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{{Short description|Automobile that the buyer assembles into a functioning car}}
{{Distinguish|KITT}}
{{hatnote|Kit car can also refer to two-litre, two-wheel drive rally cars used in the [[FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup]].}}
{{Other uses|Kit (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Carsten-planert14.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Fiberfab FT Bonito, a kit car on a [[Volkswagen Beetle|VW Beetle]] chassis]]
[[File:Locostframe.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Locost]] frame and body panels]]
[[Image:Sterling kit car3-4Nose.jpg|thumb|250px|right|1972 [[Automotive Design and Development|Sterling Nova]]/ [[Purvis Eureka]]/ Eagle (South Africa)]]
A '''kit car''' is an [[automobile]] available as a set of parts that a manufacturer sells and the buyer then assembles into a functioning car. Usually, many of the major mechanical systems such as the [[engine]] and [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] are sourced from donor vehicles or purchased new from other vendors. Kits vary in completeness, consisting of as little as a book of plans, or as much as a complete set with all components to assemble into a fully operational vehicle such as those from [[Caterham Cars|Caterham]].
==Related terms==
A subset of the kit car, commonly referred to as a "re-body", is when a commercially manufactured vehicle has a new (often fiberglass) body put on the running chassis. Most times, the existing drive gear and interior are retained. These kits require less technical knowledge from the builder. Because the chassis and mechanical systems were designed, built, and tested by a major automotive manufacturer, a re-body can lead to a much higher degree of safety and reliability.
The definition of a kit car usually indicates that a manufacturer constructs multiple kits of the same vehicle, each of which it then sells to a third party to build. A kit car should not be confused with
*a ''hand built'' car or ''special'' car, which is typically modified or built from scratch by an individual for a specific purpose (such as [[hillclimbing]], road or circuit [[Auto racing|racing]], or record attempts). "[[Rallying#Rally car evolution|Rally specials]]" and "[[Homologation (motorsport)#Automobiles|homologation specials]]" have, especially since the Second World War, typically referred to special series-produced cars built by manufacturers.
*a ''component car'', which is a self-assembly car in which 100% of the parts required to build the car are purchased from a single company. Component cars are distinguished from kit cars as all parts are quality controlled and designed to fit together perfectly. They can be built in significantly less time than a "kit car". See also [[knock-down kit]], a term usually applied to a similar but larger commercial exercise.
==History==
[[File:Porsche replica - kit car.jpg|thumb|left|Replica of [[Porsche 550|Porsche 550 Spyder]] made from a kit]]
Kit cars have been around since the earliest days of the automobile. In England in 1896, Thomas Hyler-White developed a design for a car that could be assembled at home. Technical designs were published in a magazine called ''[[The English Mechanic and World of Science|The English Mechanic]]''.<ref>Alan Sutton, "Mr White and his Motor Cars", ''The Automobile'', June 1986</ref> In the US, the [[Lad's Car]] of 1912 could be bought for US$160 ($5,000 in 2023) fully assembled or US$140 ($4,400 in 2023) in kit form.<ref name="Georgano, Nick">{{cite book | author=Georgano, Nick (Editor)   | author-link=G.N. Georgano | title= Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile | date=2 October 2023 | publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers | isbn=978-1-57958-293-7 }}</ref>
Kit cars became popular in the 1950s. Car production had increased considerably and with rust proofing in its infancy, many older vehicles were being sent to breaker yards as their [[Coachwork|bodywork]] was beyond economic repair. An industry grew up supplying new bodies and [[chassis]] to take the components from these cars and convert them into new vehicles, particularly into sports cars. [[Fiber-reinforced plastic]] was coming into general use and made limited-scale production of automobile body components much more economical.<ref>The Big Guide to Kit and Specialty Cars, Harold Pace, 2002</ref> In the UK up to the mid-1970s, kit cars were sometimes normal production vehicles that were partially assembled. This avoided the imposition of a [[purchase tax]], as the kits were assessed as components and not vehicles.
