View source for Known and Unknown: A Memoir

{{Short description|2011 autobiographical book by Donald Rumsfeld}}
{{for|the 1995 report from the American Psychological Association|Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = Known and Unknown: A Memoir
| image             = Rumsfeld Known-and-Unknown.jpg
| caption           =
| author            = [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| illustrator       =
| cover_artist      =
| country           = [[United States]]
| language          = [[English language|English]]
| series            =
| subject           = [[Memoir]], [[Military history of the United States|U.S. military history]], [[Politics of the United States|U.S. politics]]
| publisher         = [[Penguin Group|Penguin Group USA]]
| pub_date          = February 8, 2011
| media_type        = Print
| pages             = 726
| isbn              = 978-1-59523-067-6
| congress          =
| oclc              =
| preceded_by       =
| followed_by       =
}}
'''''Known and Unknown: A Memoir''''' is an [[Autobiography|autobiographical]] book by [[Donald Rumsfeld]]  published through [[Penguin Group|Penguin Group USA]] in February 2011. It covers a variety of his experiences such as serving as a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] in the late 60s, as a member of the [[Nixon administration|Nixon]] and [[Ford administration]]s during the [[Watergate scandal]] and [[Vietnam War]], and as [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush's]] [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] at the onset of the [[War on Terror]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/events/2011/02/donald-rumsfeld|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir featuring The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld|date=Feb 22, 2011|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=March 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309074938/http://www.heritage.org/Events/2011/02/Donald-Rumsfeld|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Rumsfeld makes a variety of statements about his positions meant to, in his view, correct the record. For example, he states that he always opposed using [[waterboarding]] during interrogations,<ref name=marcus/> and he argues that the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib detainee abuse scandal]] constituted one of his biggest personal regrets. He recounts having delivered his resignation but that the president didn't accept it, with Rumsfeld writing that his failure to demand being released from his job "was a misjudgment".<ref name=webb/> In terms of commercial reception, the book was listed as number one on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] for hardcover nonfiction, and number three for [[E-book]] nonfiction, on February 27, 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-02-27/overview.html|title=Best Sellers|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 27, 2011|access-date=March 6, 2011|first=Jennifer|last=Schuessler}}</ref>
The book received several notable critical reviews. These have ranged from general support from publications such as ''[[City Journal (New York)|City Journal]]'', where [[Victor Davis Hanson]] argued that "the onus shifts back onto Rumsfeld's critics to prove him wrong or disingenuous",<ref name=victor/> to condemnation from publications such as ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' and ''[[The Financial Times]]'',<ref name=marcus/><ref name=Andrew/> the latter in which ran comments by [[Andrew Bacevich]] panning the work as "tendentious rather than instructive".<ref name=Andrew/> Rumsfeld is giving all of his profits from the book's sale to veterans' charities.<ref name=victor/>
==Background==
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 011007-D-9085M-093.jpg|left|thumb|Rumsfeld with the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, [[Richard B. Myers]] at a [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] press conference in February 2002. ]]
As Rumsfeld acknowledged in an "Author's Note" at the start of the book,<ref name="Rumsfeld">{{cite book|last1=Rumsfeld|first1=Donald|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=9781101502495|page=xiii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wIcpxMOjD4C&pg=PT14}}</ref> the title, "Known and Unknown," is a play on [[There are known knowns|his famous remark]] in a February 12, 2002 press conference:
{{blockquote|Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because, as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we do not know we don't know.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/01/donald-rumsfeld-talks-about-his-upcoming-memoir.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Donald Rumsfeld talks about his upcoming memoir|first=Carolyn|last=Kellogg|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=January 1, 2012}}</ref>}}
Rumsfeld aide [[Keith Urbahn]] said pre-release on September 20, 2010,
{{blockquote|The memoir follows the historical arc of Rumsfeld's career, from his childhood experience of Pearl Harbor to the aftermath of 9/11... This book will tell readers things that they didn't know, and it may well unsettle a few people who think the history of certain events has already been written.<ref name=Ben/>}}
In the press conference when Rumsfeld first used the phrase, he was responding to a question by reporter Jim Miklaszewski about evidence of Iraq supplying terrorists with weapons of mass destruction. While some dismissed Rumsfeld statement as non-answer (compare [[Mu (negative)]])— not just an evasion or a misdirection,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Errol |author1-link=Errol Morris |title=The Certainty of Donald Rumsfeld (Part 1) |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/the-certainty-of-donald-rumsfeld-part-1/ |work=Opinionator |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330033014/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/the-certainty-of-donald-rumsfeld-part-1/ |archive-date=March 30, 2014}}</ref> the statement has been quoted and dealt with in various blogs, books and scientific papers. Daase and Kessler (2007) agree with the aspect of both knowledge and non-knowledge as being equally constitutive for political decisionmaking. They assume that the
