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{{Short description|Town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other places|Kstovo (inhabited locality)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Kstovo
|ru_name=Кстово
|image_skyline=C0244-Kstovo-Lenin-Square.jpg
|image_caption=Lenin Square in Kstovo
|coordinates = {{coord|56|10|N|44|10|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=right
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Kstovo (Nizhny Novgorod oblast).png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Kstovo (Nizhny Novgorod oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
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|federal_subject=[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodO_admlist" />
|adm_district_jur=[[Kstovsky District]]
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|adm_selsoviet_jur=Kstovo
|adm_selsoviet_type=[[Town of district significance]]
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|adm_ctr_of1=Kstovsky District
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodO_admlist" />
|adm_ctr_of2=town of district significance of Kstovo
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|inhabloc_cat=Town
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|mun_district_jur=Kstovsky Municipal District
|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodOKstovskyD_mun" />
|urban_settlement_jur=Kstovo Urban Settlement
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|mun_admctr_of1=Kstovsky Municipal District
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|mun_admctr_of2=Kstovo Urban Settlement
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|pop_2010census=66657
|pop_2010census_rank=233rd
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|established_date=14th century
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|current_cat_date=1957
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|postal_codes=607650, 607651, 607654–607657, 607660–670664, 607669
|dialing_codes=83145
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'''Kstovo''' ({{langx|ru|Кстово}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Kstovsky District]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the right bank of the [[Volga River]], {{convert|22|km|sp=us}} southeast of [[Nizhny Novgorod]], the administrative center of the [[oblast]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=66,657|p2002=66,944|p1989=62,414}}
==Etymology==
The place name is said to have originated from the [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ''ksty'', meaning "strawberry".<ref>{{citation|author1=Erman, Adolph|title=Archiv für Wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, Volume 10|year=1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBEaAQAAIAAJ|page=324|language=de}}</ref>
==History==
The village of Kstovo was mentioned as early as the 14th century.{{citation needed|date=May 2010}}
With the construction of [[Kstovo Refinery|Novogorkovsky Oil Refinery]], which started operations on August&nbsp;18, 1958,<ref>{{citation|
title=Ten years of the Novogor'kii Refinery|author=M. S. Matveev|periodical=Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils|volume=4|issue=8|date=August 1968|
pages=555–558|
doi=10.1007/BF00717710|
s2cid=98018432}}. Translated from ''Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel'', No. 8, pp. 1–4, August 1968</ref>) a new settlement was built a few kilometers to the northwest of the old village of Kstovo, on the high ground between the [[Volga River|Volga]] and the [[Kudma River]]s. Since then, the western part of the town centered on the original village of Kstovo, and, still quite rural in character, has been commonly referred to as the Old Kstovo (''Staroye Kstovo''), while the newer eastern part, built in the 1950s and still expanding, is known as the New Kstovo (''Novoye Kstovo''). As the New Kstovo expanded over the years, it completely or partially displaced several smaller villages.
Kstovo was granted [[urban-type settlement]] status in 1954 and town status in 1957.{{citation needed|date=May 2010}}
==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Kstovo serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Kstovsky District]].<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodO_admlist">Order #3-od</ref> As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Kstovsky District as the '''[[town of district significance]] of Kstovo'''.<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodO_admlist" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the town of district significance of Kstovo is incorporated within Kstovsky Municipal District as '''Kstovo Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="NizhnyNovgorodOKstovskyD_mun">Law #169-Z</ref>
==Economy==
[[File:Kstovo-CPH-1354.jpg|thumb|left|The heat and power plant is located in the industrial area south of the town and can be seen from many apartments]]
Kstovo's main industrial zone is located south of the town, on the southern side of the [[Kudma River]]. It is centered on the petrochemical plants of ''[[Kstovo Refinery|Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez]]'' (formerly ''NORSI-Oil'' and ''Novogorkovsky Oil Refinery''), a subsidiary of Lukoil, which is the town's main employer, and, historically, the reason for the town's existence.
