View source for Kyiv

{{Short description|Capital of Ukraine}}
{{About|the capital of Ukraine}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Kyiv
| native_name        = {{lang|uk|Київ}}
| other_name         = Kiev
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]] and [[city with special status]]
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| perrow        = 1/2/2/1
| border        = infobox
| total_width   = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1            = 17-07-02-Maidan Nezalezhnosti RR74377-PANORAMA.jpg
| caption1          = [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|Independence Square]]
| image2            = P1130119-1.JPG
| caption2          = [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]]
| image3            = Червоний корпус КНУ.JPG
| caption3          = [[Red University Building]]
| image4            = Будинок з химерами, серпень 2019.jpg
| caption4          = [[House with Chimaeras]]
| image5            = Софійський собор Київ.jpg
| caption5          = [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint Sophia Cathedral]]
| image6            = Маріїнський палац в Києві (cropped).jpg
| caption6          = [[Mariinskyi Palace]]
}}
| imagesize          = 300px
| image_alt          =
| image_caption      =
| image_flag         = Flag of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg
| flag_size          =
| flag_alt           =
| image_shield       = COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg
| shield_size        = 75px
| shield_alt         =
| image_blank_emblem = Kyiv logo english.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Logo]]
| blank_emblem_size  =
| blank_emblem_alt   =
| nickname           = Mother of [[Rus' people|Rus']] Cities<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyiv|title=Kyiv – History|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504135716/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317542/Kiev|url-status=live}}</ref>
| nicknames          =
| motto              =
| mottoes            =
| anthem             = [[How Can I Not Love You, Kyiv of Mine!]]<br />{{center|[[File:How can I not love you Kyiv of mine.ogg]]}}
<!-- maps and coordinates -->| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|stroke-width=2|zoom=9|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|fill=#808080|title=Kyiv|id=Q1899|fill-opacity=0.4|frame-coordinates={{Coord|50.40|30.54}}}}
| mapsize            = 300px
| map_alt            = Interactive map of Kyiv
| map_caption        = Interactive map of Kyiv
| pushpin_map        = Ukraine#Europe
| pushpin_mapsize    = 300px
| pushpin_map_alt    =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kyiv in Ukraine
| pushpin_map_caption_notsmall =
| pushpin_label      = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long -->
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| coordinates        = {{Coord|50|27|00|N|30|31|24|E|region:UA-30_type:city|display=inline, title}} <!-- Please note: these are the nearest DMS coords to a "center marker of Ukraine" sculpture of a blue globe-->
| coor_pinpoint      = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) -->
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| grid_name          = <!-- name of a regional grid system -->
| grid_position      = <!-- position on the regional grid system -->
<!-- location -->| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Ukraine]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Legal status and local government of Kyiv|Kyiv]]
<!-- established -->| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{CE|482|link=y}} (officially)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/about-kyiv/kyivs-1530th-birthday-marked-with-fun-protest-1-128618.html|title=Kyiv's 1,530th birthday marked with fun, protest|author=Oksana Lyachynska|date=31 May 2012|website=Kyiv Post|access-date=16 May 2013|archive-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601085436/http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/about-kyiv/kyivs-1530th-birthday-marked-with-fun-protest-1-128618.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder            =
| named_for          = [[Kyi]]
<!-- seat, smaller parts -->| seat_type          = [[City council]]
| seat               = [[Kyiv City Council]]
| parts_type         = [[#Subdivisions|Districts]]
| parts_style        = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) -->
| parts              = List of 10
| p1                 = [[Darnytskyi District]]
| p2                 = [[Desnianskyi District, Kyiv|Desnianskyi District]]
| p3                 = [[Dniprovskyi District, Kyiv|Dniprovskyi District]]
| p4                 = [[Holosiivskyi District]]
| p5                 = [[Obolonskyi District]]
| p6                 = [[Pecherskyi District]]
| p7                 = [[Podilskyi District]]
| p8                 = [[Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv|Shevchenkivskyi District]]
| p9                 = [[Solomianskyi District]]
| p10                = [[Sviatoshynskyi District]]
<!-- government type, leaders -->| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| leader_party       =
| leader_title       = [[Mayor of Kyiv|Mayor and Head of City State Administration]]
| leader_name        = [[Vitali Klitschko]]<ref name=KKMs5614/><ref name="Poroshenko appoints Klitschko head of Kyiv city administration - decree"/>
<!-- display settings -->| unit_pref          = Metric
<!-- area -->| area_footnotes     = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| area_total_km2     = 839
| area_total_sq_mi   = 324
<!-- elevation -->| elevation_m        = 179
| elevation_ft       = 587
<!-- population -->| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of   = 1 January 2021
| population_total   = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 2,952,301<ref name="Number of present population of Ukraine 1 January 2022"/>
| pop_est_footnotes  =
| pop_est_as_of      =
| population_est     =
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in Ukraine|1st]] in Ukraine<br />[[List of European cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Europe
| population_density_km2 = 3299
| population_density_sq_mi = 8540
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_metro   = 3,475,000<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html | title=Major Agglomerations of the World | publisher=Citypopulation.de | date=1 January 2021 | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=23 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123050211/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html | url-status=live }}</ref> of the [[Kyiv metropolitan area]]
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = Kyivan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of KYIV |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kyiv |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928161317/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kyiv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kyiv |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Collins English Dictionary |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128125544/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kyiv |url-status=live }}</ref> Kievan<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kievan kievan. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314083809/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kievan |date=14 March 2013 }}, retrieved 29 May 2013 from Dictionary.com</ref>
<!-- demographics (section 1) --> <br/> Киянин, Киянка ([[Ukrainian language|uk]])
| demographics_type1 = [[List of Ukrainian subdivisions by GRP|GDP]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title= ВАЛОВИЙ РЕГІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПРОДУКТ У 2021 РОЦІ|url= https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2023/05/zb_vrp_2021.xlsx&ved=2ahUKEwjY1N_wjK-AAxVL8LsIHfbyBoIQFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3p1PStO6ejpZRSYd9Ix41p|website=ukrstat.gov.ua}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Capital city]] and [[city with special status]]
|demographics1_info1      = [[Ukrainian hryvnia|₴]]{{FXConvert|UKR|1276|b|lk=on}} (2021)
|demographics1_title2     = Per capita
|demographics1_info2      = ₴{{FXConvert|UKR|431616|lk=on}} (2021)
<!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone1          = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1        = +2
| timezone1_DST      = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +3
<!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 01xxx–04xxx
| area_code_type     =
| area_code          = +380 44
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plate]]
| registration_plate = AA, KA (before 2004: КА, КВ, КЕ, КН, КІ, KT)
| iso_code           = UA-30
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank_name_sec1    = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info_sec1    = [[List of FIPS region codes (S-U)#UP: Ukraine|UP12]]
<!-- website, footnotes -->| website            = [https://kyivcity.gov.ua/ kyivcity.gov.ua]
}}
'''Kyiv''' (also '''Kiev'''){{efn|See {{slink||Name}} for alternative spellings and pronunciations.}} is the capital and most populous [[List of cities in Ukraine|city]] of [[Ukraine]]. It is in north-central Ukraine along the [[Dnieper|Dnieper River]]. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301,<ref name="Number of present population of Ukraine 1 January 2022">{{cite web | url=https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf | title=Number of present population of Ukraine 1 January 2022 | publisher=UkrStat.gov.ua | language=uk | date=1 January 2022 | access-date=20 February 2023 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810155123/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> making Kyiv the [[List of European cities by population within city limits|seventh-most populous]] city in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=City Mayors: The 500 largest European cities (1 to 100)|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/euro_cities1.html|website=www.citymayors.com|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-date=2 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102120542/http://citymayors.com/features/euro_cities1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in [[Eastern Europe]]. It is home to many [[High tech|high-tech]] industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of [[Transport in Kyiv|public transport]] and infrastructure, including the [[Kyiv Metro]].
The city's name is said to derive from the name of [[Kyi]], one of its four legendary founders. During [[History of Kyiv|its history]], Kyiv, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A [[Slavs|Slavic]] settlement on the great trade route between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Constantinople]], Kyiv was a tributary of the [[Khazars]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/kiev|title=Kiev|work=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021737/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kiev|url-status=live}}</ref> until its capture by the [[Varangians]] ([[Vikings]]) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of [[Kievan Rus']], the first [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state. Completely [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|destroyed]] during the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasions]] in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. Coming under [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], then [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] and then [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the city would grow from a frontier market into an important centre of Orthodox learning in the sixteenth century, and later of industry, commerce, and administration by the nineteenth.<ref name="auto"/>
The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's [[Industrial Revolution]] in the late 19th century. In 1918, when the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] declared independence from the [[Russian Republic]] after the [[October Revolution]] there, Kyiv became its capital. From the end of the [[Ukrainian-Soviet war|Ukrainian-Soviet]] and [[Polish–Soviet war|Polish-Soviet]] wars in 1921, Kyiv was a city of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], and made its capital in 1934. The city suffered significant destruction during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]] but quickly recovered in the postwar years, remaining the [[Soviet Union]]'s third-largest city.
Following [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|the collapse of the Soviet Union]] and [[Independence of Ukraine|Ukrainian independence]] in 1991, Kyiv remained Ukraine's capital and experienced a steady [[Immigration to Ukraine|influx]] of [[Ukrainians|ethnic Ukrainian]] migrants from other [[Regions of Ukraine|regions of the country]].<ref name="History of Ukraine">{{cite book|last=Magocsi|first=Paul Robert|title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PT481|edition=2nd, Revised|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9879-6|page=481|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614025229/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PT481|url-status=live}}</ref> During the country's transformation to a [[market economy]] and [[Representative democracy|electoral democracy]], Kyiv has continued to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest city. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology, but new sectors of the economy such as services and [[finance]] facilitated Kyiv's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of [[housing]] and urban infrastructure. Kyiv emerged as the most [[pro-Western]] region of Ukraine; [[political parties in Ukraine|parties]] advocating tighter [[Ukraine–European Union relations|integration with the European Union]] dominate during [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]].
