View source for Kosakeln

{{short description|Two-hand Tarock card game}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox card game
| title = Kosakeln
| subtitle = Two-handed variant of [[Illustrated Tarock]]
| image_link = File:Taroky trul.JPG
| image_caption = A ''[[Trull (cards)|Trull]]''
| alt_names =
| type = [[Trick-taking]]
| players = 2
| ages =
| num_cards = 54
| deck = ''[[Industrie & Glück]]''
| play = Alternating
| card_rank =Tarock: Sküs, XXI-I<br />{{Suit of Clubs}}{{Suit of Spades}}K Q C V 10–7<br />{{Suit of Hearts}}{{Suit of Diamonds}} K Q C V 1–4
| origin = [[Austria]]
| related = [[Strawman Tarock]]{{*}}[[Illustrated Tarock]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kosakeln''' ("Cossack") is a relatively recent, two-hand [[card game]] of the [[Austria]]n branch of the [[Tarock (card games)|Tarock]] family. It is a two-handed version of the three-player game of [[Illustrated Tarock]], itself an elaborate and challenging variant of [[Tapp Tarock]].
== History and etymology ==
Kosakeln is one of a family of classical Austrian card games known as [[Tarock game]]s; so much so, that the area of the former [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], in which they have a strong tradition has been described as 'Tarockania'.<ref name=BK>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514081801/http://www.webit.at/bk/tarock.html ''Tarockania''] at web.archive.org. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</ref> These games have been featured in literature such as [[Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando|Herzmanovsky-Orlando's]] ''Maskenspiel der Genien'' and [[Johann Nestroy]]'s ''Zu ebener Erde und im ersten Stock''. There are numerous variations of Tarock, many still played today, including the challenging four-player games of [[Königrufen]] (the "game of kings"), [[Zwanzigerrufen]] and [[Neunzehnerrufen]], the original three-handed game of [[Tapp Tarock]] and its derivatives, [[Illustrated Tarock]] and [[Point Tarock]], and the "attractive" two-hander of [[Strawman Tarock]].<ref>Kastner, Hugo (2005). "König- oder Zwanz'ger-rufen? Nein, Strohmandeln!" in ''Kartenspiele'', p. 38.</ref>{{sfn|Ulmann|1890|pp=244/245}}{{sfn|Mayr|Sedlaczek|2008|p=380}}
The rules of the two-handed game of Kosakeln have obvious similarities to those of the "queen of all Tarock games played with the 54-card pack",{{sfn|Dummett|1980|p=480}} [[Illustrated Tarock]],{{efn|Sometimes called Point Tarock although that also refers to a different point-bidding game}} and Dummett confirms that it is an adaptation of that game for two players.{{sfn|Dummett|1980|p=488}} Illustrated Tarock emerges in the literature during the 1950s,{{sfn|Löw|1954|p=33–35}} Kosakeln itself being first recorded as ''Kosaken'' by Löw in 1956,{{sfn|Löw|1956|pp=102–110}} followed shortly thereafter by Beck in 1961.{{sfn|Beck|1961|pp=143–145}} The game has also featured more recently in Bamberger (2011){{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}} and Burgstaller (2017).{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}} Since ''Kosak'' is German for "Cossack", the name ''Kosakeln'' means "playing [the game of] Cossack".{{sfn|Worsch|p=624|2004}} Hence if two Austrians say they are "playing Cossack", they are likely to be enjoying the Tarot game of Kosakeln.{{sfn|Dummett|1980|p=488}}{{sfn|Worsch|p=624|2004}} The name may therefore be a tribute to the influence of eastern Europe, especially Hungary, where Tarock games are popular and there may also be a connexion to the 3-player, 42-card, Tarock game of [[Husarln]] ("playing Hussar").