The "BVK" plant, which started operation in 1973 and was closed in 2003, used n-[[Alkane|paraffin]]s (produced by the oil refinery nearby) as feed for [[yeast]], in order to produce the so-called "protein and vitamin concentrate" ([[single-cell protein]]) for use as animal food.<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0612FD3C55137B93C2A8178AD95F478785F9 Soviet Plant to Convert Oil to Protein for Feed; Use of Yeast Involved], By THEODORE SHABAD. the New York Times, November 10, 1973.</ref><ref>[http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/38645sume.pdf RusVinyl – Summary of Social Issues]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (EBRD)</ref> The facility was originally run by the Soviet Ministry of Microbiological Industry.<ref>[http://kstovo.ru/index-name-Content-op-view-id-41.html Первенец микробиологической промышленности] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101213/http://kstovo.ru/index-name-Content-op-view-id-41.html |date=March 27, 2019 }} (Microbiological industry's first plant), in: Станислав Марков (Stanislav Markov) «Кстово- молодой город России» (''Kstovo, Russia's Young Town'')</ref> As of {{circa}}&nbsp;1990, it produced some 300,000&nbsp;tons of its product per year.<ref>"Practitioners' forum perestroika and soviet biotechnology". Authors: Rod Greenshields; Anthony Rimmington; Harry Rothman. ''Technology Analysis & Strategic Management'', Volume 2, Issue 1 1990, pages 63 - 76. Quote: "There arc large n-paraffins-based SCP factories at various stages of construction at Angarsk, Kirishi (1 00,000 tonnes/year), Kremenchug (120,000 tonnes), Kstovo, Mozyr (300,000 tonnes), Novopolotsk (100,000 tonnes), Svetloyar (240,000 tonnes projected), arid Syzran... "</ref> The facility also produced certain pharmaceutical products, such as [[Coenzyme Q10]] (Ubiquinone-10), which is used as a dietary supplement.<ref>{{citation|title=Effect of Ubiquinone-10 on the Blood System in Rats Exposed to Radiation|journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=133|issn=0007-4888|issue=6|pmid=12447465|date=June 2002|doi=10.1023/A:1020225623808|pages=562–564|author1=A. S. Koryagin |author2=E. V. Krylova |author3=L. D. Luk'yanova |s2cid=21427454|postscript=.}}. Abstract: "The use of synthetic ubiquinone-10 (2 and 10 mg/kg) as a therapeutic food additive normalized the counts of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, and leukocytes and the content of hemoglobin in the blood and inhibited lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes in irradiated rats (3 Gy)." Quote: "...ubiquinone-10 synthesized at the BVK Plant (Kstovo)..."</ref>
Belgium's [[SolVin (company)|SolVin]] is working with SIBUR on building a PVC production plant "RusVinyl" in Kstovsky District.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/innovationNews/idUSTRE5871M920090908 Solvay to buy Russian soda ash plant]. Reuters, Sep 8, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.jobwerx.com/news/sol-biz-949166-556.html JV for Russian vinyls production plant: First world-scale fully integrated vinyls plant to be built in Kstovo, Russia by Joint Venture, SolVin and SIBUR LLC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713112202/http://www.jobwerx.com/news/sol-biz-949166-556.html |date=July 13, 2011 }} (2007-06-30 News Release)</ref>
There are also a [[bitumen]] plant, a wine/liquor [[distillation|distillery]] ''Mitsar'', a tire repair and recycling plant,<ref>[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1733/980406sf.htm BISNIS Search For Partners, April 6, 1998<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the usual assortment of local food industry enterprises.
A [[cogeneration]] power plant supplies electricity into the regional electric grid (305&nbsp;[[Watt|MWt]]) and hot water for [[district heating|heating]] town apartment buildings. In November 2008, the local power company announced its plans to increase the power plant's electricity production capacity to 605&nbsp;MWt; the new power generation unit was scheduled to be brought online by the end of 2011.
The town has a large farmer's market, and a decent selection of supermarkets and retail stores.