==Name==
{{seealso|Names of Kyiv}}
[[File:Polonia Et Ungaria XX Nova Tabula, detail of Kyiv episcopate (“Kyouia epatus”).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Detail of Sebastian Münster's ''[[:File:Polonia Et Ungaria XX Nova Tabula.jpg|Map of Poland and Hungary]]'', 1552, showing Kyiv labelled "Kyouia ep''iscop''atus" ("Kyiv episcopate")]]
*{{langx|en|Kyiv}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|ɪ|v}} {{respell|KEE|iv}},<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Preston|first=Rich|user=RichPreston|number=1497147957996630017|title=And here's what the BBC Pronunciation Unit advises. We changed our pronunciation and spelling of Kiev to Kyiv in 2019.}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|k|iː|v}} {{respell|KEEV}}<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Kyiv|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>) or Kiev ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|ɛ|v}} {{respell|KEE|ev}})<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref name="lpd3">{{cite LPD|3}}</ref>
*{{langx|uk|Київ|translit=Kyiv}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈkɪjiu̯|pron|uk-Київ.ogg}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Kyjiw|title=Kyjiw|work=[[Duden]]|language=de|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>
*{{langx|ru|Киев|translit=Kiyev}},{{efn|[[Reforms of Russian orthography|pre-1918 spelling]]: Кіевъ}} {{IPA|ru|ˈkʲi(j)ɪf|pron|Ru-Киев.ogg}}<ref name="lpd3"/>
The traditional etymology, stemming from the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', is that the name is a derivation of [[Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv|Kyi]] ({{langx|uk|Кий|links=no}}, {{langx|ru|Кий|links=no}},{{efn|[[Reforms of Russian orthography|pre-1918 spelling]]: Кій}} {{small|[[Romanization of Russian|rom.]]:}} ''Ky''<!--WP:RUS--> or ''Kiy''), the legendary eponymous founder of the city. According to [[Oleg Trubachyov]]'s etymological dictionary from the [[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]] name ''*Kyjevŭ gordŭ'' (literally, "Kyi's castle", "Kyi's [[Gord (archaeology)|gord]]"), from [[Proto-Slavic]] ''*kyjevъ'',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=*kyjevъ/*kyjevo|date=1987|dictionary=Ėtimologicheskiĭ slovarʹ slavi͡anskikh I͡Azykov: Praslavi͡anskiĭ leksicheskiĭ fond|language=ru|editor-last=Trubachev|editor-first=O. N.|editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov|volume=13 (*kroměžirъ–*kyžiti)|publisher=Nauka|location=Moscow|pages=256–257}}</ref> This etymology has been questioned, for instance by [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] who called it an "etymological myth", and meant that the names of the legendary founders are in turn based on place names. According to the Canadian Ukrainian linguist [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]], the name can be connected to the Proto-Slavic root [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kyjь|*kyjь]], but should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent [[wikt:кий#Ukrainian|Кий]]. The name should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'.<ref>Rudnyc'kyj, Jaroslav Bohdan (1962–1982). An etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2., rev. ed. Winnipeg: Ukrainian free acad. of sciences, pp. 660–663.</ref>
''Kyiv'' is the romanized official Ukrainian name for the city,<ref name="collins">{{Cite web|title=Kiev|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kiev|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins|language=en|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501212120/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kiev|url-status=live}} The entry is the same as the print edition of {{Cite book|title=Collins Dictionary of English|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2018|edition=13th|location=Glasgow, UK}} It includes the note "''Ukrainian name'': Kyiv". For American English, the website also includes the definition from {{Cite book|title=Webster's New World College Dictionary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2010|edition=4th|location=Boston}} In the 2018 fifth edition, WNWCD changed the main headword to ''Kyiv'', with ''Kiev'' as a see-also entry with the label "Russ. name for '''Kyiv'''".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiev|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kiev|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113053916/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kiev|url-status=live}} Merriam–Webster's online dictionary entry has the headword "'''Kiev'''" with the label "variants: ''or Ukrainian'' '''Kyiv''' ''or'' '''Kyyiv'''." According to M–W's [https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/explanatory-notes/dict-usage help on entries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811071307/https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/explanatory-notes/dict-usage |date=11 August 2020 }},  the key word ''or'' signals an equal variant spelling: "these the two spellings occur with equal or nearly equal frequency and can be considered equal variants. Both are standard, and either one may be used according to personal inclination."</ref> and it is used for legislative and official acts.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Ukrainian Commission for Legal Terminology|title=Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?|url=http://www.uazone.net/Kiev_Kyiv.html|access-date=15 March 2011|publisher=UA Zone|archive-date=26 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526012255/http://www.uazone.net/Kiev_Kyiv.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kiev'' is the traditional English name for the city,<ref name="collins" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiev|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/kiev|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023014/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kiev|url-status=dead}} The entry includes the usage note "Ukrainian name '''Kyiv'''", and the dictionary has a see-also entry for "Kyiv" cross-referencing this one. The entry text is republished from the print edition of the {{Cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiev|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/kiev|access-date=14 November 2020|website=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online|publisher=Pearson English Language Teaching|archive-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506050832/http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/kiev|url-status=live}}</ref> but because of its historical derivation from the Russian name, ''Kiev'' lost favor with many Western media outlets after the outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2014 in conjunction with the [[KyivNotKiev]] campaign launched by Ukraine to change the way that international media were spelling the city's name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/kyiv-not-kiev-why-spelling-matters-in-ukraines-quest-for-an-independent-identity/ |title=Kyiv not Kiev: Why spelling matters in Ukraine's quest for an independent identity |date=21 October 2019 |publisher=[[The Atlantic Council]] |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200119141129/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/kyiv-not-kiev-why-spelling-matters-in-ukraines-quest-for-an-independent-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Kyiv}}
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|Principality of Kiev|Grand Prince of Kiev}}
The first known humans in the region of Kyiv lived there in the late [[Upper Paleolithic|paleolithic period]] ([[Stone Age]]).<ref name=use>[http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv Kyiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124133700/http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv |date=24 November 2016 }} at [[Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref> The population around Kyiv during the [[Bronze Age]] formed part of the so-called [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture|Trypillian culture]], as evidenced by artifacts from that culture found in the area.<ref>[http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv Kiev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124133700/http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv |date=24 November 2016 }} in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia]]: "Населення періоду мідного віку на тер. К. було носієм т. з. трипільської культури; відомі й знахідки окремих предметів бронзового віку."</ref> During the early [[Iron Age]] certain tribes settled around Kyiv that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with the [[Scythians]] and ancient states of the northern Black Sea coast.<ref name=use/> Findings of Roman coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries suggest trade relations with the eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name=use/> Notable archaeologists of the area around Kyiv include [[Vikentiy Khvoyka]].
===Founding===
Scholars continue to debate when the city was founded: The traditional founding date is 482 CE, so the city celebrated [[1500th anniversary of Kyiv|its 1,500th anniversary]] in 1982. Archaeological data indicates a founding in the sixth or seventh centuries,<ref name="eob">"[https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyiv Kyiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504135716/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317542/Kiev |date=4 May 2015 }}", [[Encyclopedia of Britannica|''Encyclopædia Britannica'']]. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</ref><ref>[[Petro Tolochko]], Glib Ivakin, Yaroslava Vermenych. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyiv_mst Kyiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226013846/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyiv_mst |date=26 February 2022 }}''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.</ref> with some researchers dating the founding as late as the late 9th century.<ref>Rabinovich GA From the history of urban settlements in the eastern Slavs. In the book.: History, culture, folklore and ethnography of the Slavic peoples. M. 1968. 134.</ref>
[[File:Kyi, Czech, Khoryv and Lubed in der Radziwiłłchronik.jpg|thumb|Legendary [[Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv|Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid]] in the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]]]]
There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the city. One tells of members of a Slavic tribe ([[Polans (eastern)|Eastern Polans]]), brothers Kyi (the eldest, after whom the city was named), Shchek, Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, who founded the city (See the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'').<ref name=use/> Another legend states that [[Saint Andrew]] passed through the area in the 1st century. Where the city is now he erected a cross, where a church later was built. Since the [[Middle Ages]] an image of [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] has represented the city as well as the [[Duchy of Kiev|duchy]].
[[File:Pál Vágó (1853-1928) painter The Hungarian at Kiev (1896-99).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hungarians]] at Kyiv in 830 during the times of the [[Rus' Khaganate]]; painting by [[Pál Vágó]] (1853–1928)]]
There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into the city. On the [[Ptolemy's world map|Ptolemy world map]] there are several settlements indicated along the mid-stream of [[Borysthenes]], among which is Azagarium, which some historians believe to be the predecessor to Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWg2ywEACAAJ|title=Римский Киев: или Castrum Azagarium на Киево-Подоле|first=Борис|last=Ерофалов-Пилипчак|date=22 February 2019|publisher=A+C|isbn=9786177765010|via=Google Books|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621175340/https://books.google.com/books/about/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2.html?id=YWg2ywEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, according to the 1773 ''Dictionary of Ancient Geography'' of [[Alexander Macbean]], that settlement corresponds to the modern city of [[Chernobyl]]. Just south of Azagarium, there is another settlement, Amadoca, believed to be the capital of the Amadoci people<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMUBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Amadoca&pg=PA29|title=The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane|first=William|last=Hazlitt|date=22 February 1851|publisher=Whittaker|via=Google Books|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804081050/https://books.google.com/books?id=eMUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Amadoca&source=bl&ots=IlQ3FheTTw&sig=ACfU3U0CbJwExMEZ01bbTNgNHIofesupoQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz0fCGkYjqAhU5RDABHRzPB90Q6AEwEHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Amadoca&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> living in an area between the marshes of Amadoca in the west and the Amadoca mountains in the east.
Another name for Kyiv mentioned in history, the origin of which is not completely clear, is Sambat, which apparently has something to do with the [[Khazar Empire]]. The ''Primary Chronicle'' says the residents of Kyiv told [[Askold and Dir|Askold]] "there were three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and Khoriv. They founded this town and died, and now we are staying and paying taxes to their relatives the Khazars". In ''De Administrando Imperio'', [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] mentions a caravan of small cargo boats which assembled annually, and writes, "They come down the river Dnieper and assemble at the strong-point of Kyiv (Kioava), also called Sambatas".<ref>Sigfús Blöndal. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&dq=de+administrando+imperio+Kioava&pg=PA9 The Varangians of Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625114047/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=de+administrando+imperio+Kioava&source=bl&ots=Wnsq6ePXjd&sig=ACfU3U0q7AqEvpTy7StBDeqXxKsRj5Ee3A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0ooe3rYjqAhVwQjABHfbIBRsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=de%20administrando%20imperio%20Kioava&f=false |date=25 June 2020 }}".</ref>
At least three Arabic-speaking 10th century geographers who traveled the area mention the city of Zānbat as the chief city of the Russes. Among them are ibn Rustah, [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]], and an author of the [[Hudud al-'Alam]]. The texts of those authors were discovered by Russian orientalist [[Alexander Tumansky]]. The etymology of Sambat has been argued by many historians, including [[:ru:Ильинский, Григорий Андреевич|Grigoriy Ilyinsky]], [[Nikolay Karamzin]], [[Jan Potocki]], [[:ru:Ламбин, Николай Петрович|Nikolay Lambin]], [[Joachim Lelewel]], and [[Guðbrandur Vigfússon]].
The Primary Chronicle states that at some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Askold and Dir, who may have been of Viking or Varangian descent, ruled in Kyiv. They were murdered by [[Oleg of Novgorod]] in 882, but some historians, such as [[Omeljan Pritsak]] and [[Constantine Zuckerman]], dispute that, arguing that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s, leaving historical documents such as the [[Kievan Letter]] and [[Schechter Letter]].