During the 1970s, many kits had bodies styled as sports cars that were designed to bolt directly to VW Beetle chassis. This was popular as the old body could be easily separated from the chassis, leaving virtually all mechanical components attached to the chassis. A fiber-reinforced plastic body from the kit supplier would then be fitted. This made the Beetle one of the most popular "donor" vehicles.<ref>The Big Kit Car Buyer's Guide, Harold Pace and Jim Youngs, 2002</ref> Examples of this conversion include the [[Bradley Automotive|Bradley GT]], [[Sterling Sports Cars|Sterling]], and Sebring which were made by the thousands. Many are still around today. Volkswagen-based [[dune buggy|dune buggies]] also appeared in relatively large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s, usually based on a shortened floor pan.
Current kit cars are frequently [[replica]]s of well-known and often expensive classics. They are designed so that anyone with the right technical skills can build them at home to a standard where they can be driven on the public roads. These replicas are in general appearance like the original, but their bodies are often made of [[fiberglass]] mats soaked in [[polyester]] resin instead of the original sheet [[metal]]. Replicas of the [[AC Cobra]] and the [[Lotus Seven]] are particularly popular examples. The right to manufacture the Lotus 7 is owned by [[Caterham Cars]], who bought the rights to the car from Lotus founder [[Colin Chapman]] in 1973. Caterham cars are component cars and are a continued development of Chapman's design. All other Lotus Seven-style cars are replica kit cars costing significantly less than the Caterham without the residual value. These replica kit cars enable enthusiasts to possess a vehicle closely resembling a vehicle that they may not be able to afford due to scarcity, and at the same time take advantage of modern technology. The Sterling Nova kit originally produced in the UK was the most popular VW-based kits being produced worldwide. It was licensed under several different names with an estimated 10,000 sold.
A common concern about kit cars is that it appears to many to be technically impossible to assemble a car at home and license it for public roads, including meeting standards for the mandatory [[quality control]] (road worthiness test) that is required in most countries. For example, to obtain permission to use a kit car in Germany, every such vehicle with a speed over 6&nbsp;km/h without a general operating license (ABE) or an EC type permission (EC-TG) has to undergo a technical inspection by an officially recognized expert. In the United Kingdom it is necessary to meet the requirements of the IVA (Individual vehicle Approval) regulations. In the United States [[SEMA (association)|SEMA]] has gone state by state to set up legal ways for states to register kit cars and speciality vehicles for inspection and plates.
A survey of nearly 600 kit car owners in the US, the UK and Germany, carried out by Dr. Ingo Stüben, showed that typically 100–1,500 hours are required to build a kit car, depending upon the model and the completeness of the kit.<ref>Published in: Bausatzkraftfahrzeuge (Kit Cars) als ein Beispiel technischer Freizeit- und Mobilitätsinnovation, Tectum Verlag, Marburg 2000</ref> As the complexity of the kits offered continues to increase, build times have increased. Some accurate replica kits may take over 5,000 hours to complete.
Several [[sports car]] producers such as Lotus, [[Marcos (automobile)|Marcos]], and [[TVR]] started as kit car makers.