===Transportation===
Kstovo is served by the [[Moscow]]–[[Nizhny Novgorod]]–[[Kazan]] Highway ([[M7 highway (Russia)|M7]]), a river [[tanker (ship)|tanker]] port on the Volga, an electric railway branch, and a number of oil and oil-product [[pipeline transport|pipelines]], such as the [[Sever Pipeline]].
The town has a history of building [[bypass (road)|bypass roads]] to keep some of the transit traffic (either the east–west traffic on M7, or traffic headed for the petrochemical industrial area south of the town) off the town streets, only to see the development overtake them a decade or so later, the "bypass" not being a true bypass anymore. Most recently, in 2003 a highway bypass was completed a few kilometers south of the town (cutting through a section of the [[Zelyony Gorod]] forest) both taking M7 away from the town and providing convenient road access to the [[Lukoil]] area.
The Kstovo railway branch is primarily used to serve the needs of the [[Kstovo Refinery|oil refinery]]. Although commuter trains from Nizhny Novgorod's [[Myza]] terminal stop not far from both the Old and the New Kstovo, the stations are not particularly conveniently located. Throughout most of the town's history, commuter trains were fairly slow and only ran two or three times a day, and thus were popular mostly with retirees and other persons eligible for free or discount fares. Around 2011 or 2012, the passenger rail service to Kstovo was discontinued altogether.<ref name=gudok20131122>[http://www.gudok.ru/zdr/168/?ID=1005291&archive=31455 Кстово просит электрички. Железной дороге предложили совместный проект] (Kstovo asks for commuter trains. A joint project has been proposed to the railway) ''Gudok'', No. 43, 2013-11-22.</ref> As of 2013, the local authorities have proposed the resumption of the commuter rail service between Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovo; the proposal includes the construction of a new, more conveniently located passenger station in Kstovo, as well as straightening of the railway line.<ref name=gudok20131122/>
[[File:C0425-Kstovo-commuter-train.jpg|thumb|left|A commuter train in Kstovo]]
Volga [[hydrofoil]] boats used to stop at Kstovo in the 1970s and 1980s, but the town no longer appears in the boat schedules.
Therefore, most of passenger travel between Kstovo and Nizhny Novgorod is by road. Commuter buses and [[marshrutka|routed taxis]] to Nizhny Novgorod, as well as suburban buses to villages throughout Kstovsky District, run from a bus station on the west side of New Kstovo. Some long-distance buses between Nizhny Novgorod and the destinations to the east ([[Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Lyskovo]], [[Cheboksary]], etc.) stop there as well. There are also shuttle buses from Kstovo's Lenina Square to the Mega shopping mall in [[Fedyakovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Fedyakovo]], in the western part of Kstovsky District.
Most summers, during the beach season, [[ferry]] boat service operates between Kstovo and the beach area on the north bank of the Volga.
==Education==
[[File:C0214-Kstovo-Military-engineering-school.jpg|thumb|The Military Engineering College]]
An Oil Industry Community College trains skilled workers and technicians for the [[petrochemical]] industry.