== Cards ==
[[File:TarockSpiel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Modern pack of Tarock cards by [[Piatnik]] of the type used for Kosakeln. This is the well known ''[[Industrie und Glück]]'' design, Type 6 by Josef Neumayer, 1890]]
Like other Tarock games played in Austria and the lands of the former [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], Kosakeln uses a 54-card deck of the type described at [[Königrufen]]. This pack contains 22 tarocks as trumps (I – XXI + Sküs) and 32 suit cards in the four French suits of [[Hearts (card suit)|Hearts]], [[Diamonds (card suit)|Diamonds]], [[Spades (card suit)|Spades]] and [[Clubs (card suit)|Clubs]]. The game uses the same values as other Austrian tarock games like [[Königrufen]]:{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=15–18}}
5 Points – Kings and Honours (I, XXI, Sküs); 4 Points – Queens; 3 Points – Cavaliers; 2 Points – Valets; 1 Point – remaining tarocks and pip cards.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=15–18}}
As in other tarock games, scoring is carried out in groups of 3 cards. From the points in each group, 2 are deducted e.g. King + Cavalier + X = 9 points, minus 2 points gives 7 points. If fewer than 3 cards remain, 2/3 points are deducted from the total. 1/3 or 2/3 points are rounded up or down at the end to the nearest whole number.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=15–18}}
== Rules ==
There are no official rules. Those given here follow Bamberger with some elaborations from Burgstaller.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
=== Shuffling and dealing ===
The first dealer is chosen by lot; the player drawing the highest-ranking card wins. Dealer shuffles and [[forehand (card player)|forehand]] (non-dealer) cuts.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}
Six cards are laid face down to form the "Cossack [[talon (cards)|talon]]".{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}} Dealer then deals 2 packets of 4 hand cards alternately so that forehand gets the first packet and dealer the second. Next, 2 packets of 4 cards are dealt, face down, in front of each player; these middle eight cards are the player's 'trick talon' or 'personal talon'. Finally a third batch of 2 × 4 cards are dealt as hand cards, each player now having 16 hand cards that he may view and 8 trick talon cards that he may not.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}
Next, each player selects eight hand cards to discard and places them to one side, face down. No Kings or Trulls may be discarded, nor any tarocks unless the player has no choice, in which case he must discard them face up. The discards count towards his score at the end. He then picks up the eight middle cards and adds them to his hand.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}} Burgstaller describes this as the ''classic variant'', but then describes three others:{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
* ''Medium-difficult'': only plain suit cards may be discarded. If a player has fewer than eight, he discards what he can (no Kings) and picks up, unseen, the same number from his trick talon.
* ''Easy'': players may exchange any number of cards up to eight (no Kings or Trulls).
* ''Tactical'': players pick up the entire trick talon and then discard eight cards (no Kings or Trulls).
=== Bidding ===
The auction (''Lizitation'') proceeds as in Illustrated Tarock. Possible bids:{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}
* ''Dreiblatt'' (Three cards) – declarer exposes Cossack talon and chooses the top or bottom 3 cards. Value: 3 points.
* ''Zweiblatt'' (Two cards) – declarer exposes Cossack talon and chooses the top, middle or bottom 2 cards. Value: 6 points.
* ''Einblatt'' (One card) – declarer exposes Cossack talon and selects one card. Value: 9 points.
* ''Solo'' (Solo) – declarer plays without the talon. Value: 12 points.
