View source for Kisurra

{{Infobox ancient site
|name           = Kisurra
|alternate_name = Tell Abu Hatab
|image          =
|alt            =
|caption        =
|map_type       = Iraq
|map_alt        =
|relief         = yes
|coordinates    = {{coord|31|50|17|N|45|28|50|E|display=inline}}
|map_size       = 200
|location       = [[Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate]], [[Iraq]]
|type           = settlement
|part_of        =
|length         =
|width          =
|area           =
|height         =
|builder        =
|material       =
|built          =
|abandoned      =
|epochs         =
|cultures       =
|dependency_of  =
|occupants      =
|event          =
|excavations    = early 1900s
|archaeologists = Robert Koldewey
|condition      = Ruined
|ownership      = Public
|public_access  = Yes
|website        =
|notes          =
}}
'''Kisurra''' (modern '''Tell Abu Hatab''', [[Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate]], [[Iraq]]) was an ancient [[Sumer]]ian ''[[Tell (archaeology)|tell]]'' (hill city)  situated on the west bank of the [[Euphrates]], {{convert|7|km}} north of [[Shuruppak]] and due east of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]].
==History==
The site has an area of about 46 hectares which is primarily Ur III and a northern extension of about 17 hectares which is primarily Early Dynastic II-III.
===Early Bronze===
Kisurra was established ca. 2700 BC,  during the Sumerian [[History of Sumer|Early Dynastic II]] period. The southern end of the Isinnitum Canal was joined back into the Euphrates at Kisurra.<ref>[http://www.jameswbell.com/geog001sumerianwaterways.html Sumerian Waterways<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717050551/http://www.jameswbell.com/geog001sumerianwaterways.html |date=2007-07-17 }}</ref> The city lasted as a center for commerce and transport through the  [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]], [[Ur III]].
Several kings of Kisurra are known: Itur-Szamasz (who built the temples of [[Annunitum]], Enki, and Adad), Manabaltiel (who built the temple of [[Ninurta]] and was a contemporary of [[Ur-Ninurta]] of Isin), Szarrasyurrum, Ubaya, Zikrum, Bur-Sin, and Ibbi-Szamasz.<ref>[https://cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/HTML/T14K4.htm Kisurra ruler Year Names at CDLI]</ref>
===Middle Bronze===
The city continued to flourish into the Middle Bronze.
The Larsa ruler [[Rim-Sin]] (1822 to 1763 BC) reports capturing Kisurra in his 20th year of reign.
====Babylonian Period====
Cuneiform texts and excavation show a decline during the time of the Babylonian ruler [[Hammurabi]] (c.1792-1750 BC).<ref>Rients de Boer, "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El",  Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, pp. 53–86, 2018</ref> The [[Samsu-iluna]] (1750 BC to 1712 BC), successor to Hammurabi, reports destroying Kisurra in his 13th year.<ref>Richardson, Seth, "EARLY MESOPOTAMIA: THE PRESUMPTIVE STATE", Past & Present, no. 215, pp. 3–49, 2012</ref><ref>Rogers, Robert William (1915) A History of Babylonia and Assyria. The Abingdon Press p435</ref>
==Archaeology==
German archaeologist [[Robert Koldewey]] with the [[Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft]], who excavated at the site in 1902-1903, found many [[cuneiform]] tablets from Tell Abu Hatab.<ref>Walter Andrae, Die Umgebung von Fara und Abu Hatab,  Mitteilungen
der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft, no. 16, pp. 24-30, 1903</ref><ref>Walter Andrae, Ausgrabungen in Fara und Abu Hatab. Bericht über die Zeit vom 15. August 1902 bis 10. Januar 1903, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft, no. 17, pp. 4-35, 1903</ref><ref>E. Heinrich, Fara: Ergebmisse der Ausgrabungen der Deustchen Orient Gesellschaft in Fara und Abu Hatab 1902/03, J.C. Hinrichs, 1931</ref><ref>Jabbar, Sattar A. "Excavations of German archaeological Expeditions In Al-Qadisiyah Governorate/Iraq (Isin, Tell Fara, Tell Abu Hatab)." for humanities sciences al qadisiya 22.1 (2019).</ref> In 2016 the QADIS survey project, carried out an aerial and surface survey of the site.<ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico., "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019</ref><ref>[https://site.unibo.it/eduu/en/work-package-1-archaeological-cultural-and-environmental-research/results/nea83-3-marchetti-post-print.pdf/@@download/file/NEA83.3%20Marchetti%20post-print.pdf] Marchetti, Nicolò, and Federico Zaina, "Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities", Near Eastern Archaeology 83, pp. 146-157, 2020</ref>