[[framing (sociology)|cognitive frame]] for political practice is determined by the relationship between ''what we know, what we do not know, what we cannot know and'' (according to the authors, being left out by Rumsfeld) ''what we do not like to know''.<ref>Knowns and Unknowns in the `War on Terror': Uncertainty and the Political Construction of Danger, Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler, Security Dialogue,  December 2007;  vol. 38, 4: pp. 411-434.</ref>
==Book contents==
[[File:Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] during his first tenure as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], from 1975 to 1977, with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[George Scratchley Brown|George S. Brown]] during testimony at [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] on January 15, 1976. The book center much of Rumsfeld's early life and early political career, from his career as Illinois's 13th district Congressman until his second tenure as Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006. ]]
The [[Book cover|cover]] depicts Rumsfeld during a get-away trip to [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], which journalist [[Ben Smith (journalist)|Ben Smith]] has suggested conveys the notion of being "detached from the Beltway".<ref name=Ben>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0910/Rumsfeld_unvarnished.html|author=Ben Smith|author-link=Ben Smith (journalist)|publisher=[[The Politico]]|title=Rumsfeld, unvarnished|date=September 20, 2010|access-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> Rumsfeld begins the book by recounting his famous 1983 meeting with Iraqi strongman [[Saddam Hussein]]. He recalls that Hussein said that [[France|the nation of France]] "understood the Iraqi view". Rumsfeld writes, "That particular remark came to my mind on more than one occasion and I never had cause to doubt it."<ref name=webb>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/13/donald-rumsfeld-known-unknown-review|author=Justin Webb|author-link=Justin Webb|date=13 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld – review|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> He states that Hussein came across as "rather reasonable". However, he reports that Hussein repeated word for word a line Rumsfeld had used the day before in another meeting— leading Rumsfeld to conclude that he was [[Covert listening device|bugged]].<ref name=marcus/>
Rumsfeld recounts his childhood, with his ex-military father making a living selling [[real estate]] near [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He discusses becoming an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]], [[wrestling]] in high-school, and then serving in the [[Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps]] to help him get through college. He also mentions, after graduation, his tour as a naval aviator and marrying his high school sweetheart.<ref name=Andrew/>
He recalls heading back to his native Chicago and being elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] in 1962—only at age 29. He notes voting for the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]]. As the [[Vietnam War]] drags on, he describes growing dissatisfied with the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration's policy—particularly the use of [[Conscription in the United States|drafted soldiers]] and the expansion of troop levels on the ground. Rumsfeld discusses his advocacy of "[[Vietnamization]]", which he tries to implement under [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]]. He calls the South Vietnamese's regime's final collapse as the fault of Congress, and he views the outcome as a "withdrawal" and "retreat".<ref name=Andrew/>
Rumsfeld recalls how his career led him and his wife to develop a lifetime friendship with media and entertainment personality [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]<ref name=marcus>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/03/rumsfeld-memoir-known-and-unknown_n_818446.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|title=Rumsfeld Memoir 'Known And Unknown' Reveals Doubts But Remains Self-Righteous|date=February 4, 2011|first=Marcus|last=Baram|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> He recounts visiting [[Washington Redskins|Redskins games]] and becoming a huge fan of [[Elvis Presley]]. Rumsfeld reveals that, backstage in a [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] concert late one night, Presley pulled him aside to express thanks to the U.S. armed forces. Rumsfeld writes that "patriots can be found anywhere".<ref name=Andrew/>
He details his four decade long friendship and alliance with [[Dick Cheney]]. Rumsfeld recounts, serving as President [[Gerald Ford]]'s [[White House Chief of Staff|chief of staff]], bringing in Cheney as an assistant to the president. He states that Cheney has been a sort of [[doppelgänger]] due to, among other reasons, their mutual [[Ivy League]] background and mutual success as major corporate [[Chief executive officer|CEOs]].<ref name=victor/>
[[File:Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN.jpg|thumb|Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] holds a model anthrax vial while telling the UN in February 2003 that Iraq was stockpiling weapons of mass destruction (WMD).]]