Beginning with forehand, players announce a bid, "hold" (''"ich halte"'') or "pass" (''"passe"''). This may be done in sequence, e.g. ''"Dreiblatt" – "Zweiblatt" – "hold" – "pass"'', or players may jump straight to their highest bid e.g. ''"passe" – "Zweiblatt"''.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}} Although Dummett says that bidding is exactly the same as in Illustrated Tarock{{sfn|Dummett|1980|p=488}} and Beck's table does include the bid of ''Unterer'',{{sfn|Beck|1983|p=93}} Burgstaller and Bamberger imply that there is no equivalent of ''Unterer'' or ''Unteren'', whereby the dealer ups the stakes without also bidding a higher contract nor does holding a bid imply raising the game value.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
The auction winner exchanges with the Cossack talon (see above), except for ''Solo''. Discards are placed face down to join the previous ones. Cards from the Cossack talon that are not picked up go to the defender and are also placed face down with his earlier discards, counting towards his eventual score.{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}
=== Announcements ===
As in Illustrated Tarock, announcements may be made before or after the declarer picks up from the talon, those made before are worth double (see Scoring below). Bamberger and Burgstaller give the possible announcements as:{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
{| class="wikitable"
|  style="background:#B3B7FF" colspan="4" align="center" | '''Announcements in Kosakeln'''
|-
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" colspan="2" | Announcements listed by Bamberger{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}} and Burgstaller{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" colspan="2" | Additional announcements listed by Burgstaller{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
|-
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Announcement
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Meaning
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Announcement
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Meaning
|-
| ''Pagat ultimo''
| taking the last trick with the [[Pagat]] (Tarock I)
| ''Quapil''
| taking the pre-antepenultimate trick with the Tarock IV
|-
| ''Uhu''{{efn|''Uhu'' is German for the eagle owl and a nickname for the eagle on the Tarock II}}
| taking the penultimate trick with the Tarock II
| ''Four Birds''
| having Tarocks I-IV in one's original cards{{efn|It is presumed that all these  announcements for cards held in the 'original hand' refer to all those held in a player's hand cards, trick talon or picked up from the Cossack talon, but this is not explicitly stated}}
|-
| ''Pelican''
| taking the antepenultimate trick with the Tarock III
| ''Trull''
| having all 3 [[Trull]] cards in one's original cards
|-
| ''Absolute''
| scoring at least 40 points
| ''Royal Trull''/''Four Kings''
| having all 4 Kings in one's original cards
|-
| ''Panzer''
| scoring at least 50 points
|
|
|-
| ''without Trull''
| winning without having any Trull cards
|
|
|-
| ''without Kings''
| winning without having any Kings
|
|
|-
| ''Valat''
| winning every trick (a 'slam')
|
|
|}
=== Playing ===
Forehand leads to the first trick. The trick is won by the highest tarock or, if no tarock is played, the highest card of the led suit. Players must follow suit (''[[Farbzwang]]'') but do not have to win the trick (no ''[[Stichzwang]]''). If the led suit cannot be followed, a tarock card must be played (''[[Tarockzwang]]'').{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=15–18}}
=== Scoring ===
The following scoring system is based on Bamberger with additions from Burgstaller who also uses [[hard score]] where 1 game point = 10 cents. The columns "before" and "after" refer to bonuses announced before and after the declarer exposes and exchanges cards with the Cossack talon, where applicable. Bonuses held in the hand are declared at the end of the game.{{efn|Beck does not have a separate scoring system for Kosakeln but refers the reader to his rules for Illustrated Tarock. These vary considerably from the scoring table given here.}}{{sfn|Bamberger|2011|pp=28–34}}{{sfn|Burgstaller|2017|pp=98–112}}
{| class="wikitable"
|  style="background:#B3B7FF" colspan="9" align="center" | '''Kosakeln scoring system'''
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Contracts
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Game value (G)
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" colspan="7" align="center" | Declarer's use of talon
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Dreiblatt''
|  align="center" | 3
| colspan="7" align="center" | Exchanges with top 3 or bottom 3 cards
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Zweiblatt''
|  align="center" | 6
| colspan="7" align="center" | Exchanges with top, middle or bottom 2 cards
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Einblatt''
|  align="center" | 9
| colspan="7" align="center" | Exchanges with one card of own choice from talon
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Solo''
|  align="center" | 12
| colspan="7" align="center" | No exchange with talon
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" rowspan ="2" align="center" | Bonuses
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | Unannounced
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" colspan="2" align="center" | ''Dreiblatt''