Other historians suggest that [[Magyar tribes]] ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some [[Khazars|Khazar]] tribes to the [[Carpathian Basin]]. The Primary Chronicle mentions Hungarians passing near Kyiv. [[Askold's Grave]] was previously known as "[[:ru:Угорское урочище|Uhorske urochyshche]]" (Hungarian place).<ref>[https://pechersk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/mennyu-1.html History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613215705/https://pechersk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/mennyu-1.html |date=13 June 2020 }}. Pechersk Raion in the Kiev City.</ref>
According to the aforementioned scholars the building of the fortress of Kyiv was finished in 840 under the leadership of Keő (Keve), Csák, and Geréb, three brothers, possibly members of the [[Tarján tribe]]. The three names appear in the Kyiv Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv and may be not of Slavic origin, as Russian historians have always struggled to account for their meanings and origins. According to Hungarian historian Viktor Padányi, their names were inserted into the Kyiv Chronicle in the 12th century, and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes.<ref>dr. Viktor Padányi – Dentu-Magyaria p. 325, footnote 15</ref>
[[File:Lebedev baptism.jpg|right|thumb|''The Baptism of Kievans'', a painting by [[Klavdiy Lebedev]]]]
The city of Kyiv stood on the [[trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|trade route between the Varangians and the Greeks]]. In 968 the nomadic [[Pechenegs]] attacked and then [[Siege of Kiev (968)|besieged the city]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs |title= The Pechenegs |access-date= 27 October 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027115640/http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs |archive-date= 27 October 2009|first1= Steven |last1= Lowe |first2= Dmitriy V. |last2= Ryaboy}}</ref> By 1000 CE the city had a population of 45,000.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul M. HOHENBERG|author2=Lynn Hollen Lees|author3=Paul M Hohenberg|title=The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fm0wWa_L80C&pg=PA10|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03873-8|page=10|access-date=13 December 2015|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728201257/http://books.google.com/books?id=-fm0wWa_L80C&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref>
In March 1169, Grand Prince [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] [[Sack of Kiev (1169)|sacked Kyiv]], leaving the old town and the prince's hall in ruins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |year=2006 |title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations |page=42 |url =http://shron.chtyvo.org.ua/Plokhii_Serhii/The_Origins_of_the_Slavic_Nations_Premodern_Identities_in_Russia_Ukraine_and_Belarus__en.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135435/http://shron.chtyvo.org.ua/Plokhii_Serhii/The_Origins_of_the_Slavic_Nations_Premodern_Identities_in_Russia_Ukraine_and_Belarus__en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017|isbn=9780521864039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin |first=Janet L. B. |year=2004 |orig-year=1986 |title=Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=127 |isbn=9780521548113 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511523199}}</ref> He took many pieces of religious artwork - including the ''[[Theotokos of Vladimir]]'' icon - from Vyshhorod.<ref>Janet Martin, ''Medieval Russia:980–1584'', (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 100.</ref> In 1203, Prince [[Rurik Rostislavich]] and his [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] allies captured and burned Kyiv. In the 1230s, the city was besieged and ravaged several times by different Rus princes. The city had not recovered from these attacks when, in 1240, the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion of Rus']], led by [[Batu Khan]], completed the [[Siege of Kyiv (1240)|destruction of Kyiv]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120530043944/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html The Destruction of Kiev], University of Toronto Research Repository</ref>
These events had a profound effect on the future of the city and on the [[Culture of ancient Rus|East Slavic civilization]]. Before Bogolyubsky's pillaging, Kyiv had had a reputation as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 at the beginning of the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Orest Subtelny|title=Ukraine. A History. &#91;Illustr.&#93; (Repr.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1989|publisher=CUP Archive|page=38|access-date=13 December 2015|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614015220/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the early 1320s, a Lithuanian army led by Grand Duke [[Gediminas]] defeated a Slavic army led by [[Stanislav of Kyiv]] at the [[Battle on the Irpen' River]] and conquered the city. The [[Tatars]], who also claimed Kyiv, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kyiv was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay tribute to the [[Golden Horde]]. Finally, as a result of the [[Battle of Blue Waters]] in 1362, [[Algirdas]], Grand Duke of Lithuania, incorporated Kyiv and surrounding areas into the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref>Jones, Michael (2000). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36290-0}}</ref> In 1482, [[Crimean Tatars]] sacked and burned much of Kyiv.<ref>Jerzy Lukowski, W. H. Zawadzki (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC A concise history of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614032901/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC |date=14 June 2020 }}''. Cambridge University Press. p.53. {{ISBN|0-521-61857-6}}</ref> At the time of the Lithuanian rule, the core of the city was located in [[Podil]] and there was a Lithuanian {{ill|Kyiv Castle|uk|Київський замок}} with 18 towers on the [[Zamkova Hora (Kyiv)|Zamkova Hora]] which served as a residence of [[Vladimir Olgerdovich]], [[Grand Prince of Kiev|Grand Prince of Kyiv]], and subsequently of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (e.g. [[Vytautas]]).<ref>{{cite web |title="Ukraina: Lietuvos epocha, 1320–1569" |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/2010-05-03-ukraina-lietuvos-epocha-1320-1569/ |website=[[Bernardinai.lt]] |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=lt |date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230336/https://www.bernardinai.lt/2010-05-03-ukraina-lietuvos-epocha-1320-1569/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Хто побудував київський замок? |url=https://we.org.ua/history/hto-pobuduvav-kyyivskyj-zamok/ |website=Про Україну |access-date=22 October 2023 |language=uk |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101014616/https://we.org.ua/history/hto-pobuduvav-kyyivskyj-zamok/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Старий Київ.jpg|thumb|The 1686 city map of Kyiv ("Kiovia"), fortified [[Podil]] with the "alten" city shown in ruins ("Rudera")]]
With the 1569 [[Union of Lublin]], when the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kyiv region ([[Podolia]], [[Volhynia]], and [[Podlachia]]) were transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], and Kyiv became the capital of [[Kyiv Voivodeship]].<ref>Davies, Norman (1982). ''God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-05351-8}}</ref> The 1658 [[Treaty of Hadiach]] envisaged Kyiv becoming the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Rus' (1658)|Grand Duchy of Rus']] within the [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]],<ref>Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). ''A History of Ukraine'', University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-97580-6}}</ref> but this provision of the treaty never went into operation.<ref>Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева, Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: ''Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.''</ref>
===Russian suzerainty===
Occupied by Russian troops since the 1654 [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], Kyiv became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] from 1667 on the [[Truce of Andrusovo]] and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kyiv have ever been ratified.<ref>[[Eugeniusz Romer]], O wschodniej granicy Polski z przed 1772 r., w: Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Oswalda Balzera, t. II, Lwów 1925, s. [358].</ref> In the [[Russian Empire]], Kyiv was a primary [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Christian centre]], attracting [[pilgrim]]s, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century, the city's commercial importance remained marginal.
[[File:Pic I V Ivasiuk Mykola Bohdan Khmelnytskys Entry to Kyiv.jpg|thumb|''The Entrance of [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] to Kyiv in 1649'' by [[Mykola Ivasyuk]] (1865–1937) depicts events after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] against Polish domination.]]
In 1834, the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv]] after the Ukrainian poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during the Soviet period, became the [[Bogomolets National Medical University]] in 1995.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the [[Imperial Russian Army]] and ecclesiastical authorities dominated city life;{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] had involvement in a significant part of Kyiv's infrastructure and commercial activity. In the late 1840s the historian, [[Mykola Kostomarov]] (Russian: {{transliteration|ru|Nikolai Kostomarov}}), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Saint Cyril]] and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free [[Slavic peoples]] with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the Russian authorities quickly suppressed the society.
Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kyiv experienced growing [[Russification]] in the 19th century, by means of Russian migration, administrative actions, and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century the [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian-speaking]] part of the population dominated the city centre, while the [[Social class|lower classes]] living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian [[folk culture]] to a significant extent.{{Citation needed|date= April 2011}} However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian aristocrats, soldiers, and merchants made attempts to preserve the native culture in Kyiv, by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies, etc.
[[File:Kiev downtown.jpg|thumb|right|Kyiv in the late 19th century]]
During the [[Industrialization in the Russian Empire|Russian industrial revolution]] in the late 19th century, Kyiv became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the [[Dnieper river]]. By 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, with a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities, and notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892, the [[Trams in Kyiv|first electric tram line]] of the Russian Empire started running in Kyiv (the third in the world). Kyiv prospered during the late 19th century [[Industrial Revolution]] in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce in its southwest.
===Soviet era===
In the [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|turbulent period]] following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|1917 Russian Revolution]], Kyiv became the capital of several [[Ukrainian People's Republic|successive Ukrainian states]] and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: [[World War I]], during which German soldiers occupied it from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917 to 1922, and the [[Polish–Soviet War]] of 1919–1921. During the last three months of 1919, Kyiv was intermittently controlled by the [[White Army]]. Kyiv changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920.<ref>{{cite book |title= Walking Since Daybreak|url= https://archive.org/details/walkingsincedayb0000ekst|url-access= registration|last= Eksteins|first= Modris|year= 1999|publisher= [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]]|isbn= 0-618-08231-X|page= [https://archive.org/details/walkingsincedayb0000ekst/page/87 87]}}</ref>
From 1921 to 1991, the city formed part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], which became a founding republic of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1922. The major events that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the [[interwar period]] all affected Kyiv: the 1920s [[Ukrainization]] as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the [[Russophone]] city Ukrainian-speaking and bolstered the development of [[Ukrainian culture|Ukrainian cultural life]] in the city; the [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|Soviet industrialization]] that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre; the [[Holodomor|1932–1933 Great Famine]] devastated the part of the migrant population not registered for ration cards; and [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]] of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's [[intelligentsia]]<ref name="Brama">{{cite web |url= http://www.brama.com/ukraine/history/terror/index.html |title= The Great Purge under Stalin 1937–38 |publisher= brama.com |access-date= 14 January 2010 |archive-date= 24 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100124123256/http://www.brama.com/ukraine/history/terror/index.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Figes">[[Orlando Figes]] ''The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia'', 2007, {{ISBN|0805074619}}, pages 227–315.</ref><ref name="Social Catastrophe">Robert Gellately, ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe'' (Knopf, 2007: {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}}), 720 pages.</ref>
In 1934, Kyiv became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were established, some of which exist today.
[[File:Генплан Києва 1936.jpg|thumb|Until 1936, Kyiv was a city on the west bank of the [[Dnieper]]]]
[[File:Ruined Kiev in WWII.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of Kyiv during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War&nbsp;II]]]]
In [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], the city again suffered significant damage, and [[Nazi Germany]] occupied it from 19 September 1941 to [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|6 November 1943]]. [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces killed or captured more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers in the great encircling [[Battle of Kyiv (1941)|Battle of Kyiv]] in 1941. Most of those captured never returned alive.<ref>Daniel Goldhagen, ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'' (p. 290) – "2.8&nbsp;million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers".</ref> Shortly after the [[Wehrmacht]] occupied the city, a team of [[NKVD]] officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the [[Khreshchatyk]], the main street of the city, where German military and civil authorities had occupied most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.
Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|Jews]] they could find, nearly 34,000,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Babi Yar |website= Jewish Virtual Library |date= 2012 |url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/babiyar.html |access-date= 6 July 2014 |archive-date= 17 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140817044645/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/babiyar.html |url-status= live }}</ref> and massacred them at [[Babi Yar]] in Kyiv on 29 and 30 September 1941.<ref>Andy Dougan, ''Dynamo: Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-Occupied Kiev'' (Globe Pequot, 2004: {{ISBN|1-59228-467-1}}), p. 83.</ref> In the months that followed, thousands more were taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that the Germans murdered [[List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre|more than 100,000 people]] of various ethnic groups, mostly civilians, at Babi Yar during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher= [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|url= https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421|title= Kiev and Babi Yar|website= Holocaust Encyclopedia|access-date= 13 March 2016|archive-date= 23 March 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100323160622/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421|url-status= live}}</ref>
[[File:Kiev 24.7.1990 Ukrainian Flag.JPG|right|upright|thumb|The Ukrainian national flag was raised outside Kyiv's City Hall for the first time on 24 July 1990.]]
Kyiv recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union. The [[Chernobyl disaster|catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] in 1986 occurred only {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the city. However, the prevailing south wind blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kyiv.
===Independence===
In the course of the [[History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)|collapse of the Soviet Union]] the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] proclaimed the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine]] in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the [[Orange Revolution]]. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kyiv became the primary location of [[Euromaidan]]. During the onset of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] attempted to [[Kyiv offensive (2022)|seize Kyiv]] but were [[Battle of Kyiv (2022)|repelled]] by [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukrainian forces]] on the outskirts of the city; Kyiv itself escaped major damage. Following the Russian retreat from the region in April 2022, Kyiv has been subject to frequent [[Kyiv strikes (2022–present)|air strikes]].
==Environment==
{{see also|Kyiv Mountains}}
===Geography===
[[File:Kyiv, Ukraine ESA22370890 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|A [[Copernicus Programme]] [[Sentinel-2]] image of Kyiv and the [[Dnieper]]]]
Geographically, Kyiv is on the border of the [[Polesia]] woodland ecological zone, a part of the European mixed woods area, and the East European [[forest steppe]] [[biome]]. However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. Kyiv is completely surrounded by [[Kyiv Oblast]].
Originally on the west bank, today Kyiv is on both sides of the [[Dnieper]], which flows southwards through the city towards the [[Black Sea]]. The older and higher western part of the city sits on numerous wooded hills ([[Kyiv Mountains|Kyiv Hills]]), with ravines and small rivers. Kyiv's geographical relief contributed to its [[toponym]]s, such as ''Podil'' ("lower"), ''Pechersk'' ("caves"), and ''uzviz'' (a steep street, "descent"). Kyiv is a part of the larger [[Dnieper Upland]] adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper in its mid-flow, and which contributes to the city's elevation change.
The northern outskirts of the city border the [[Polesian Lowland]]. Kyiv expanded into the [[Dnieper Lowland]] on the left bank (''to the east'') as late as the 20th century. The whole portion of Kyiv on the left bank of the Dnieper is generally referred to as the ''Left Bank'' ({{lang|uk|Лівий берег}}, ''Livyi bereh''). Significant areas of the left bank Dnieper valley were artificially sand-deposited, and are protected by dams.
Within the city the Dnieper River forms a branching system of [[tributary|tributaries]], isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city is close to the mouth of the [[Desna River]] and the [[Kyiv Reservoir]] in the north, and the [[Kaniv Reservoir]] in the south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are [[navigation|navigable]] at Kyiv, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freeze-over.
