on the Tube  |website=Channel 4 |access-date=11 November 2024 }}</ref>
In 2023, [[Disney+]] announced it was making ''Suspect: The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes'', a limited drama series.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28197237/ Suspect: The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes (2023) ] </ref><ref name="The Times">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charles-de-menezes-murder-shooting-disney-tv-series-drama-2023-ccwz6kgtx|title=Jean Charles de Menezes: Police killing is turned into Disney+ TV series |work=The Times |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> Written by [[Jeff Pope]], it is produced by ITV Studios-backed Etta Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/philomena-writer-jeff-pope-to-make-disney-series-suspect-the-shooting-of-jean-charles-de-menezes/5183400.article |title='Philomena' writer Jeff Pope to make Disney+ series 'Suspect: The Shooting Of Jean Charles de Menezes'  |work=Screen Daily |access-date=22 June 2023 }}</ref> The director is [[Paul Andrew Williams]]; de Menezes' parents are among the consultants.<ref name="The Times"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/disney-plus-drama-jean-charles-de-menezes-1235422419/ |title=Disney+ Making Drama On Shooting Of Jean Charles De Menezes From Jeff Pope  |work=Deadline |access-date=22 June 2023 }}</ref> Filming was underway in London in October that year;<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://press.disney.co.uk/news/landmark-disney+-limited-drama-series-suspect:-the-shooting-of-jean-charles-de-menezes-commences-filming-in-london |title=Landmark Disney+ Limited Drama Series "Suspect: The Shooting Of Jean Charles de Menezes" Commences Filming In London  |publisher=DISNEY+ |type=press release |access-date=11 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://advanced-television.com/2023/10/03/disey-commences-filming-on-suspect-the-shooting-of-jean-charles-de-meneze/ |title=Disey+ commences filming on Suspect: The Shooting of Jean Charles de Meneze |work=Advanced Television |date=3 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/disneys-suspect-the-shooting-of-jean-charles-de-menezes-starts-filming-in-october-in-london/ |title=Disney+'s 'Suspect: The Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes' Starts Filming in October in London  |work=The Cinemaholic |access-date=15 August 2023 }}</ref> later that month, scenes were filmed at [[Stockwell tube station]] over several days and nights. Objections were raised when production recreated the aftermath of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] close to the location of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passers-by in Bermondsey shocked by exploded bus film set that 'looked real' |url=https://southwarknews.co.uk/area/bermondsey/passers-by-in-bermondsey-shocked-by-exploded-bus-film-set-that-looked-real/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=Southwark News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disney under fire as 7/7 victims claim they weren't told disaster would be re-created for TV drama |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/11/05/disney-plus-july-7-london-bombing-victims-tv-recreation/ |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> On 6&nbsp;November, Disney released a statement to the press defending itself and its methods in recreating the events for the purpose of making a factual dramatisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disney defends itself after backlash to 'tasteless' 7/7 bombing scene in new drama |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/disney-7-bombing-terrorist-bermondsey-b2442495.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disney stands by 7/7 bombing aftermath scenes in new drama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-67344116 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The series is to be broadcast in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://londonemergenciestrust.org.uk/news/dramatisation-2005-shooting-jean-charles-de-menezes-coming-tv-2025 |title=Dramatisation of the 2005 shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes coming to TV in 2025 |website=London Emergencies Trust |date=17 August 2024 }}</ref>
''[[Line of Duty]]'' creator [[Jed Mercurio]] has said the series was inspired by the shooting of Menezes.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=jed_mercurio|number=1176612731299852288|title=1/2 My inspiration for writing #LineofDuty was @metpoliceuk shooting an innocent man and their dishonesty in the aftermath, so thanks to Cressida Dick for reminding me of our connection. https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/menezes-did-the-police-lie-1064461.html%3famp … https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/24/met-chief-cressida-dick-outraged-line-of-duty-corruption-portrayal …|last=Mercurio|first=Jed|date=24 September 2019|website=@jed_mercurio |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
===Film===
A film about Menezes's life, titled ''[[Jean Charles (film)|Jean Charles]]'', was filmed in 2008 and directed by [[Henrique Goldman]]. [[Selton Mello]] portrays Menezes and [[Vanessa Giácomo]] portrays his cousin. The movie debuted in Brazil, on 26 June 2009.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0989007/ Jean Charles (2009)] at IMDb</ref>
===Theatre===
The documentary play ''Stockwell'' opened in July 2009 at the Landor Theatre in [[Clapham]] in London. This play featured actors reading scripts edited by playwright [[Kieron Barry]] from transcripts of the inquest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/article6725135.ece |title=Stockwell at the Landor Theatre, SW9 |work=The Times |access-date=15 February 2011 |first1=Philippe |last1=Naughton |first2=Adam |last2=Sage}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
''This Much Is True'', written by [[Paul Unwin (film director)|Paul Unwin]] (co-creator of the BBC television show ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'') and Sarah Beck, is a documentary stage play following the journeys of those caught in the wake of the shooting, weaving together testimony from Menezes's family, Justice4Jean campaigners, senior police officers and lawyers. The production ran at [[Theatre503]] in [[Battersea]] from 27 October to 21 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatre503.com/whatson/detail/144/ |title=This Much is True |last=Unwin |first=Paul |author2=Sarah Beck |date=28 October – 21 November 2009 |work=Theatre503 |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618204001/http://www.theatre503.com/whatson/detail/144/ |archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Alistair Smith |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/25753/theatre-503-to-premiere-second-london-play |title=Theatre 503 to premiere second London play about de Menezes shooting |publisher=Thestage.co.uk |date=2 October 2009 |access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref>
===Music===
"Hollow Point", from the album ''Handmade Life'', a song about the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes, was written by the English folk musician, songwriter and composer [[Chris Wood (folk musician)|Chris Wood]]. "Hollow Point" won Song of the Year at the 2011 [[BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards]], where Wood also won Folk Singer of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BBC|title=BBC - Radio 2 - Events - Radio 2 Folk Awards 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/events/folk-awards-2011/|access-date=7 June 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