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" colspan="2" align="center" | ''Zweiblatt''
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" colspan="2" align="center" | ''Einblatt''
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" rowspan ="2" align="center" | ''Solo''
|-
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | (''still'')
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | after
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | before
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | after
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | before
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | after
|  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | before
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Pagat ultimo''
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 12
|  align="center" | 8
|  align="center" | 16
|  align="center" | 10
|  align="center" | 20
|  align="center" | 24
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Uhu''
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 7
|  align="center" | 14
|  align="center" | 10
|  align="center" | 20
|  align="center" | 12
|  align="center" | 24
|  align="center" | 28
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Pelican''
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 8
|  align="center" | 16
|  align="center" | 12
|  align="center" | 24
|  align="center" | 14
|  align="center" | 28
|  align="center" | 32
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Quapil''
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 9
|  align="center" | 18
|  align="center" | 14
|  align="center" | 28
|  align="center" | 16
|  align="center" | 32
|  align="center" | 36
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Absolute''
|  align="center" | –
|  align="center" | 1
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 4
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 9
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Panzer''
|  align="center" | –
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 12
|  align="center" | 12
|  align="center" | 24
|  align="center" | 28
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Valat''
|  align="center" | G x 4
|  colspan = "7" align="center" | G x 8 (announced ''Valat'')
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''without Trull''
|  align="center" | –
|  align="center" | 1
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 4
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 9
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''without Kings''
|  align="center" | –
|  align="center" | 1
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 2
|  align="center" | 4
|  align="center" | 3
|  align="center" | 6
|  align="center" | 9
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Trull''
|  align="center" | 1
|  colspan = "7" align="center" | All 3 Trull cards held at start of game
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Royal Trull''
|  align="center" | 1
|  colspan = "7" align="center" | All 4 Kings held at start of game
|-
!  style="background:#E0E0E0" align="center" | ''Four Birds''
|  align="center" | 3
|  colspan = "7" align="center" | All 4 'birds' (Tarocks I-IV) held at start of game
|}
== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Literature ==
* Alscher, Hans-Joachim (ed.). ''"Tarock" mein einziges Vergnügen''. Vienna (2003). {{ISBN|3-85498-283-6}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Bamberger |first=Johannes |title=Tarock: Die schönsten Varianten |edition=22nd |location=Vienna |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-99006-000-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Fritz |date=1961 |title=Tarock komplett |edition=3rd  |series=Perlan-Reihe |volume=640 |publisher=Perlan-Reihe |location=Vienna}}
* {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Fritz |date=1983 |title=Tarock komplett |edition=12th |series=Perlan-Reihe |volume=640 |publisher=Perlan-Reihe |location=Vienna}}
* {{cite book |last=Burgstaller |first=Thomas |date=2017 |title=Tarock zu Zweit |publisher=Buchschmiede |location=myMorawa, Austria |isbn=978-3-99057-951-0}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Michael Dummett |last=Dummett |first=Michael |date=1980 |title=The Game of Tarot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqm1AAAAIAAJ&q=the+game+of+tarot |publisher=Duckworth |location=London |isbn=0-7156-1014-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Löw |first=Hans |date=1954 |title=20 Kartenspiele |edition=2nd |publisher=Pechan |location=Vienna}}
* {{cite book |last=Löw |first=Hans |date=1956 |title=Tarock komplett |edition=2nd |publisher=Pechan |location=Vienna}}
* {{Cite book |author1-link=Wolfgang Mayr |last1=Mayr |first1=Wolfgang |author2-link=Robert Sedlaczek |last2=Sedlaczek |first2=Robert |title=Die Strategie des Tarock Spiels |location=Vienna |publisher=Atelier |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-902498-22-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ulmann |first=S. |date=1890 |title=Das Buch der Familienspiele |publisher=A. Hartleben |location=Vienna, Munich and Pest}}
* {{cite book |last=Worsch |first=Wolfgang |date=2004 |title=Langenscheidt Muret-Sanders Großwörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch |publisher=Langenscheidt |location=Berlin |isbn=3-468-02126-7}}
{{Tarot and Tarock card games}}
[[Category:Austrian card games]]
[[Category:Tarock card games]]
[[Category:Two-player card games]]
[[Category:Card games introduced in the 1950s]]