In total, there are 448 bodies of open water within the boundaries of Kyiv, which include the Dnieper itself, its reservoirs, and several small rivers, dozens of lakes and artificially created ponds. They occupy 7949 hectares. Additionally, the city has 16 developed beaches (totalling 140 hectares) and 35 near-water recreational areas (covering more than 1,000 hectares). Many are used for pleasure and recreation, although some of the bodies of water are not suitable for swimming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kyivcity.gov.ua/news/u_kiyevi_bilya_vodoym_vidkrito_32_zoni_dlya_vidpochinku_z_yakikh_12__iz_mozhlivistyu_kupannya/ |website=kyivcity.gov.ua |title=У Києві біля водойм відкрито 32 зони для відпочинку, з яких 12 – із можливістю купання |language=uk |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809002809/https://kyivcity.gov.ua/news/u_kiyevi_bilya_vodoym_vidkrito_32_zoni_dlya_vidpochinku_z_yakikh_12__iz_mozhlivistyu_kupannya/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/06/19/7256376/ |website=pravda.com.ua |title=У Кличка розповіли, де в Києві можна купатися, а де тільки засмагати. Список |language=uk |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624083402/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/06/19/7256376/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to the [[UN]] 2011 evaluation, there were no risks of [[natural disaster]]s in Kyiv and [[Kyiv metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]].<ref name="UN Urban agglomerations types of natural risks">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2011-F23-City_Risk_Natural-Disasters.xls |title=Urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2011 and types of natural risks |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division |date=April 2012 |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006152606/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2011-F23-City_Risk_Natural-Disasters.xls |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref>
===Climate===
Kyiv has a warm-summer [[continental climate|humid continental]] [[climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'').<ref>{{cite journal| last =Kottek| first =M.| author2 =J. Grieser| author3 =C. Beck| author4 =B. Rudolf| author5 =F. Rubel| title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated| journal =Meteorol. Z.| volume =15| pages =259–263| url =http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf| doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130| year =2006| issue =3| bibcode =2006MetZe..15..259K| access-date =24 August 2012| archive-date =5 March 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120305153610/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf| url-status =live |issn=0941-2948}}</ref> The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of {{convert|13.8|to|24.8|C|F}}. The coldest are December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of {{convert|-4.6|to|-1.1|C|F}}. The highest ever temperature recorded in the city was {{convert|39.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 30 July 1936.<ref name=extremes1>{{cite web |url=http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?lang=en&fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv |title=ЦГО Кліматичні дані по м.Києву |website=cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua |publisher=Central Observatory for Geophysics |language=uk |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123950/http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?lang=en&fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=extremes2>{{cite web |url=http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |title=ЦГО Кліматичні рекорди |website=cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua |publisher=Central Observatory for Geophysics |language=uk |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331222524/http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status=live }}</ref>
The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was {{convert|-32.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 11 January 1951.<ref name=extremes1/><ref name=extremes2/> Snow cover usually lies from mid-November to the end of March, with the frost-free period lasting 180 days on average, but surpassing 200 days in some years.<ref name="eob" />
{{Weather box
| location = Kyiv (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 13.2
| Feb record high C = 17.3
| Mar record high C = 25.3
| Apr record high C = 30.2
| May record high C = 33.6
| Jun record high C = 35.5
| Jul record high C = 39.4
| Aug record high C = 39.3
| Sep record high C = 35.7
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 23.2
| Dec record high C = 15.2
| year record high C = 39.4
| Jan high C = -0.8
| Feb high C = 0.7
| Mar high C = 6.5
| Apr high C = 15.0
| May high C = 21.1
| Jun high C = 24.6
| Jul high C = 26.5
| Aug high C = 25.9
| Sep high C = 20.0
| Oct high C = 12.9
| Nov high C = 5.3
| Dec high C = 0.5
| year high C = 13.2
| Jan mean C = −3.2
| Feb mean C = −2.3
| Mar mean C = 2.5
| Apr mean C = 10.0
| May mean C = 15.8
| Jun mean C = 19.5
| Jul mean C = 21.3
| Aug mean C = 20.5
| Sep mean C = 14.9
| Oct mean C = 8.6
| Nov mean C = 2.6
| Dec mean C = -1.8
| year mean C = 9.0
| Jan low C = -5.5
| Feb low C = -5.0
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 5.7
| May low C = 10.9
| Jun low C = 14.8
| Jul low C = 16.7
| Aug low C = 15.7
| Sep low C = 10.6
| Oct low C = 5.1
| Nov low C = 0.4
| Dec low C = -3.9
| year low C = 5.4
| Jan record low C = -31.1
| Feb record low C = -32.2
| Mar record low C = -24.9
| Apr record low C = -10.4
| May record low C = -2.4
| Jun record low C = 2.5
| Jul record low C = 5.8
| Aug record low C = 3.3
| Sep record low C = -2.9
| Oct record low C = -17.8
| Nov record low C = -21.9
| Dec record low C = -30.0
| year record low C = -32.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 38
| Feb precipitation mm = 40
| Mar precipitation mm = 40
| Apr precipitation mm = 42
| May precipitation mm = 65
| Jun precipitation mm = 73
| Jul precipitation mm = 68
| Aug precipitation mm = 56
| Sep precipitation mm = 57
| Oct precipitation mm = 46
| Nov precipitation mm = 46
| Dec precipitation mm = 47
| year precipitation mm = 618
| Jan snow depth cm = 9
| Feb snow depth cm = 11
| Mar snow depth cm = 7
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 2
| Dec snow depth cm = 5
| year snow depth cm =
| Jan rain days = 8
| Feb rain days = 7
| Mar rain days = 9
| Apr rain days = 13
| May rain days = 14
| Jun rain days = 15
| Jul rain days = 14
| Aug rain days = 11
| Sep rain days = 14
| Oct rain days = 12
| Nov rain days = 12
| Dec rain days = 9
| year rain days = 138
| Jan snow days = 17
| Feb snow days = 17
| Mar snow days = 10
| Apr snow days = 2
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0.03
| Oct snow days = 2
| Nov snow days = 9
| Dec snow days = 16
| year snow days = 73
| Jan humidity = 82.7
| Feb humidity = 80.1
| Mar humidity = 74.0
| Apr humidity = 64.3
| May humidity = 62.0
| Jun humidity = 67.5
| Jul humidity = 68.3
| Aug humidity = 66.9
| Sep humidity = 73.5
| Oct humidity = 77.4
| Nov humidity = 84.6
| Dec humidity = 85.6
| year humidity = 73.9
| Jan sun = 42
| Feb sun = 64
| Mar sun = 112
| Apr sun = 162
| May sun = 257
| Jun sun = 273
| Jul sun = 287
| Aug sun = 252
| Sep sun = 189
| Oct sun = 123
| Nov sun = 51
| Dec sun = 31
| year sun =
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 6
| Jun uv = 7
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 6
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net,<ref name="pogoda kyiv">{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191213141910/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33345.htm
| archive-date = 13 December 2019
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33345.htm
| title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Kyiv
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| language = ru}}</ref> Central Observatory for Geophysics (extremes),<ref name=extremes1/><ref name=extremes2/> [[World Meteorological Organization]] (humidity 1981–2010)<ref name=WMOCLINOkyiv>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls
| archive-date = 17 July 2021
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun, 1931–1960)<ref name=KyivDMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date=27 April 2013| url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = Ukraine – Kyiv | page = 332 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ukraine/kiev-climate|title=Kiev, Ukraine – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703190237/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ukraine/kiev-climate|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}
==Legal status, local government and politics==
=== Legal status and local government ===
{{Main|Legal status and local government of Kyiv}}
The municipality of the city of Kyiv has a [[Cities with special status|special legal status]] within Ukraine compared to the other [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|administrative subdivisions of the country]]. The most significant difference is that the city is considered as a region of Ukraine (see [[Regions of Ukraine]]). It is the only city that has double jurisdiction. The Head of [[Chief of Local State Administration (Ukraine)|City State Administration]] – the city's governor – is appointed by the [[president of Ukraine]], while the Head of the City Council – the [[mayor of Kyiv]] – is elected by local popular vote.
The mayor of Kyiv is [[Vitali Klitschko]], who was sworn in on 5 June 2014,<ref name=KKMs5614>[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/208052.html Vitali Klitschko sworn in as mayor of Kyiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202603/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/208052.html |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (5 June 2014)</ref> after he had won the [[2014 Kyiv local election|25 May 2014 Kyiv mayoral elections]] with almost 57% of the votes.<ref name="votecountKMEIU4614">[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207829.html Klitschko officially announced as winner of Kyiv mayor election] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907181110/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207829.html |date=7 September 2020 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (4 June 2014)</ref> Since 25 June 2014, Klitschko is also [[Kyiv City State Administration|Head of Kyiv City Administration]].<ref name="Poroshenko appoints Klitschko head of Kyiv city administration - decree">[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210904.html Poroshenko appoints Klitschko head of Kyiv city administration – decree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704081010/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210904.html |date=4 July 2014 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 June 2014)<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210980.html Poroshenko orders Klitschko to bring title of best European capital back to Kyiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210807/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210980.html |date=14 July 2014 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 June 2014)</ref> Klitschko was last reelected in the [[2020 Kyiv local election]] with 50.52% of the votes, in the first round of the election.<ref name="3131537KlitschkoRE">[https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/3131537-vitali-klitschko-wins-in-first-round-of-kyiv-mayor-election.html Vitali Klitschko wins in first round of Kyiv mayor election] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152400/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/3131537-vitali-klitschko-wins-in-first-round-of-kyiv-mayor-election.html |date=6 November 2020 }}, [[Ukrinform]] (6 November 2020)</ref>
Most key buildings of the national government are along [[Hrushevsky Street (Kyiv)|Hrushevskoho Street]] (''vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho'') and Institute Street (''vulytsia Instytutska''). Hrushevskoho Street is named after the Ukrainian academician, politician, historian, and statesman [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], who wrote an academic book titled: "Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV–XVIII" about the history of [[Bar, Ukraine]].<ref>Hrushevsky, M., Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV–XVIII, St. Vladimir University Publishing House, Bol'shaya-Vasil'kovskaya, Building no. 29–31, Kiev, Ukraine, 1894; Lviv, Ukraine, {{ISBN|5-12-004335-6}}, pp. 1–623, 1996.</ref> That portion of the city is also unofficially known as the government quarter ({{lang|uk|урядовий квартал}}).
The city state administration and council is in the Kyiv City council building on Khreshchatyk Street. The oblast state administration and council is in the oblast council building on ''ploshcha Lesi Ukrainky'' ("Lesya Ukrainka Square").
{{Gallery|title=Government buildings in Kyiv|width=170|height=120|align=center
||The [[Verkhovna Rada building]].