==Kit car manufacturers==
===Argentina===
* [[Pur Sang]]
===Australia===
[[File:1987 Robin Hood 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|A [[Robin Hood Engineering|Robin Hood]] kit car]]
* [[Alpha Sports]]
* [[Bolwell]]
* [[Pellandini Cars]]
* [[PRB (car)|PRB]]
* [[Purvis Eureka]]
* [[Elfin Sports Cars]]
* [[Bushrangie]]
* J&S Hunter Coupe
* [[amaroo cars]]
===Austria===
* [[Custoca]]
===Belgium===
* [[Apal]]
=== Canada ===
* [[Spex Design Corporation]]
===Estonia===
* [[ESTfield]]
* [[Rexer Ltd.|Rexer]]
===France===
* [[Automobiles Martin]]
* [[Marcadier]]
===Germany===
* [[Apal]]
* [[Fiberfab]]
* [[Michalak C7|Michalak Design]]
* [[Hoffmann 2CV]]
===Hong Kong===
* [[Automobile Addiction Company Limited]] – cars based on Ferrari 250's
===Italy===
* [[ATS Automobile Turismo Sport]] – sports cars
===Mexico===
* [[Unidiseño Mastretta]]
===Netherlands===
* [[Burton car|Burton]]
*Le Patron[[File:Patron-6528-Left.jpg|thumb|Le Patron 4 made by Godfried van den Bergh, Ophemert, The Netherlands]]
* [[Ruska_(car)|Ruska]]
===New Zealand===
{{Main|Kit and Replica Cars of New Zealand}}
New Zealand had a long history of small garages and vehicle enthusiasts modifying and creating sports and sports racing cars. In the early 1950s, with the advent of [[fibreglass]] bodied cars, a new opportunity arose for local companies associated with car enthusiasts to create car bodies. Among these early manufacturers was [[Weltex Plastics Limited]] of Christchurch, which imported a [[Microplas]] Mistral sports car mould and began making bodies and chassis in 1956. They were followed in 1958 by Frank Cantwell's Puma and Bruce Goldwater's Cougar.<ref>Historic Racing Cars of New Zealand, Graham Vercoe, Reed Books, Auckland 1991, {{ISBN|0-7900-0189-6}}</ref> Also in New Zealand during this period, [[De Joux (car)|Ferris de Joux]] was constructing a variety of sports racers. De Joux is noted in particular for his Mini GT from the 1960s.
[[File:Saker GT (front quarter).jpg|thumb|left| Saker GT]]Ross Baker's [[Heron Cars]] started in 1962 making racing cars and eventually began producing kit cars in 1980. Bill Ashton, formerly of Microplas and Weltex, joined with Ted George in the 1960s and made the Tiki. Three were known to have been made. [[Graham McRae]] with Steve Bond of Gemini Plastics imported a replica Le Mans M6B styled GT mould in 1968, The cars were made and sold by Dave Harrod and Steve Bond of Fibreglass Developments Ltd, Bunnythorpe as the Maram. McRae went on to make a [[Porsche Spyder]] replica in the 1990s.
A number of new companies entered the market in the 1980s – [[Almac (automobile)|Almac]] 1985, [[Alternative Cars Limited (New Zealand)|Alternative Cars]] (1984), Cheetah (1986), [[Chevron Engineering Ltd|Chevron]] (1984), Countess Mouldings (1988), [[Fraser Clubman|Fraser]] (1988), [[Leitch Super Sprint|Leitch]] (1986), and [[Saker Cars|Saker]] (1989). Some recent ones are [[Beattie (automobile)|Baettie]] (1997), which became Redline in 2001 and moved to the United Kingdom in 2007 as Beattie Racing Limited, and McGregor (2001).
Two companies who specialise in making replicas of various models to order are Classic Car Developments (1992) and Tempero.
===Slovakia===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The K1-Attack Kit car is produced by [[Slovakia]]n company K1 Styling & Tuning. Their cars are customizable and have come in many different variations since 2001. K1 offers engines produced by [[Honda]], [[Toyota]], etc. in the 130HP to 800HP range. Due to its light weight it achieves the same power output–weight ratio as [[Lamborghini Gallardo]], [[Audi R8]], or [[Ferrari F430]] even with a 280&nbsp;hp engine.
The (cheapest) complete kit costs around $15,000, and is based on the [[Honda Accord]] 4/5G F20/F22 (2.0L–2.2L) engine. A complete kit with [[Honda Civic Type R|Honda Civic Type-R]] 9-10G K20C1 achieves 320HP (at request, the engine can be tuned to 400–500HP). Many more engines, such as [[Honda K engine|Honda K24]], Toyota 3SGTE are available.