"Viisi laukausta päähän", from the album "uudet kymmenen käskyä(2006)", a song about the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes, written by a Finnish metal band "[[Stam1na]]" The song's direct English translation means: "Five shots to the head".<ref>{{cite web|last=youtube|title=Viisi - Laukausta - Päähän|website=[[YouTube]] |date=7 November 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWEesyo44uY/}}</ref>
[[Guillemots (band)|Guillemots]] named one of their first singles "[[Trains to Brazil]]" in reference to the shooting.<ref name=Pitchfork>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/7693-the-top-500-tracks-of-the-2000s-20-1/?page=3|title=The 200 Best Songs of the 2000s: "The Trains of Brazil"|date=21 August 2009|website=pitchfork.com|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
During his [[The Wall Live (concert tour)|The Wall Live]] concert series of 2010–2013, [[Roger Waters]] added an acoustic coda to "[[Another Brick in the Wall|Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)]]" with additional lyrics in honour of Menezes. A performance of the song was recorded and released in ''[[Roger Waters: The Wall (album)|Roger Waters: The Wall]]'', the live album and concert film, and called "The Ballad of Jean Charles de Menezes".<ref>{{cite web |title='It's a surprise to people': Roger Waters discusses the new song he's added to The Wall tour |url=http://somethingelsereviews.com/2013/02/06/its-a-surprise-to-people-roger-waters-on-the-new-song-hes-added-to-the-wall-tour/ |website=Something Else! |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> During the show, an animation is projected on to the wall showing a silhouette of an underground train pulling into a station, The train comes to a stop and the vocal narrative at the end of "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" finishes with the line "stand still laddie", shots are heard and flashes of light seen in one carriage. The projection on the main circular screen then changes to a photo of Jean Charles de Menezes for the additional coda to the song.
== See also ==
{{Portal|London}}
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom#Deaths after contact with the police|Deaths after contact with the police]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Wikinews inline|Armed police shoot man dead on London Underground}}
* {{Wikinews inline|Man shot on London Underground unconnected to bombing, says Scotland Yard}}
* {{Wikinews inline|Leaked documents reveal killed Brazilian was not acting suspiciously}}
* {{cite web |title=Coroner's Inquest into the death of Jean Charles De Menezes |url=http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090317235542/http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2009 |publisher=Judicial Communications Office (Archived by the UK National Archives) |access-date=6 September 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Justice4Jean |url=http://www.justice4jean.com |publisher=Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign |access-date=13 May 2006}}
* {{cite web|title=Justice4Jean Inquest Blog |url=http://inquest.justice4jean.org/ |publisher=Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006050225/http://inquest.justice4jean.org/ |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}
* {{Cite news |title=London bomb suspect shot dead |date=22 July 2005 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0507230117jul23,1,7884972.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed }}{{dead link|date=February 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Stone-Lee, Ollie (22 July 2005). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4707639.stm Stockwell left in shock by shooting]. ''BBC News''.
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4706787.stm |title=Man shot dead by police on Tube |date=22 July 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2009}}
* Silverman, Jon (23 July 2005). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4708373.stm Shooting watershed for UK security]. ''BBC News''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711275.stm Q&A: Stockwell shooting] (23 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711169.stm Call for review of police policy] (23 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* Majendie, Paul (24 July 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051231104428/http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews Police kill Brazilian in bomb probe blunder]. ''Reuters''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711639.stm Family condemns police shooting] (24 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* Thompson, Tony; Hinsliff, Gaby; Xavier, Alexandre (24 July 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/24/july7.uksecurity3 Man shot in terror hunt was innocent young Brazilian] (24 July 2005). ''The Observer''.
* Summers, Chris (24 July 2005). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711619.stm The police marksman's dilemma]. ''BBC News''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711989.stm Call for reassurance in Stockwell] (24 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711769.stm Ex-police chief backs guns policy] (24 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4711779.stm Family mourn for Brazilian victim] (24 July 2005). ''BBC News''.
* {{Cite news|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,6903,1548808,00.html |title=Death in Stockwell: the unanswered questions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117234231/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0%2C6903%2C1548808%2C00.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Tony |last=Thompson |date=14 August 2005 |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead }} (14 August 2005). ''The Observer''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/july7.menezes New claims emerge over Menezes death] (17 August 2005). ''Guardian Unlimited''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4157892.stm Leak disputes Menezes death story] (17 August 2005). ''BBC News''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105103227/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1739222,00.html Timeline: the killing of Jean Charles de Menezes] (17 August 2005). ''The Times''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_4780000/newsid_4787500/4787520.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm Panorama: Stockwell: Countdown to killing] (8 March 2006). ''BBC Panorama''. A 59-minute-long programme investigating the controversial "shoot-to-kill" policy.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/08_11_07_stockwell1.pdf Stockwell One report] – copy hosted on the BBC website.
{{Refend}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Jean Charles de}}
[[Category:July 2005 London bombings]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Police operations]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in London]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in England and Wales]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in London]]
[[Category:Stockwell]]
[[Category:London Underground]]
[[Category:July 2005 events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2005 in London]]
[[Category:21st century in the London Borough of Lambeth]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in England]]
[[Category:Victims of police brutality]]
[[Category:Brazilian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Shooting civilians following mistaken identification]]