| File:Київ, Будинок уряду України.jpg|The seat of the [[Government of Ukraine|Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]]
| File:Pres-adm-ukraine-2008.jpg|The presidential administration building
| File:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.JPG|The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
| File:Крещатик, 36 (01) - Мэрия.jpg|The seat of Kyiv City State and [[Kyiv City Council|City Council]] on Khreshchatyk Street
}}
===Politics===
{{main|2020 Kyiv local election}}
{{expand section|date=August 2013}}
The growing political and economic role of the city, combined with its international relations, as well as extensive [[Internet in Ukraine|internet and social network penetration]],<ref name="Siumar on Kyiv">{{cite news | url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/05/22/6964965/ | title=Київ: стратегічна позиція чи "чемодан" без ручки? | date=22 May 2012 | agency=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] | access-date=19 August 2013 | author=Сюмар, Вікторія | archive-date=1 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501135627/http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/05/22/6964965/ | url-status=live }}</ref> have made Kyiv the most pro-Western and pro-democracy region of Ukraine; (so called) [[National democratic|National Democratic]] [[political parties in Ukraine|parties]] advocating tighter [[Ukraine–European Union relations|integration with the European Union]] receive most votes during [[Elections in Ukraine|elections]] in Kyiv.<ref name="radiosvoboda.org">{{Cite news|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/24756059.html|title=Виборчі комісії фіксують перемогу опозиційних кандидатів у Києві|newspaper=Радіо Свобода|date=31 October 2012 |access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222143446/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/24756059.html|url-status=live |last1=Свобода |first1=Радіо }}</ref><ref name="Битва за Київ">{{cite news | url=http://kontrakty.ua/article/59790 | script-title=uk:Битва за Київ: чому посада мера вже не потрібна Кличку і чи будуть вибори взагалі | date=19 March 2013 | agency=Kontrakty | access-date=19 August 2013 | language=uk | archive-date=24 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824001327/http://kontrakty.ua/article/59790 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nebozhenko">{{cite web | url=http://gazeta.ua/articles/politics/_u-kozhnogo-kiyanina-v-golovi-dosvid-majdanu-i-ce-golovnij-bil-vsih-predstavnikiv/493982 | script-title=uk:У кожного киянина в голові – досвід Майдану | date=20 April 2013 | access-date=19 August 2013 | language=uk | archive-date=5 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305145530/https://gazeta.ua/articles/politics/_u-kozhnogo-kiyanina-v-golovi-dosvid-majdanu-i-ce-golovnij-bil-vsih-predstavnikiv-vladi-ekspert/493982 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pravda1629">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/ Interactive parliamentary election 2012 result maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229195207/http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/|date=29 December 2012}} by [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.cvk.gov.ua/ Election results in Ukraine since 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203204641/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/|date=3 December 2010}}, [[Central Election Commission of Ukraine]]<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&pg=PA1629 Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614003027/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&pg=PA1629|date=14 June 2020}}, [[ABC-CLIO]], 2008, {{ISBN|1851099077}} (page 1629)<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=cQqr7f9QkngC&pg=PA122 Ukraine on its Meandering Path Between East and West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614021111/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQqr7f9QkngC&pg=PA122|date=14 June 2020}} by Andrej Lushnycky and [[Mykola Riabchuk]], [[Peter Lang (publishing company)|Peter Lang]], 2009, {{ISBN|303911607X}}  (page 122)<br />[http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions|date=17 March 2013}}, [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (7 November 2012)<br />[https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396 Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095344/https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396|date=6 August 2020}} by [[Uwe Backes]] and Patrick Moreau, [[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-525-36912-8}} (page 396)<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126937.html#.UUzMyKnCus0 Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 – CEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031065126/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126937.html#.UUzMyKnCus0|date=31 October 2013}}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (12 November 2012)<br />[https://archive.today/20130420221924/http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/udar-submits-to-rada-resolution-on-ukraines-integration-with-eu/ UDAR submits to Rada resolution on Ukraine's integration with EU], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 January 2013)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/electronic-bulletin-your-choice-2012-issue-4-batkivshchyna/lang/en Electronic Bulletin "Your Choice – 2012". Issue 4: Batkivshchyna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020408/http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/electronic-bulletin-your-choice-2012-issue-4-batkivshchyna/lang/en|date=3 December 2013}}, Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (24 October 2012)<br />[http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=4429 Ukraine's Party System in Transition? The Rise of the Radically Right-Wing All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121637/http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=4429|date=2 February 2014}} by [[Andreas Umland]], Centre for Geopolitical Studies (1 May 2011)<br />{{cite web |title=Вибори-2012. Результати голосування |trans-title= |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825040209/http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/ |archive-date=25 August 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> In a poll conducted by the [[Kyiv International Institute of Sociology]] in the first half of February 2014, 5.3% of those polled in Kyiv believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5.<ref>[http://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=236&page=1 How relations between Ukraine and Russia should look like? Public opinion polls' results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223055352/http://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=236&page=1 |date=23 December 2017 }}, [[Kyiv International Institute of Sociology]] (4 March 2014)</ref>
===Subdivisions===
[[File:View to Kiev.jpg|thumb|A view of the left bank neighbourhoods of Kyiv]]
{{See also|Category:Neighborhoods in Kyiv}}
{{Main|Subdivisions of Kyiv}}
====Traditional subdivision====
[[File:2018-07-15 Dniprovska Embankment, Berezniaky, Kyiv 2.jpg|thumb|The Berezniaky neighbourhood in [[Dniprovskyi District, Kyiv|Dniprovskyi District]]]]
The [[Dnieper River]] naturally divides Kyiv into the Right Bank and the Left Bank areas. Historically on the western right bank of the river, the city expanded into the left bank only in the 20th century. Most of Kyiv's attractions as well as the majority of business and governmental institutions are on the right bank. The eastern "Left Bank" is predominantly residential. There are large industrial and green areas in both the Right Bank and the Left Bank.
Kyiv is further informally divided into historical or territorial neighbourhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants.
{{Panorama
|image=File:Панорама Правого берега.jpg
|fullwidth=14570
|fullheight=2000
|caption={{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Right-Bank Kyiv, where the city centre is located (May 2011)}}
|alt=
|height=210
}}
====Formal subdivision====
[[File:Адміністративний поділ Києва.gif|280px|thumb|The ten [[Subdivisions of Kyiv|districts (raions) of Kyiv]]: {{unbulleted list
|Г&nbsp;– [[Holosiivskyi District]]
|О&nbsp;– [[Obolonskyi District]]
|Печ&nbsp;– [[Pecherskyi District]]
|Под&nbsp;– [[Podilskyi District]]
|Ш&nbsp;– [[Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv|Shevchenkivskyi District]]
|Св&nbsp;– [[Sviatoshynskyi District]]
|Сол&nbsp;– [[Solomianskyi District]]
|Дар&nbsp;– [[Darnytskyi District]]
|Дес&nbsp;– [[Desnianskyi District, Kyiv|Desnianskyi District]]
|Дн&nbsp;– [[Dniprovskyi District, Kyiv|Dniprovskyi District]]
}}]]
The first known formal subdivision of Kyiv dates to 1810 when the city was subdivided into 4 parts: [[Pechersk, Kyiv|Pechersk]], Starokyiv, and the first and the second parts of [[Podil]]. In 1833–1834 according to [[Russian tsar|Tsar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]'s decree, Kyiv was subdivided into 6 police [[raion]]s ([[Urban districts of Ukraine|districts]]); later being increased to 10. In 1917, there were 8 Raion Councils (''Duma''), which were reorganised by [[bolshevik]]s into 6 Party-Territory Raions.
During the Soviet era, as the city was expanding, the number of raions also gradually increased. These newer districts of the city, along with some older areas were then named in honour of prominent communists and socialist-revolutionary figures; however, due to the way in which many communist party members eventually, after a certain period of time, fell out of favour and so were replaced with new, fresher minds, so too did the names of Kyiv's districts change accordingly.
The last district reform took place in 2001 when the number of districts was decreased from 14 to 10.
Under [[Oleksandr Omelchenko]] (mayor from 1999 to 2006), there were further plans for the merger of some districts and revision of their boundaries, and the total number of districts had been planned to be decreased from 10 to 7. With the election of the new mayor-elect ([[Leonid Chernovetskyi]]) in 2006, these plans were shelved.
Each district has its own [[local government|locally elected council]] with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs.<ref name="796003Kyivdistrictcouncils">{{in lang|uk}} [https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/796003.html Elections to Kyiv district councils will take place on October 30 &#91;2022&#93; – the decision of the Kyiv City Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203180827/https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/796003.html |date=3 February 2022 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (3 February 2022)</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Update|section|date=February 2023}}
{{See also|Kyiv metropolitan area}}
[[File:City of Kyiv population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|City of Kyiv population pyramid in 2022]]
According to the official [[Resident registration|registration]] statistics, there were 2,847,200 residents within the city limits of Kyiv in July 2013.<ref name="Kiev statistical report">{{cite web | url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=527 | script-title=uk:Чисельність населення м.Києва | trans-title=Population of Kyiv city | publisher=UkrStat.gov.ua | language=uk | date=1 November 2015 | access-date=9 January 2016 | archive-date=9 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009112619/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=527 | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Historical population===
{{Historical populations
|shading=on
|10xx|100000
|1647|15000
|1666|10000
|1763|42000
|1797|19000
|1835|36500
|1845|50000
|1856|56000
|1865|71300
|1874|127500
|1884|154500
|1897|247700
|1905|450000
|1909|468000
|1912|442000
|1914|626300
|1917|430500
|1919|544000
|1922|366000
|1923|413000
|1926|513000
|1930|578000
|1940|930000
|1943|180000
|1956|991000
|1959|1109840|1970|1631908|1979|2143855|1989|2602754|2001|2611327|2011|2799199|2022|2952301|footnote=at 1 January of years 10xx-1959,<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Vilenchuk|editor-first1=S.R.|editor-last2=Yatsuk|editor-first2=T.B.|title=Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2008|location=Kiev|publisher=Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC|year=2009|page=213|isbn=978-966-8459-28-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kudritskiy|first1=A. V.|title=KIEV entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik|location=Kiev|publisher=Glavnaya redaktsia Ukrainskoy Sovetskoy Entsiklopedii|year=1982|page=30}}</ref> 1959-2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities & Towns of Ukraine|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm}}</ref>
}}
According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|All-Ukrainian Census]], the population of Kyiv in 2001 was 2,611,327.<ref name="population">The most recent [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian census]], conducted on 5 December 2001, gave the population of Kyiv as 2 611 300 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100820175437/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_mkyiv/ Ukrcensus.gov.ua – Kyiv city] Web address accessed on 4 August 2007). Estimates based on the amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) suggest a minimum of 3.5&nbsp;million. "[http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785 There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202214728/http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785 |date=2 December 2008 }}", ''[[Korrespondent]]'', 15 June 2005 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The historic changes in population are shown in the side table. According to the census, some 1,393,000 (53.3%) were female and 1,219,000 (46.7%) were male. Comparing the results with the previous census (1989) shows the trend of [[population ageing]] which, while prevalent throughout the country, is partly offset in Kyiv by the inflow of working age migrants. Some 1,069,700 people had higher or completed secondary education, a significant increase of 21.7% since 1989.
The June 2007 unofficial population estimate based on amount of [[bakery]] products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) gave a number of at least 3.5&nbsp;million people.<ref name="undercounted residents in Kiev">{{cite news | url=http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785 | title=There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev | work=[[Korrespondent]] | date=15 June 2007 | access-date=2 September 2013 | language=ru | archive-date=2 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202214728/http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785 | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Ethnic composition===
Kyiv's ethnic composition has shifted greatly over the last centuries. According to the {{Interlanguage link|1874 Kiev city census|lt=census of March 2, 1874|uk|Київський одноденний перепис (1874)}}, conducted by the local branch of the [[Russian Geographical Society]], there were 127,205 people living in Kyiv. Of these, 80% spoke "[[Russian language|Russian]]," 11% spoke "[[Yiddish|Jewish]]," 6% spoke [[Polish language|Polish]] and 2% spoke [[German language|German]]. Of the "Russian" speakers, 39% were recorded as speaking Little Russian (Ukrainian), which meant that Ukrainian speakers accounted for 30% of the city as a whole. Of the remaining "Russian" speakers, however, there were only 10% who spoke Greater Russian ([[Russian language|Russian]]) and 2% who spoke [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]. The remaining 49% spoke in "generally Russian speech."{{Sfn|Hamm|1993|p=103}} According to the official census of 1897, the number of Great Russian speakers rose to 54%; speakers of Little Russian accounted for 22%. Jewish speakers accounted for 12%, Polish 6.7%.{{Sfn|Hamm|1993|p=103-104}}
By the September 1917 city-census of Kyiv, conducted by the authorities of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], the Ukrainian share of the population had been reduced to only 16%, while Russians now made up a majority at 50%. The [[Kyiv city census (1919)|March 1919 Kyiv city census]], conducted by the Bolshevik authorities, showed an increase in the percentage of the population identifying as Ukrainian to 25%. From then on, the city's Ukrainian population once again began to expand in terms of their share of the population, slowly returning to its former level.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Makaryk |first1=Irene Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC&pg=PA74 |title=Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation |last2=Tkacz |first2=Virlana |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-1-4426-4098-6 |page=74 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425002007/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the [[Soviet Census (1926)|1926 Soviet census]], Ukrainians, at 41.6%, had once again begun to outnumber Russians, who made up 25.5%. By the [[Soviet Census (1959)|1959 Soviet census]], Kyiv was once more a Ukrainian majority city, with 60% of the population identifying as such, the same percentage as in 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kubijovyč |first1=Volodymyr |last2=Pavlovsky |first2=Vadym |last3=Stebelsky |first3=Ihor |last4=Zhukovsky |first4=Arkadii |date=2017 |title=Kyiv |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190745/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to the 2001 census data, more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups reside within the territory of Kyiv. [[Ukrainians]] constitute the largest [[ethnic group]] in Kyiv, accounting for 2,110,800 people, or 82.2% of the population. [[Russians]] comprise 337,300 (13.1%), Jews 17,900 (0.7%), [[Belarusians]] 16,500 (0.6%), [[Polish people|Poles]] 6,900 (0.3%), [[Armenians]] 4,900 (0.2%), [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijanis]] 2,600 (0.1%), Tatars 2,500 (0.1%), [[Georgians]] 2,400 (0.1%), [[Moldovans]] 1,900 (0.1%).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kubijovyč |first1=Volodymyr |last2=Pavlovsky |first2=Vadym |last3=Stebelsky |first3=Ihor |last4=Zhukovsky |first4=Arkadii |title=Kyiv |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190745/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
A 2015 study by the [[International Republican Institute]] found that 94% of Kyiv was ethnic Ukrainian, and 5% ethnic Russian.<ref name="iri1">{{cite journal|title=Ukrainian Municipal Survey, March 2–20 2015|journal=IRI|url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-05-19_ukraine_national_municipal_survey_march_2-20_2015.pdf|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019081334/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-05-19_ukraine_national_municipal_survey_march_2-20_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the city's non-Slav population comprises Tatars, [[Peoples of the Caucasus|South Caucasians]], and other peoples from the [[former Soviet Union]].