Customer projects have included engines such as the [[Volkswagen|VW]] [[TDI (engine)|1.9 TDI]], [[Volkswagen|VW]] [[1.8T]], (not specified) 2.0 [[Subaru]] engine, 2.5L [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], 3.0 [[V6 engine|V6]] [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], 3.0 [[Straight-six engine|I6]] [[BMW]], or 4.2L [[V8 engine|V8]] from [[Audi R8]].
Though based in [[Slovakia]], the company markets itself as producing [[Czech Republic|Czecho]]-[[Slovakia]]n products.
===South Africa===
* [[Birkin Cars]]
===Sweden===
[[File:Dala 7 side.jpg|thumb|Dala 7, is a [[Lotus Seven#Replicas|sevenesque]] kit-car made in [[Stora Skedvi]], close to [[Säter]] in [[Dalarna]].]]
Technically, kit cars are not allowed in Sweden, but provided that most of the components and material are sourced by the builder personally it is possible to register them as [[amateur]] built vehicles. Before the law requiring a mandatory [[crash test]] in 1970 there was a booming kit car industry in Sweden with most companies basing their kits on the [[VW Beetle]] chassis. By the time amateur-built vehicles were once again allowed in 1982, all kit car makers in Sweden were out of business.
The inspection (SVA equivalent) in Sweden is handled by the car builders' association [[SFRO]] who does two inspections: one when the car has reached the rolling [[chassis]] stage and the second when the car is finished. Amateur-built cars are currently limited to a [[Power-to-weight ratio|power ratio]] of {{convert|15|kW|PS|1|abbr=on}} per 100&nbsp;kg (182&nbsp;hp/ton). Until 2003, the limit was {{convert|10|kW|PS|1|abbr=on}} per 100&nbsp;kg, so for very light cars (like a Lotus 7 type car) it was a problem to find a suitable engine.
* Boes Motor & Mekanik
* [[Esther (car)|Esther]]
* [[Hult Healey]]
* [[Mania Spyder]]
* [[Mascot (car)|Mascot]]
* [[Ockelbo-Lundgren|Ockelbo]]
* [[Ockelbo-Lundgren|Pagano]]
* [[Racing Plast Burträsk]] (RPB)
* [[Roadline]], [[Porsche Speedster]] and [[Porsche Boxer RS]] replicas
===United Kingdom===
[[File:DuttonSierraKitCar.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Dutton Cars|Dutton]] Sierra kit car [[chassis]] and [[Glass-reinforced plastic|GRP]] [[Coachwork|bodywork]] prior to installation of mechanical components]]
[[File:Quantum Mark 1 Hatchback Chassis Q003 as of end of 2016.jpg|thumb|Quantum Mark 1 Hatchback, one of very few kit cars to have a [[glass-reinforced plastic]] (grp) [[monocoque]] construction]]
Vehicle regulations in the UK allow the production of up to 200 vehicles a year without the extensive [[regulation]] and testing requirements applied to mass-market vehicles. This has led to an expanding industry of small producers capable of offering partial and complete kits, some for export, and finished vehicles for domestic use.