==List of rulers==
The following list should not be considered complete:
{|class="wikitable"border="1"style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|-
!width="25%"|Portrait or inscription
!width="25%"|Ruler
!width="25%"|{{abbr|Approx.|approximately}} date and length of reign ([[Middle Chronology]])
!width="25%"|Comments, notes, and references for mentions
|-
|colspan="4"align="center"style="background-color:palegoldenrod"|'''[[Isin-Larsa period]] ({{circa|2025|1763 BC|lk=yes}})'''
|-
|
|Itur-Szamasz
|''Uncertain''; this ruler may have {{fl.|{{c.|1923|1896 BC}}}}
|
*Son of Idinilu
*Held the title of, ''"[[lugal|King]]"''
*''[[Tempore|temp.]]'' of [[Ur-Ninurta]]
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
|[[file:Cylinder seal of Bur-Sin.jpg|120px]]
|[[Bur-Suen]]<br>𒀭𒁓𒀭𒂗𒍪
|{{reign|c. 1895|c. 1874 BC|show=lword}}<br><small>(21 years)</small>
|
*Son of Ur-Ninurta
*Originally from [[Isin]]
*Said on the ''[[Sumerian King List]] (SKL)'' to have held the title of, ''"King"'' of not just Isin; but, to have held the ''"[[Hegemony|Kingship]]"'' over ''all'' of Sumer
*''temp.'' of [[Sumuel]]
|-
|
|[[Erra-imitti]]<br>𒀭𒀴𒊏𒄿𒈪𒋾
|{{reign|c. 1868|c. 1861|era=BC}}<br><small>(7 years)</small>
|
*Originally from Isin
*Said on the ''SKL'' to have held the title of, ''"King"'' of not just Isin; but, to have held the ''"Kingship"'' over ''all'' of Sumer
*''temp.'' of [[Nur-Adad]]
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
|
|Manabaltiel
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Szarrasyurrum
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Zikrum
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Ubaya
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Ṣallum
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Ibni-shadum
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|-
|
|Ibbi-Szamasz
|''Uncertain''
|
*Held the title of, ''"King"''
|}
==See also==
*[[Cities of the Ancient Near East]]
*[[Tell (archaeology)]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Anne Goddeeris, Tablets from Kisurra in the collections of The British Museum, Harrasowitz, 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-447-06064-6}}
*Anne Goddeeris, The Economic Basis of the Local Palace of Kisurra, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 97, issue 1, pp.&nbsp;47–85, 2007
*Blocher, Felix. “Zur Glyptik Aus Kisurra.” Forschungen Und Berichte, vol. 29, pp.&nbsp;25–35, 1990
*Burkhart Kienast, Die altbabylonischen Briefe und Urkunden aus Kisurra, Steiner, 1978, {{ISBN|3-515-02592-8}}
*E. J. Banks, Impressions from the Excavations by the Germans at Fara and Abu Hatab, Biblical World, vol. 24, pp.&nbsp;138–146, 1904
*Burkhart Kienast, "Die altbabylonischen Briefe und Urkunden aus Kisurra, Volumes 1-2", Steiner, 1978 ISBN 9783515025928
*Witold Tyborowski, New Tablets from Kisurra and the Chronology of Central Babylonia in the Early Old Babylonian Period, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 102, iss. 2, pp.&nbsp;245–269, 2012, ISSN 0084-5299
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174007/http://www.klinopis.cz/utf/utf/obtexttype.php?origin=Kisura&type=document Old Babylonian text Corpus at Freiburger Altorientalische studies - in german]
*[http://cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/E_GLOSSARINDEX/R849.htm Kisurra related Year Names at CDLI]
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|31|50|17|N|45|28|50|E|type:city|display=title}}
[[Category:History of Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate]]
[[Category:Sumerian cities]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Iraq]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Iraq]]