=== Language statistics ===
Both Ukrainian and Russian are commonly spoken in the city; approximately 75% of Kyiv's population responded "Ukrainian" to the 2001 census question on their native language, roughly 25% responded "Russian".<ref name="CensusKiev">According to the official [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]] data: {{cite web|title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 {{!}} Результати {{!}} Основні підсумки {{!}} Національний склад населення {{!}} місто Киів|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/city_kyiv/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214013239/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/city_kyiv/|archive-date=14 December 2009|access-date=14 January 2010|publisher=ukrcensus.gov.ua |language=uk}}
{{cite web|title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 {{!}} Результати {{!}} Основні підсумки {{!}} Мовний склад населення {{!}} місто Київ|url=http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125152423/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv|archive-date=25 January 2010|access-date=14 January 2010|publisher=ukrcensus.gov.ua |language=uk}}</ref> According to a 2006 survey, Ukrainian is used at home by 23% of Kyivans, 52% use Russian, and 24% switch between both.<ref name="ZerkaloKiev">"Kiev: the city, its residents, problems of today, wishes for tomorrow", ''[[Zerkalo Nedeli]]'', 29 April – 12 May 2006. [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/596/53322/ in Russian]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217114918/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/596/53322/|date=17 February 2007}}, [http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/596/53322/ in Ukrainian]   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217114918/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/596/53322/|date=17 February 2007}}</ref> In the 2003 sociological survey, when the question "What language do you use in everyday life?" was asked, 52% said "mostly Russian", 32% "both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure", 14% "mostly Ukrainian", and 4.3% "exclusively Ukrainian".<ref>{{cite news|title=What language is spoken in Ukraine?|publisher=Welcome to Ukraine|url=http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171011112630/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032%2F72|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the census of 1897, of Kyiv's approximately 240,000 people approximately 56% of the population spoke the Russian language, 23% spoke the Ukrainian language, 13% spoke Yiddish, 7% spoke Polish and 1% spoke the Belarusian language.<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=533 Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам. г. Киев] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201433/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=533 |date=3 March 2016 }} (in Russian).</ref>
A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that the languages spoken at home in Kyiv were Ukrainian (27%), Russian (32%), and an equal combination of Ukrainian and Russian (40%).<ref name="iri1" />
===Jews===
{{main|History of the Jews in Kyiv}}
The Jews of Kyiv are first mentioned in a 10th-century letter. The Jewish population remained relatively small until the nineteenth century.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/kiev|title=Kiev|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818163132/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11117.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A series of [[pogrom]]s was carried out in 1882, and another in 1905. On the eve of World War I, the city's Jewish population was over 81,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Kiev |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/kiev |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613221401/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/kiev |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1939 there were approximately 224,000 Jews in Kyiv,<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/> some of whom fled the city ahead of the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion]] of the Soviet Union that began in June 1941. On 29 and 30 September 1941, nearly 34,000 Kyivan Jews were massacred at Babi Yar by the Wehrmacht, [[SS]], [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]], and local collaborators.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421|title=Kiev and Babi Yar|encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103133722/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421|archive-date=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1|last=Gutman |first=Israel|publisher=Macmillan|year=1990|pages=133–6}}</ref>
Jews began returning to Kyiv at the end of the war, but experienced another pogrom in September 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=212 |title=State-sponsored Anti-Semitism in Postwar USSR. Studies and Research Perspectives; Antonella Salomoni |date=2 April 2010 |publisher=Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History / Questioni di storia ebraica contemporanea |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164317/http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=212 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, Kyiv's Jewish community numbers about 20,000. There are two major synagogues in the city: the [[Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv)|Great Choral Synagogue]] and the [[Brodsky Choral Synagogue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpeopleworld.com/index.php?dir=site&page=country&subj_cs=4755 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831211002/http://jpeopleworld.com/index.php?dir=site&page=country&subj_cs=4755 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |title=Jewish People Around the World |author=alla levy |access-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Cityscape==
{{See also|Category:Buildings and structures in Kyiv}}
{{Panorama
|image=File:Panorama of Podil.jpg
|fullwidth=5178
|fullheight=982
|caption={{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of [[Podil]], one of Kyiv's central neighborhoods}}
|alt=
|height=250
}}
Modern Kyiv is a mix of the old (Kyiv preserved about 70 percent of more than 1,000 buildings built during 1907–1914)<ref name="Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/109648/ Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204003123/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/109648/ |date=4 February 2012 }}, [[Kyiv Post]] (28 July 2011)</ref> and the new, seen in everything from the architecture to the stores and to the people themselves. When the capital of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] was moved from [[Kharkiv]] to Kyiv many new buildings were commissioned to give the city "the gloss and polish of a capital".<ref name="Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv"/> In the discussions that centered on how to create a showcase city center, the current city center of Khreshchatyk and [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] (Independence Square) were not the obvious choices.<ref name="Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv"/> Some of the early, ultimately not materialised, ideas included a part of Pechersk, [[Lypky]], [[European Square, Kyiv|European Square]], and [[Mykhailivska Square]].<ref name="Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv"/>
The plans of building massive monuments (of [[Vladimir Lenin]] and Stalin) were also abandoned, due to lack of money (in the 1930s–1950s) and because of Kyiv's hilly landscape.<ref name="Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv"/> Experiencing rapid population growth between the 1970s and the mid-1990s, the city has continued its consistent growth after the turn of the millennium. As a result, Kyiv's central districts provide a dotted contrast of new, modern buildings among the pale yellows, blues, and greys of older apartments. [[Urban sprawl]] has gradually reduced, while population densities of suburbs has increased. The most expensive properties are in the Pechersk and Khreshchatyk areas. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in the [[Kharkivskyi Masyv|Kharkivskyi neighborhood]] or [[Obolon Raion|Obolon]] along the Dnieper.
Ukrainian independence at the turn of the millennium has heralded other changes. Western-style residential complexes, modern [[nightclub]]s, classy restaurants and prestigious hotels opened in the centre. And most importantly, with the easing of the visa rules in 2005,<ref>[http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_08_10/europe/ukraine.htm Workpermit.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230163628/http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_08_10/europe/ukraine.htm |date=30 December 2009 }}. Retrieved 30 July 2006.</ref> Ukraine is positioning itself as a prime tourist attraction, with Kyiv, among the other large cities, looking to profit from new opportunities. The centre of Kyiv has been cleaned up and buildings have been restored and redecorated, especially Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Many historic areas of Kyiv, such as [[Andriivskyi Descent]], have become popular street vendor locations, where one can find traditional [[Art of Ukraine|Ukrainian art]], religious items, books, game sets (most commonly [[chess]]) as well as jewellery for sale.<ref>[http://www.kiev.info/shopping/andrey_sp.htm ''Kiev.info''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627025919/http://www.kiev.info/shopping/andrey_sp.htm |date=27 June 2009 }}. Retrieved 20 June 2006.</ref>
At the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009]], Kyiv was the only [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] city to have been inscribed into the TOP30 European Green City Index (placed 30th).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121013202330/http://www.wam.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1259110921211&pagename=WAM%2FWAM_E_Layout&parent=Query&parentid=1135099399852 Kyiv found among greenest cities in Europe], [[United Arab Emirates|Emirates News Agency]] (10 December 2009)</ref>
Kyiv's most famous historical architecture complexes are the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv|St. Sophia Cathedral]] and the [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]] (Monastery of the Caves), which are recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]. Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the [[Mariinskyi Palace]] (designed and constructed from 1745 to 1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches such as [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery|St. Michael's Cathedral]], [[St Andrew's Church, Kyiv|St. Andrew's]], [[St Volodymyr's Cathedral|St. Volodymyr's]], [[St. Cyril's Monastery, Kyiv|St. Cyril's]], the reconstructed [[Golden Gate, Kyiv|Golden Gate]] and others.
One of Kyiv's widely recognized modern landmarks is the highly visible giant [[Mother Ukraine]] statue made of titanium standing at the [[National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War]] on the Right bank of the Dnieper. Other notable sites is the cylindrical Salut hotel, across from Glory Square and the [[eternal flame]] at the World War Two memorial [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Kyiv)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], and the [[House with Chimaeras]].
Among Kyiv's best-known monuments are [[Mikhail Mikeshin]]'s statue of [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] astride his horse near [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev|St. Sophia Cathedral]], the venerated [[Vladimir I of Kiev|Vladimir the Great]] (St. Vladimir), the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|baptizer of Rus']], overlooking the river above Podil from [[Saint Volodymyr Hill]], the monument to Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and Lybid, the legendary founders of the city at the Dnieper embankment. On Independence Square in the city centre, two monuments elevate two of the city protectors; the historic protector of Kyiv Michael Archangel atop a reconstruction of one of the old city's gates and a modern invention, the goddess-protector [[Berehynia]] atop a tall column.
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Architecture and historically significant sites and monuments in Kyiv">
File:Golden Gate Kiev 2018 G1.jpg|Golden Gate
File:Київ, Собор Успенський, Лаврська вул. 9.jpg|Holy Dormition Cathedral
File:St. Sophia's.jpg|St. Sophia Cathedral
File:St. Volodymyr's Cathedral in Kiev.jpg|St. Volodymyr's Cathedral
File:80-391-9007 Kyiv St.Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery RB 18.jpg|St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
File:Pokrova Nunnery Kyiv.JPG|[[Pokrovsky Nunnery|Cathedral of St Nicholas, Pokrovsky Nunnery]]
File:St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kyiv 8.jpg|[[St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kyiv|St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral]]
File:Kyiv, St Andrew church (2).jpg|Saint Andrew's Church
File:Маріїнський палац в Києві.jpg|Mariinskyi Palace
File:National Bank of Ukraine new.jpg|[[National Bank of Ukraine]]
File:Будинок із химерами 4.jpg|"House with Chimaeras"
File:Brodsky Synagogue.jpg|[[Brodsky Synagogue (Kyiv)|Brodsky Choral Synagogue]] – Moorish Revival architecture
</gallery>
==Culture==
{{See also|:Category:Culture in Kyiv}}
[[File:National Opera of Ukraine P1150634.jpg|thumb|180x180px|The [[National Opera House of Ukraine|Kyiv National Opera House]]]]
[[File:Kiev Academic Puppet Theatre (6).jpg|thumb|180px|The [[Kyiv Academic Puppet Theatre]]]]
[[File:Esc 2005 concert on maidan.jpg|thumb|180px|A public concert held on [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] during Kyiv's 2005 Eurovision Song Contest ]]
Kyiv was the historic cultural centre of the [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] civilization and a major cradle for the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus]]. Kyiv retained through centuries its cultural importance and even at times of relative decay, it remained the centre of primary importance of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Its sacred sites of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (the Monastery of the Caves) and the Saint Sophia Cathedral are attracting pilgrims for centuries and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, remaining the primary religious centres as well as major tourist attractions. The above-mentioned sites are also part of the [[Seven Wonders of Ukraine]] collection.