The [[Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency]] (DVLA) regulate kit cars in the UK, which helps to ensure that vehicles used on the road are safe and suitable for the purpose.  The current test for this is Individual Vehicle Approval (IVA), which has replaced Single Vehicle Approval (SVA).  When SVA was first introduced in 1998, many believed this would kill off the kit car market, but in reality it has made the kit car market stronger, as the vehicles produced now have to meet a minimum standard.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}  IVA was introduced in summer 2009 and it is too early to tell what impact this will have on the industry.{{Needs update|date=October 2024}}
A significant number of kit cars do not receive a 'Q' registration plate, which signifies a vehicle of unknown or mixed age. All kit cars are subject to a Vehicle Identity Check, VIC, by the DVLA to determine the registration mark a kit car is assigned.  This will be either, a new, current year, registration; an 'age-related' registration; or a 'Q' plate.  Once a kit car has been correctly registered, a V5C, or log book, will be assigned and then a kit car is treated in exactly the same way as a production car, from any larger manufacturer.  A kit car must pass its [[MOT test]] and have a valid [[road fund license|car tax]], or have a valid [[SORN|Statutory Off-Road Notification]] (SORN) declaration. As part of the IVA, a kit car can sometimes be permitted to assume the age of a single, older car (the ''donor car'') if the major parts were taken from it in its construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vehicle Registration of Reconstructed classic vehicles |url=https://www.gov.uk/vehicle-registration/reconstructed-classic-vehicles |publisher=UK Government |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> If the [[Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom#Age identifiers|age identifier]] assigned to a kit car falls before 1980 the vehicle may be road taxed free of charge.<ref name="Vehicles exempt from vehicle tax">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/vehicle-exempt-from-car-tax |work=Direct.Gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=25 April 2013 |title= (UK) Vehicles exempt from vehicle tax |quote=In 2013: You don’t have to pay vehicle tax on vehicles made before 1 January 1973 (‘historic vehicles’); at 2018: Historic vehicles: Vehicles made before 1 January 1977 are exempt from 1 April 2017.}}</ref>
According to figures given to ''Kit Car'' magazine, the most popular kit in the United Kingdom in 2005 was made by [[Robin Hood Engineering|Robin Hood Sportscars]], who sold 700 kits a year. The editor of ''Kit Car Magazine'' suggests in 2016 the MEV Exocet was the best selling kit car.
[[File:Lomax 224 rouge.jpg|thumb|Lomax 224]]
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[356 Sports]]
* [[3GE Components]]
* [[AK Sportscars]]
* [[Alternative Cars Limited (UK)]]
* [[Arkley (automobile)|Arkley SS]]
* [[AS Motorsport Limited]] – replica Aston Martin DBR1 and DBR2's
* [[Ashley (automobile)|Ashley Laminates]]
* [[Automotive Design and Development|ADD Nova]]
* [[Autotune (Rishton) Limited]] – replica XK120, Elva, and McLaren
* [[Banham Conversions]]
* [[Beauford automobiles]]
* Brightwheel Replicas Ltd – Replica Cobra and Countach
* [[Buckler Cars]]
* [[Burlington Cars]]
* [[Cavallo (car manufacturer)|Cavallo]]
* [[Clan (car)|Clan]]
*  Classic Replicas – carry on company after Brightwheel -Cobra Replicas.
* [[Covin (automobile)|Covin]]
* [[Dakar 4x4]]
* [[Dax Cars|Dax]]
* [[Davrian]]
* [[Diva (car manufacturer)|Diva]]
* [[Dutton Cars]]
* [[Eagle Cars Limited|Eagle (SS)]]
* [[Elva (car manufacturer)|Elva]]
* [[Embeesea Kit Cars]]
* [[Fairthorpe Cars]]
* [[Falcon Shells]]
* [[Gardner Douglas]]
* [[GCS Cars|GCS Hawke]]
* [[Gentry Cars]]
* [[Ginetta Cars]]
* [[GKD sports cars]]
* [[Robin Hood Engineering|Great British Sports Cars]]