Rumsfeld recalls his service as President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s Middle East envoy at the time that [[Multinational Force in Lebanon#Subsequent confrontations and withdrawal|U.S. pulled out of Lebanon]]. He states that the situation and its aftermath showed him that American weakness (whether real or merely perceived) is provocative. He describes developing a strategic perspective that [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] should be "forward-leaning".<ref name=Andrew/>[[File:Shakinghands high.OGG|thumb|thumbtime=05|Rumsfeld shakes hands with [[Saddam Hussein]] in December 1983.]]
He criticizes [[U.S. Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] for promoting the decision taken by President [[George H. W. Bush]] not to remove Saddam Hussein from power after the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]]. He flatly takes the opposite view. Rumsfeld additionally describes Powell as the representative of [[United States Department of State|State Department]] views to Bush rather than the other way around.<ref name=powell/>
[[File:Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003.jpg|thumb|right|President Bush announces the beginning of the invasion of [[Iraq War]] on March 19, 2003.]]
Rumsfeld recounts his distance from [[George H. W. Bush]] during the Ford and Reagan administrations, which ranged from differences in opinion for appointments and political endorsements as well as personal differences. He describes himself as skeptical of the experiences of "those who enjoy the inherited benefit of prominent names." However, he ends up forging a close relationship with [[George W. Bush]]. Rumsfeld labels the younger Bush "decidedly down-to-earth, with no inclination to formality" with a "demeanor... different from his father's somewhat patrician manner."<ref name=victor/>
He details his efforts to move the Defense Department away from its traditional emphasis on expensive, long-standing weapons systems towards a system based on lighter, mobile, and autonomous forces. He recounts his turf disputes that came up while enacting reforms. The dramatics over canceling the $11&nbsp;billion Crusader artillery platform are highlighted.<ref name=victor/>
He describes being in the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] when the hijacked [[American Airlines Flight 77]] slammed into it on September 11, 2001. He recounts staying at his post amid the rubble and groping to determine the significance of the attack. He also remarks that the targeted sectors of the Pentagon were undergoing [[Renovation|refurbishment]] (with many offices unoccupied) and thus many lives were spared.<ref name=victor/>
Rumsfeld discusses the longtime problems of his son, Nick, with [[Substance dependence|drug addiction]]. He recalls when his son checked into a rehab clinic shortly after 9/11, and Rumsfeld, overcome with emotion, breaks down in a meeting with Bush in the Oval Office. He writes, "I had not imagined I might choke up... at that moment George W Bush wasn't just the president. He was a compassionate human being who had a sense of what Joyce and I were going through." Rumsfeld states that Bush rose from the presidential desk to put his arm around him in understanding.<ref name=webb/>
Rumsfeld recounts the president inviting him into the [[Oval Office]] just fifteen days after the 9/11 attacks and the president then ordering a review of war plans for Iraq. He writes that Bush called for "creative" ideas, but "[t]wo weeks after the worst terror attacks in our nation's history, those of us in the Department of Defense were full[y] occupied". Additionally, he describes how Hussein targeted his family as well as the president's for [[reprisal]] attacks. He mentions that the dictator left a $60&nbsp;million bounty, and that pictures of Bush's daughters later surfaced in [[Uday Hussein]]'s palace.<ref name=marcus/>
Rumsfeld states that he has been opposed to the Defense Department ever using [[waterboarding]] during interrogations.<ref name=marcus/> He details the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib detainee abuse scandal]] and the public exposure of photographs of American soldiers abusing prisoners, which he calls one of his biggest personal regrets. Rumsfeld recounts asking President Bush to accept his resignation and how Bush repeatedly refused. He writes that staying at the president's request "was a misjudgment on my part."<ref name=webb/>
He defends his policy of placing detainees in [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay prison]], writing,
{{blockquote|I was perfectly willing to shutter the facility if a better alternative could have been found that would be as effective in obtaining intelligence and preventing terrorists from returning to the fight. But no alternative to Gitmo was proposed.<ref name=webb/>}}
He asserts about Bush administration reports of [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction in Iraq]],
{{blockquote|Powell was not duped or misled by anybody, nor did he lie about Saddam's suspected WMD stockpiles. The President did not lie. The Vice President did not lie... the far less dramatic truth is that we were wrong.<ref name=marcus/>}}
[[File:Bush and Rumsfeld shakes hands, November 8, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|President Bush and Rumsfeld shake hands after Bush announces Rumsfeld's resignation in November 2006.]]