In September 2023, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee placed the Saint Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra on the [[List of World Heritage in Danger]]. According to the committee, although the Ukrainian government has taken action to protect the sites, "optimal conditions are no longer met to fully guarantee the protection of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property and that it is threatened by potential danger due to the war”. The list is protected by the [[World Heritage Convention|1972 UNESCO Convention]], ratified by both Russia and Ukraine. Inclusion on the list is intended to mobilize urgent international support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/unesco-adds-kyiv-lviv-sites-world-heritage-danger|title=Unesco adds sites in Kyiv and Lviv to list of world heritage in danger|first1=Elena|last1=Goukassian|date=15 September 2023|website=The Art Newspaper|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054501/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/unesco-adds-kyiv-lviv-sites-world-heritage-danger|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-un-heritage-war-54620f9e495fe50349cc568c8347ab87|title=UNESCO puts 2 locations in war-ravaged Ukraine on its list of historic sites in danger|first1=Baraa|last1=Anwer|date=September 15, 2023|work=Associated Press News|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054501/https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-un-heritage-war-54620f9e495fe50349cc568c8347ab87|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/|title=World Heritage in Danger|website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705132146/https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kyiv's theatres include the [[National Opera of Ukraine|Kyiv Opera House]], [[Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater]], [[Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater]], the Kyiv [[Puppet|Puppet Theater]], [[October Palace]], [[National Philharmonic of Ukraine]] and others. In 1946 Kyiv had four theatres, one opera house and one concert hall,<ref name=life>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 The Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703060634/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120 |date=3 July 2021 }}, [[Life (magazine)|Life]], 28 October 1946</ref> but most tickets then were allocated to "privileged groups".<ref name=life/>
Other significant cultural centres include the [[Dovzhenko Film Studios]], and the Kyiv Circus. The most important of the [[:Category:Museums in Kyiv|city's many museums]] are the Kyiv State Historical Museum, National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, the [[National Art Museum of Ukraine|National Art Museum]], the [[Museum of Western and Oriental Art]], the [[PinchukArtCentre|Pinchuk Art Centre]] and the National Museum of [[Russian culture|Russian art]].
In 2005, Kyiv hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|50th annual]] [[Eurovision Song Contest]] and in 2017 the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017|62nd annual]] Eurovision Song Contest.
Numerous songs and paintings were dedicated to the city. Some songs became part of Russian, Ukrainian and Jewish folklore. The most popular songs are "[[Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!|How not to love you, Kyiv of mine?]]" and "Kyiv Waltz". Renowned Ukrainian composer [[Oleksandr Bilash]] wrote an operetta called "Legend of Kyiv".
===Attractions===
{{See also|List of public art in Kyiv}}
It is said that one can walk from one end of Kyiv to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. Most characteristic are the [[Aesculus hippocastanum|horse-chestnut]]s ({{lang|uk|каштани}}, {{lang|uk-latn|kashtany}}).
Kyiv is known as a green city with [[M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden|two botanical gardens]] and numerous large and small parks. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is here, which offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper river.
{{multiple image
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Among the numerous islands, Venetsiiskyi (or [[Hydropark in Kyiv|Hydropark]]) is the most developed. It is accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. Other major islands include [[Trukhaniv Island|Trukhaniv]], Muromets, and Dolobetskyi. The Victory Park (''Park Peremohy'') near Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers, and cyclists. Boating, fishing, and water sports are popular pastimes in Kyiv. The area lakes and rivers freeze over in the winter and ice fishermen are a frequent sight, as are children with their ice skates. However, the peak of summer draws out a greater mass of people to the shores for swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures sometimes reaching {{convert|30|to|34|C|F}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
[[File:Vydubychi Monastery 2008(Kiev).JPG|thumb|right|Lilacs in the National Botanical Garden, with the [[Vydubychi Monastery]], Darnytskyi Rail Bridge and left-bank Kyiv visible in the background]]
The centre of Kyiv (Maidan Nezalezhnosti and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party place at night during summer months, with thousands of people having a good time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays. Andriivskyi Descent is one of the best known historic streets and a major tourist attraction in Kyiv. The hill is the site of the Castle of Richard the Lionheart; the baroque-style St Andrew's Church; the home of Kyiv born [[Russian literature|writer]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov Museum|Mikhail Bulgakov]]; the ''monument to [[Yaroslav I the Wise|Yaroslav the Wise]]'', the Grand Prince of Kyiv and of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]]; and numerous other monuments.<ref name="Sights of Kiev">{{cite web |url=http://www.hotels-kiev.com/andreevsky_spusk.htm |title=Andreyevskiy Spusk |access-date=20 June 2006 |work=Hotels-Kiev.com |publisher=Optima Tours |archive-date=1 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901214115/http://www.hotels-kiev.com/andreevsky_spusk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guide.kyiv.ru/ru/city/streets/2005/10/20/107.html |title=Andreevsky spusk |access-date=20 June 2006 |work=Kyiv Guide |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312052631/http://guide.kyiv.ru/ru/city/streets/2005/10/20/107.html |archive-date=12 March 2007 }}</ref>
A wide variety of farm produce is available in many of Kyiv's farmer markets with the [[Bessarabskyi Market]] in the very centre of the city being most famous. Each residential region has its own market, or ''rynok''. Here one will find table after table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, dairy products such as milk and home-made ''smetana'' (sour cream), [[caviar]], cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, and clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products with some markets devoted solely to specific wares such as automobiles, car parts, pets, clothing, flowers, and other things.
At the city's southern outskirts, near the historic [[Pyrohiv]] village, there is an [[Open-air museum|outdoor museum]] officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine. It has an area of {{convert|1.5|km2|sqmi|0}}. This territory houses several "mini-villages" that represent by region the traditional rural architecture of Ukraine.
Kyiv also has numerous recreational attractions like bowling alleys, go-cart tracks, paintball venues, billiard halls and even shooting ranges. The 100-year-old [[Kyiv Zoo]] is on 40 hectares and according to CBC "the zoo has 2,600 animals from 328 species".<ref name=CBCAP>{{cite news|title=Kiev zoo a 'concentration camp for animals'|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kiev-zoo-a-concentration-camp-for-animals-1.1106751|access-date=27 April 2011|newspaper=CBC news|date=23 March 2011|agency=Associated Press|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909000412/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/03/23/kiev-zoo-deaths.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Panorama
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| caption = {{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Mykhailiv Square (central Kyiv). From left to right: the Diplomatic Academy, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (behind the monument to Princess Olga) and [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]].}}
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===Museums and galleries===
{{See also|Museums in Kyiv}}
[[File:Національний музей історії України, 2015 р..jpg|thumb|The [[National Historical Museum of Ukraine]]]]
Kyiv is home to some 40 different museums.<ref name="CULKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=534|title=Culture and Arts|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201085912/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=534|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 they recorded a total of 4.3&nbsp;million visits.<ref name="CULKSO"/>
The National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War is a memorial complex commemorating the Eastern Front of World War II in the hills on the [[Subdivisions of Kyiv#Historical neighborhoods|right-bank]] of the Dnieper in [[Pechersk Raion|Pechersk]]. [[Kyiv fortress]] is the 19th-century [[fortification]] buildings situated in [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] capital Kyiv, that once belonged to [[western Russian fortresses]]. These structures (once a united complex) were built in the Pechersk and neighbourhoods by the Russian army.
Some of the buildings are restored and turned into a museum called the [[Kyiv Fortress]], while others are in use in various military and commercial installations. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is a museum dedicated to Ukrainian art. The Golden Gate is a historic gateway in the ancient city's walls. The name ''Zoloti Vorota'' (Golden Gate) is also used for a nearby theatre and [[Zoloti Vorota (Kyiv Metro)|a station]] of the [[Kyiv Metro]]. The small [[Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum]] acts as both a memorial and historical center devoted to the events surrounding the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and its effect on the Ukrainian people, the environment, and subsequent attitudes toward the safety of [[nuclear power]] as a whole.
===Sports===
{{See also|Category:Sport in Kyiv}}
[[File:Пробіг під каштанами (2011). Старт..jpg|right|thumb|The annual {{convert|5.5|km|mi|1|adj=mid|abbr=off}} "Run under the Chestnuts" is a popular public sporting event in Kyiv, with hundreds taking part every year.]]
Kyiv has many professional and amateur football clubs, including [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], [[FC Arsenal Kyiv|Arsenal Kyiv]] and [[FC Obolon Kyiv]] but only Dynamo Kyiv play in the [[Ukrainian Premier League]]. Of these three, Dynamo Kyiv has had the most success over the course of its history. For example, up until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the club won 13 [[Soviet Top League|USSR Championships]], 9 [[USSR Cup]]s, and 3 [[USSR Super Cup]]s, thus making Dynamo the most successful club in the history of the Soviet Top League.<ref name=trophy>[http://www.fcdynamo.kiev.ua/en/trophy Trophies of Dynamo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018191534/http://www.fcdynamo.kiev.ua/en/trophy |date=18 October 2011 }} – Official website of Dynamo Kyiv</ref>
Other prominent non-football sport clubs in the city include: the [[Sokil Kyiv]] ice hockey club and [[BC Budivelnyk]] basketball club. Both of these teams play in the highest Ukrainian leagues for their respective sports. Budivelnyk was founded in 1945, Sokil was founded in 1963, during the existence of the Soviet Union. Both these teams play their home games at the [[Palace of Sports (Kyiv)|Kyiv Palace of Sports]].
[[File:Kyiv NSC Olimpiyskyi 5.jpg|thumb|[[Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex]]]]
During the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] held in the Soviet Union, Kyiv held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament at its [[Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex|Olympic Stadium]], which was reconstructed specially for the event. From 1 December 2008, the stadium underwent a full-scale reconstruction in order to satisfy standards put in place by [[UEFA]] for hosting the [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]] football tournament; the opening ceremony took place in the presence of president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] on 8 October 2011,<ref name=YanuBOO>{{cite news |title=Kyiv opens host stadium for Euro 2012 final |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/114397/ |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=9 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022164516/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/114397/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 }}</ref> with the first major event being a [[Shakira]] concert which was specially planned to coincide with the stadium's re-opening during Euro 2012. Other notable sport stadiums/sport complexes in Kyiv include the [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium]], the [[Palace of Sports, Kyiv|Palace of Sports]], among many others.
Most Ukrainian national teams play their home international matches in Kyiv. The [[Ukraine national football team]], for example, will play matches at the re-constructed Olympic Stadium from 2011.
===Tourism===
{{See also|Category:Tourist attractions in Kyiv}}
Since introducing a visa-free regime for EU-member states and Switzerland in 2005, Ukraine has seen a steady increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/tyr/tyr_u/potoki2006_u.htm |title=Туристичні потоки |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805211848/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/tyr/tyr_u/potoki2006_u.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the [[2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis]], the average annual growth in the number of foreign visits in Kyiv was 23% over a three-year period.<ref name="touristsstat">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=538|title=Головне управління статистики м.Києва – Туристичні потоки|publisher=kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014231723/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=538|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, a total of 1.6&nbsp;million tourists stayed in Kyiv hotels, of whom almost 259,000 ({{circa}} 16%) were foreigners.<ref name="touristsstat"/>
After UEFA Euro 2012, the city became the most popular destination for European tourists. A record number of 1.8 million foreign tourists was registered then along with about 2.5 million domestic tourists. More than 850,000 foreign tourists visited Kyiv in the first half of 2018, as compared to 660,000 tourists over the same period in 2013. As of 2018, the hotel occupancy rate from May to September averages 45–50%. Hostels and three-star hotels are approximately 90% full, four-star hotels 65–70%. Six five-star hotels average 50–55% occupancy. Ordinary tourists generally come from May to October, and business tourists from September to May.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unian.info/kyiv/10240080-number-of-foreign-tourists-in-kyiv-growing-city-official.html |title=Number of foreign tourists in Kyiv growing |website=www.unian.info |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030063845/https://www.unian.info/kyiv/10240080-number-of-foreign-tourists-in-kyiv-growing-city-official.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===City anthem===
In 2014, the Kyiv city's council established the city's anthem.<ref name=anthem>[http://kyiv.pravda.com.ua/news/5464ecc6c3e17/ The Kyiv council approved the Kyiv city anthem (Київрада затвердила гімн Києва)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203233229/http://kyiv.pravda.com.ua/news/5464ecc6c3e17/ |date=3 December 2020 }}. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 13 November 2014</ref> It became a 1962 song, "[[Yak tebe ne liubyty, Kyieve mii!]]"<ref name=anthem/> ({{lang|uk|Як тебе не любити, Києве мій!}}, roughly "How can I not love you, Kyiv of mine!").