Nizhny Novgorod Technological University offers evening classes in Kstovo for the students studying in its [[distance education]] [[chemical engineering]] program.<ref>[http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/RUS/fakyl/VECH/kst.htm Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, Kstovo Branch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008044426/http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/RUS/fakyl/VECH/kst.htm |date=October 8, 2006 }} (Accessed 2006 October 24) {{in lang|ru}}.</ref>
Nizhny Novgorod Military Engineering College, founded in 1801 in [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]] and moved in 1960 to [[Kaliningrad]], received its current name in 1995, when it was transferred to Kstovo.<ref name="NVVIKU">Colonel (retired) Boris Mikhailovoch Denisov, "Forgotten Anniversary". [http://www.pereplet.ru/text/denisov/denisov_inzhen.htm "Russky Pereplet" magazine, November 3, 2006] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
==Culture and recreation==
The town has a puppet theater, a [[Palace of Culture]], a public library, and an active [[chess]] club. The movie theater was popular with the residents during the Soviet era, but closed down after the advent of home video. Part of its premises were used by an Eldorado electronics store for a few years in the early 2000s.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
Indoor [[water park]] Atoll was opened in February 2015 in Kstovo's Lenin Square. This is the first facility of this kind in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and is intended to serve the entire Nizhny Novgorod metropolitan area.<ref>[http://advis.ru/php/view_news.php?id=179A5333-473C-8D4E-A99A-F1E26C685FC8 Кстовский аквапарк "Атолл" готовится к росту загрузки.] (Kstovo's Atoll Water Park is preparing for an increasing visitor volume), "РБК-Нижний Новгород". 2015-08-24</ref>
==Sports==
[[File:C0381-Kstovo-SAMBO-Academy-.jpg|thumb|"The World Sambo Academy" in Kstovo, the venue of many [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] competitions]]
Kstovo's best known sporting venue is The World Academy of [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], which has hosted many national and international Sambo wrestling competitions. Its origins go back to 1964, when the first local Sambo club was formed. In October 1976, a Sambo School building was opened on the western edge of the town; in 1995, in time for the Sambo World Cup, a new, taller building was constructed next to it, the facility becoming known as the "World Academy of Sambo".<ref>[http://www.riakreml.ru/speak/?19060 "Михаил Бурдиков: После оглушительных успехов наших самбистов иностранные журналисты долго пытались отыскать на карте мира маленький город Кстово"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20041216194659/http://www.riakreml.ru/speak/?19060 |date=December 16, 2004 }} (An article on the history of Sambo in Kstovo) (RIA Kreml, November 2004) {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
==Religion==
[[File:C0229-Old-Kstovo-church.jpg|thumb|The Church of Our Lady of Kazan in Old Kstovo]]
Christians are served by four Orthodox churches in the town and immediately adjacent villages. The Church of [[Our Lady of Kazan]] in Old Kstovo was built in the late 19th century, closed during the Soviet era, when its building was used for a printshop, and re-opened in the early 1990s. A new church of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, located halfway between the Old and New Kstovo, was completed in 2016 and consecrated on September 14, 2016.<ref>[http://nne.ru/announcement/14-sentyabrya-v-gorode-kstovo-mitropolit-nizhegorodskij-i-arzamasskij-georgij-osvyatit-hram-vo-imya-prepodobnogo-sergiya-radonezhskogo/ 14 сентября в городе Кстово митрополит Нижегородский и Арзамасский Георгий освятит храм во имя преподобного Сергия Радонежского] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914191158/http://nne.ru/announcement/14-sentyabrya-v-gorode-kstovo-mitropolit-nizhegorodskij-i-arzamasskij-georgij-osvyatit-hram-vo-imya-prepodobnogo-sergiya-radonezhskogo/ |date=September 14, 2016 }}</ref>
Closer to the town center is another Church of Our Lady of Kazan. Although it can be seen from many apartment buildings on Kstovo's new northeast side, this historic building (constructed in 1792 and is now protected as a heritage site) is actually located in the nearby village of [[Veliky Vrag, Kstovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Veliky Vrag]] just northeast of the town.
Finally, the Church of [[Our Lady of Vladimir]], technically located in the village of Vishenki, is the closest to most of the city's residential neighborhoods.
==Notable people==
<!-- Please only include people who have a biography article in Wikipedia -->
*[[Artur Ryabokobylenko]] (born 1991 in Kstovo), football player
*[[Tatiana Shadrina]] (born 1974 in Kstovo), chess player
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|mun|list|kstovsky}}
==External links==
*[http://kstovo.ru/ Unofficial website of Kstovo] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.kstovo-nn.ru/ News of Kstovo and Kstovsky District] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://kstnews.ru/novosti-kultury-kstovo.html News of culture of Kstovo] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.3em.ru ''Zemlyaki''], a local newspaper {{in lang|ru}}
*Nizhny Novgorod Business Encyclopaedia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034628/http://www.innov.ru/nnbe/13/178-1-e.htm  Article on ''Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez'']
*[https://archive.today/20140912184648/http://wayproduction.ru/work/timelapse Timelapse video with all the sights Kstovo]
{{Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Volga]]
[[Category:Kstovsky District]]
[[Category:Nizhegorodsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Former urban-type settlements of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]]