While writing that he regrets that no significant stockpiles of weapons were found, Rumsfeld defends the invasion. He states that Mideast would be "far more perilous" with Hussein, and he states that Bush's "aggressive, unrelenting offensive against the enemy" has prevented another 9/11-style attack.<ref name=marcus/> He argues as well that Hussein's regime had fostered [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|links with al-Qaeda]] and had an active WMD program in northern Iraq.<ref name=powell/>
Rumsfeld praises Bush's response to [[Hurricane Katrina]], and he states that the military response was swifter than any previous handling of an American [[natural disaster]].<ref name=marcus/>
Rumsfeld argues that while he was a "latecomer" in supporting the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007|Iraqi troop 'surge']], he still felt open to changing policy. He states that until 2006 Generals [[Tommy Franks]], [[Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez|Ricardo Sanchez]], [[George W. Casey Jr.|George Casey]], and [[John Abizaid]] had all assured him that increasing troop levels would not help the situation. Rumsfeld points out that he signed off on General [[David Petraeus]]' appointment before [[Donald Rumsfeld#Resignation|his departure]].<ref name=victor/>
He expresses doubts about further escalating U.S. involvement in Afghanistan. He argues that more troops will not help with the nation's problems but may in fact make matters worse. He writes specifically that more troops could create "resentment among a proud population" and also give "more targets for our enemies to attack."<ref name=marcus/>
He concludes the book by arguing that President [[Barack Obama]] has largely "kept in place the most contentious and widely derided Bush administration policies" such as holding people in Guantanamo Bay, charging internees in military commissions rather than civilian courts, and continuing drone attacks abroad.<ref name=marcus/>
==Reviews==
Military historian [[Victor Davis Hanson]] wrote in ''[[City Journal (New York)|City Journal]]'' that Rumsfeld "is as candid and unapologetic in retirement as he was in government and corporate service". He generally praised Rumsfeld's depiction of the Bush years while also asking why Rumsfeld was unwilling to change strategy after [[2003 in Iraq|2003]] as the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]] expanded. Hanson also remarked that "[w]ith the publication of ''Known and Unknown'', the onus shifts back onto Rumsfeld's critics to prove him wrong or disingenuous".<ref name=victor>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.city-journal.org/2011/bc0227vdh.html|title=Rumsfeld's Rebuttal|author=Victor Davis Hanson|author-link=Victor Davis Hanson|magazine=[[City Journal (New York)|City Journal]]|access-date=March 5, 2011|date=February 27, 2011}}</ref>
Journalist [[Justin Webb]] commented for ''[[The Observer]]'' that "Rumsfeld comes out fighting", and Webb criticized Rumsfeld for ignoring issues such as internees "wrongly imprisoned" in Guantánamo. Webb concluded:
{{blockquote|We needed more insight, more sense of detachment, for this book to match the achievements of its author. A mere reminder of why those press conferences were fun to watch is hardly enough.<ref name=webb/>}}
''[[The Economist]]'' referred to the memoir as "a fascinating history" and "a good read" as well as "interesting and even enjoyable". The news-magazine also stated that Rumsfeld, predictably, avoided self-criticism. "The quagmires in Iraq and Afghanistan, it appears, were everyone's fault but his", commented the review.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18175359|date=February 17, 2011|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=March 5, 2011}}</ref>
In ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', journalist Marcus Baram stated that Rumsfeld blamed "almost everyone else for mistakes that were made" and ends in a "self-satisfying" way. He also wrote, "Notably missing from the book is any mention of [[Pat Tillman]], the football star turned soldier whose death by friendly fire was covered up by the Pentagon."<ref name=marcus/>
Author and history professor [[Andrew Bacevich]] panned the book in ''[[The Financial Times]]'', writing:
{{blockquote|''Known and Unknown'' is tendentious rather than instructive. The reader who wades in should expect a long, hard slog, with little likelihood of emerging on the far side appreciably enlightened. Rather than seriously contemplating the implications of the events in which he participated, Rumsfeld spends more than 800 pages dodging them.<ref name=Andrew>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/3027b618-3563-11e0-aa6c-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1Fx5MHqcP|date=February 11, 2011|title=Donald Rumsfeld's 'Known and Unknown'|newspaper=[[The Financial Times]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|author=Andrew Bacevich|author-link=Andrew Bacevich}}</ref>}}
[[Jonathan Powell (aide)|Jonathan Powell]], who served as [[chief of staff]] to [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]] at the same time as Rumsfeld's tenure under Bush, disparaged the memoir in ''[[New Statesman|The New Statesman]]''. He remarked that Rumsfeld reminded him of a reactionary [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon monarch]] after the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|French restoration]]. Powell also asserted that Rumsfeld made "no revelations of importance" and wrote with a "relentless desire always to be right" that is "deeply off-putting". Powell wrote (quoting [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]]) that Rumsfeld had "learned nothing and forgotten nothing".<ref name=powell>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/03/donald-rumsfeld-iraq-bush|title=Known and Unknown: a Memoir|access-date=10 March 2011|date=9 March 2011|magazine=[[New Statesman|The New Statesman]]|author=Jonathan Powell|author-link=Jonathan Powell (aide)}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Books|Politics}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]]
* [[Baghdad Central Prison]]
* [[Electoral history of Donald Rumsfeld]]
* [[Gerald Ford]]
* [[George H. W. Bush]]
* [[George W. Bush]]
* [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]
* ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]''
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[List of autobiographies]]
* [[National Security Strategy (United States)]]
* [[Overseas interventions of the United States]]
* '[[There are known knowns]]'
* [[The Unknown Known]]
* [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
{{div col end}}
==Related memoirs==
*''[[A Journey]]'' by [[Tony Blair]]
*''[[At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA]]'' by [[George Tenet]]
*''[[Decision Points]]'' by [[George W. Bush]]
*''[[In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir]]'' by [[Dick Cheney]]
*''[[Spoken from the Heart]]'' by [[Laura Bush]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.rumsfeld.com/ rumsfeld.com]
*[http://tv.nationalreview.com/uncommonknowledge/post/?q=ODZkMWUzYzZmYTZkMzkyMGYwNjlmYzEzYmQyMDIyZDY= Book discussion with Rumsfeld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410230103/http://tv.nationalreview.com/uncommonknowledge/post/?q=ODZkMWUzYzZmYTZkMzkyMGYwNjlmYzEzYmQyMDIyZDY= |date=2011-04-10 }}
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?298014-1/qa-donald-rumsfeld C-SPAN ''Q&A'' interview with Rumsfeld about ''Known and Unknown'', February 20, 2011]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Known-Memoir-Donald-Rumsfeld/dp/B0085RZOAQ/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1362878926&sr=1-1&keywords=Known+and+Unknown Amazon.com's book reviews and description]
* [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/known-and-unknown-donald-rumsfeld/1100225006?ean=9781595230843 Barnes & Noble's editorial reviews and overview]
* [http://ontheissues.org/Known_Unknown.htm OnTheIssues.org's book review and excerpts]
[[Category:2011 non-fiction books]]
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[[Category:American political books]]
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[[Category:Books about George W. Bush]]
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[[Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) books]]
[[Category:Books critical of modern liberalism in the United States]]
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