* [[GTM Cars]]
* [[Hawk Cars]]
* [[Heron Plastics]]
* [[Hustler (car)|Hustler]]
* [[Jago (car)|Jago]]
* [[JBA Cars]]
* [[JZR Trikes]]
* [[Locost]]
* [[Locust (car)|Locust]]
* [[Lomax (auto)|Lomax]]
* [[Marcos (automobile)|Marcos]]
* [[MEV Ltd|Mills Extreme Vehicles]]
* [[Clan (car)|McCoy]]
* [[Marlin (car)|Marlin]]
* [[Microplas]]
* [[Midas Cars]]
* MK Sportscars
* [[MNR Sportscars]]
* [[Onyx Sports Cars]]
* [[Opperman]]
* [[Parallel Designs]]
* [[Peel Engineering Company|Peel]]
* [[Peerless (UK car)|Peerless / Warwick]]
* [[Piper Cars]]
* [[Pembleton motor company|Pembleton]]
* [[Quantum Sports Cars]]
* [[Raw Striker|Raw]]
* [[Road Track Race Ltd|RTR]]
* [[Robin Hood Engineering|Robin Hood]]
* [[Rochdale (car)|Rochdale]]
* [[Mini Scamp|Scamp]]
* [[Sherpley Motors]]
* [[Siva Motor Car Company|Siva]]
* [[Sylva Autokits Ltd|Sylva]]
* [[Spartan Cars]]
* [[Tiger Racing]]
* [[Tornado (car company)|Tornado]]
* [[Trident (car company)|Trident]]
* [[Turner Sports Cars]]
* [[Ultima Sports Ltd|Ultima Sports]]
* [[Vindicator Cars]]
* [[Westfield Sportscars]]
{{div col end}}
Manufacturers in the UK are actively supported by owners' clubs, some of which are marque specific; while others follow a specific type, such as Cobra replicas. Some groups are also area related, (for example, by county or geographic location).
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Quantum Owners Club
* Southern Kit Car Club
{{div col end}}
===United States===
[[File:Blakely Bernardi roadster.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Blakely Bernardi|Bernardi]] roadster, from the [[Blakely Auto Works]]]]
A [[Vehicle glider|glider kit]] is a term used in the [[United States]] for a kit of components used to restore or reconstruct a wrecked or dismantled vehicle. Glider kits include a [[chassis]] ([[frame (vehicle)|frame]]), [[front axle]], and body ([[cabin (truck)|cab]]). The kit may also contain other optional components. A motor vehicle constructed from a glider kit is titled as a new vehicle.
More common terms include "partial-[[turnkey]]," "turnkey-minus," and (though it technically refers to a vehicle without a body, rather than body without drivetrain) "[[rolling chassis]]," or "roller."
Examples of US kit manufacturers and cars include:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Blakely Auto Works]]
* [[Bradley Automotive]]
* [[Fiberfab|Classic Motor Carriages (CMC)]]
* [[DDR Motorsport]]
* [[Devin Enterprises]]
* [[DF Kit Car]] – Manufacturer of the DF Goblin kit car
* [[Factory Five Racing]] – Manufacturer of Cobra replicas as well as the GTM Supercar, and 818 of their own design
* [[Race-car-replicas]] – Manufacturers of GT40 (MKI and MKII), Lola T70, Jaguar D-Type and XJ-13, P4, 917 and 962 and others.
* [[Fiberfab]]
* [[Kelmark Engineering]]
* [[Sterling Sports Cars]] – Car from the US also known as the Nova in the UK
* [[La Dawri]]
* [[Lad's Car]]
* [[McBurnie Coachcraft]]
* [[Meyers Manx]]
* [[Pangra]] – Turbocharging, water-injection and body rework of the Ford Pinto<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koch|first1=Jeff|title=Pangra! Low-production, turbocharged Ford from the early Seventies... with a secret|url=https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/mus/2005/04/Pangra-/1280701.html|website=Hemmings|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Fiberfab|Street Beasts]]
* [[Velo Rossa]] Spyder and Coupe (resembles [[Ferrari 250 GTO]]) by Reaction Research
* [[San Diego Replicas]] – Manufacturer of Speedster and Spyder kit cars and full turnkey replicas.
* Brunton Automotive – V6 Roadster originally based on the Chevy S10
* [[SSZ Motorcars]]
* [[Superformance]]
* [[Vaydor]]
{{div col end}}
==See also==
* [[Manufacturer's Certificate of Origin]]
* [[Knock-down kit]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|Kit cars}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kit Car}}
[[Category:Kit car manufacturers| ]]
[[Category:Kit cars| ]]