===City symbols===
The [[horse chestnut tree]] is one of the symbols of Kyiv.<ref name="7253616chestnutKyivD">[https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2020/05/29/7253616/ "Thujoy Khreshchatyk". Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605155457/https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2020/05/29/7253616/ |date=5 June 2020 }}, [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (29 May 2019) {{in lang|uk}}</ref> It was heavily present on the [[Coat of arms of Kyiv|city's coat of arms]] used from 1969 to 1995.<ref name="7253616chestnutKyivD"/>
==Economy==
{{See also|:Category:Economy of Kyiv|Economy of Ukraine}}
[[File:Крещатик 38 дробь 2 Киев 2012 01.JPG|thumb|The TsUM [[department store]]]]
As with most [[Capital city|capital cities]], Kyiv is a major administrative, cultural, and scientific centre of the country. It is the largest city in Ukraine in terms of both population and area and enjoys the highest levels of business activity. On 1 January 2010, there were around 238,000 [[list of company registers#Ukraine|business entities]] registered in Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Vilenchuk|editor-first1=R. G.|editor-last2=Mashkova|editor-first2=L. O.|title=Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2009|location=Kyiv|publisher=Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC|year=2010|page=58|isbn=978-966-8459-28-3}}</ref>
Official figures show that between 2004 and 2008 Kyiv's economy outstripped the rest of the country's, growing by an annual average of 11.5%.<ref name="GDPKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=425|title=Gross Regional Product|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201074952/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=425|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GDPSSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|title=Gross Domestic Product|publisher=State Statistics Committee|language=uk|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112523/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Great Recession]], Kyiv's economy suffered a severe setback in 2009 with [[gross regional product]] contracting by 13.5% in real terms.<ref name="GDPKSO"/> Although a record high, the decline in activity was 1.6 [[percentage points]] smaller than that for the country as a whole.<ref name="GDPSSC"/> The economy in Kyiv, as in the rest of Ukraine, recovered somewhat in 2010 and 2011. Kyiv is a middle-income city, with prices comparable to many mid-size American cities (i.e., considerably lower than Western Europe).
Because the city has a large and diverse economic base and is not dependent on any single industry or company, its unemployment rate has historically been relatively low – only 3.75% over 2005–2008.<ref name="JOBKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512|title=Labour Market|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014011658/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512|url-status=live}}</ref> Indeed, even as the rate of joblessness jumped to 7.1% in 2009, it remained far below the national average of 9.6%.<ref name="JOBKSO"/><ref name="JOBSSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|title=Labour Market|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112523/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|url-status=live}}</ref>
As of January 2022, the average monthly salary in Kyiv reached 21,347 [[Ukrainian hryvnia|UAH]] (€540) gross and 17,184 UAH (€430) net.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uteka.ua/calculator/salary-calculator|title=Калькулятор зарплаты|website=uteka.ua|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072156/https://uteka.ua/calculator/salary-calculator|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Средняя зарплата в Украине [2019] ᐈ Средняя зарплата в Киеве и регионах|url=https://index.minfin.com.ua/labour/salary/average/|website=index.minfin.com.ua|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210214021/https://index.minfin.com.ua/labour/salary/average/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=21347&From=UAH&To=EUR|title=Convert 21,347 Ukrainian Hryvnia to Euro – UAH to EUR Exchange Rates &#124; Xe|access-date=25 February 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083618/https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=26759&From=UAH&To=EUR|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kyiv is the undisputed center of business and commerce of Ukraine and home to the country's largest companies, such as [[Naftogaz|Naftogaz Ukrainy]], [[Energorynok]] and [[Kyivstar]]. In 2010, the city accounted for 18% of national [[retail sales]] and 24% of all construction activity.<ref name="RSKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1081|title=Retail Sales|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201081022/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1081|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RSSSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|title=Retail Sales|publisher=State Statistics Committee|language=uk|access-date=22 January 2011|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112523/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CWKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1000|title=Construction Works|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013125636/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1000|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CWSSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|title=Construction Works|publisher=State Statistics Committee|language=uk|access-date=22 January 2011|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112523/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|url-status=live}}</ref> Real estate is one of the major forces in Kyiv's economy. Average prices of [[apartments]] are the highest in the country and among the highest in eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Ukraine/square-meter-prices |title=Square Metre Prices in Ukraine |publisher=Global Property Guide |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085532/http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Ukraine/square-meter-prices |url-status=live }}</ref> Kyiv also ranks high in terms of [[commercial real estate]] and has Ukraine's tallest [[office building]]s (such as [[Gulliver (building)|Gulliver]] and [[Parus Business Centre|Parus]]) and some of Ukraine's biggest shopping malls (such as [[Dream Town]] and [[Ocean Plaza]]).
In May 2011, Kyiv authorities presented a 15-year development strategy which calls for attracting as much as EUR82&nbsp;billion of [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] by 2025 to modernize the city's transport and utilities infrastructure and make it more attractive for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Santarovich|first=Andrey|title=Kyiv Development Strategy Calls for EUR82&nbsp;billion in foreign investment|publisher=Business Information Network|date=27 May 2011|language=ru|url=http://bin.ua/news/regional/capital/115757-strategiya-razvitiya-kieva-predpolagaet.html|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319093137/http://bin.ua/news/regional/capital/115757-strategiya-razvitiya-kieva-predpolagaet.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+Historical economic data
|-
!
! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013
|-
|[[Nominal GDP|Nominal]] [[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] (UAH [[1000000000 (number)|bn]])<ref name="GDPKSO"/> ||61.4 ||77.1 ||95.3 ||135.9 ||169.6 ||169.5 ||196.6 ||223.8 ||275.7 ||
|-
|Nominal GRP (USD bn)**<ref name="GDPKSO"/><ref name="SBNBU">{{cite web|url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/files/stat.pdf|title=Statistical Bulletin (May 2012)|publisher=National Bank of Ukraine|language=uk|access-date=3 July 2012|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708204014/http://www.bank.gov.ua/files/stat.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ||11.5 ||15.0 ||18.9 ||26.9 ||32.2 ||21.8 ||24.8 ||28.0 ||34.5 ||
|-
|Nominal GRP per capita (USD)**<ref name="GDPKSO"/><ref name="SBNBU"/> ||4,348 ||5,616 ||6,972 ||9,860 ||11,693 ||7,841 ||8,875 ||10,007 ||12,192||13,687
|-
|Monthly wage (USD)**<ref name="SBNBU"/><ref name="AWKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=505|title=Average Monthly Wage Dynamics|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201082108/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=505|url-status=live}}</ref>
||182 ||259 ||342 ||455 ||584 ||406 ||432 ||504 ||577 ||
|-
|[[Unemployment rate]] (%)***<ref name="LMKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512|title=Labour Market Indicators|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014011658/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512|url-status=live}}</ref> ||n/a ||4.6 ||3.8 ||3.3 ||3.3 ||7.1 ||6.4 ||6.1 ||6.0 ||5.7
|-
|Retail sales (UAH bn)<ref name="RSKSO"/> ||n/a ||n/a ||n/a ||34.87 ||46.50 ||42.79 ||50.09 ||62.80 ||73.00 ||77.14
|-
|Retail sales (USD bn)<ref name="RSKSO"/><ref name="SBNBU"/> ||n/a ||n/a ||n/a ||6.90 ||8.83 ||5.49 ||6.31 ||7.88 ||9.14 ||9.65
|-
|Foreign direct investment (USD bn)<ref name="FDIKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=477|title=Foreign Direct Investment|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201083649/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=477|url-status=live}}</ref> ||2.1 ||3.0 ||4.8 ||7.0 ||11.7 ||16.8 ||19.2 ||21.8 ||24.9 ||27.3
|}
<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> – data not available;</small>
<small><nowiki>**</nowiki> – calculated at annual average official exchange rate;</small>
<small><nowiki>***</nowiki> – [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] methodology (% of [[workforce]]).</small>
===Industry===
Primary [[Industry (economics)|industries]] in Kyiv include [[public utility|utilities]] – i.e., electricity, gas and water supply (26% of total [[Output (economics)|industrial output]]), manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco products (22%), [[chemical industry|chemical]] (17%), [[mechanical engineering]] (13%) and manufacture of paper and paper products, including publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (11%).<ref name="IPKSO">{{cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1002|title=Industrial Production by Economic Activity|publisher=Kyiv Statistics Office|language=uk|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014033130/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1002|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Institute of Oil Transportation]] is headquartered here.
===Manufacture===
[[File:Antonov An-124-100M Ruslan, Antonov Design Bureau AN2177099.jpg|thumb|The [[Antonov An-124 Ruslan|An-124]], the largest aircraft ever mass-produced, designed by [[Antonov]] in Kyiv]]
* [[Kuznia na Rybalskomu]], naval production
* [[Antonov Serial Production Plant]] (former Aviant), airplanes manufacturing
* [[Aeros]], small aircraft production
* [[Kyiv Roshen Factory]], confectionery
* [[Arsenal Factory|Kyiv Arsenal]] (former arms manufacturer), specializes in production of optic-precision instruments
* [[Obolon (company)|Obolon]], brewery
* [[Kyiv Aircraft Repair Plant 410]], repair factory at [[Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)|Zhuliany Airport]]
==Education and science==
{{See also|:Category:Education in Kyiv}}
===Scientific research===
[[File:Владимирская 54 Киев 2010 01.JPG|thumb|right|The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is based in Kyiv.]]
Scientific research is conducted in many institutes of higher education and, additionally, in many [[research institute]]s affiliated with the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]]. Kyiv is home to [[Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine|Ukraine's ministry of education and science]], and is also noted for its contributions to medical and computer science research.
In 2016, UNIT Factory (Ukrainian National IT Factory) opened. It offers a completely new format of IT education. The education is completely free for all trainees subject to compliance with the terms of the program. Within this project are the Technology Companies' Development Center (TCDC), BIONIC University open inter-corporate IT-university, as well as two hi-tech laboratories—VR Lab (Crytek) and Smart City lab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kfund.ua/en/unit-factory-a-key-element-of-the-future-innovation-park-opened-in-kyiv/ |title=UNIT Factory, a key element of the future innovation park, opened in Kyiv |date=16 November 2016 |website=kfund.ua |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803065209/http://kfund.ua/en/unit-factory-a-key-element-of-the-future-innovation-park-opened-in-kyiv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===University education===
[[File:Universidad Roja de Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|National Taras Shevchenko University]]
Kyiv hosts many universities, the major ones being [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University]],<ref>See also: [http://www.univ.kiev.ua/ Kyiv University official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185903/http://www.univ.kiev.ua/ |date=10 September 2017 }}. Retrieved 28 July 2006.</ref> the [[Kyiv Polytechnic Institute|National Technical University "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"]],<ref>See also: [https://kpi.ua/ KPI official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513004654/https://kpi.ua/ |date=13 May 2019 }}</ref> [[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kyiv-Mohyla Academy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukma.edu.ua/eng/ |title=National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201163008/https://www.ukma.edu.ua/eng/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics]]. Of these, the Mohyla Academy is the oldest, founded as a theological school in 1632, but Shevchenko University, founded in 1834, is the oldest in continuous operation. The total number of institutions of higher education in Kyiv approaches 200,<ref>See also: [http://www.osvita.org.ua/highedu/?cmd=search&HS%5breg%5d=2&HS%5bp_i%5d=5&HS%5bbutton%5d=go Osvita.org URL accessed on 20 June 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130085833/http://www.osvita.org.ua/highedu/?cmd=search&HS%5breg%5d=2&HS%5bp_i%5d=5&HS%5bbutton%5d=go |date=30 January 2009 }}</ref> allowing young people to pursue almost any line of study. While education traditionally remains largely in the hands of the state there are several accredited private institutions in the city.
===Secondary education===
There are about 530 general secondary schools and about 680 nursery schools and [[kindergarten]]s in Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Vilenchuk|editor-first1=S. R.|editor-last2=Yatsuk|editor-first2=T.B.|title=Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2008|location=Kyiv|publisher=Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC|year=2009|page=283|isbn=978-966-8459-28-3}}</ref> Additionally, there are evening schools for adults, specialist technical schools, and the [[Evangel Theological Seminary]].
===Public libraries===
There are many libraries in the city, with the [[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine|Vernadsky National Library]], which is Ukraine's main [[academic library]] and scientific [[information centre]], as well as one of the world's largest [[national library|national libraries]], being the largest and most important one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/eng/ |title=The Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine |publisher=Nbuv.gov.ua |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330162634/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/eng/ |archive-date=30 March 2010 }}</ref> The National Library is affiliated with the Academy of Sciences in so far as it is a [[deposit library]] and thus serves as the academy's archives' store. The national library is the world's foremost repository of [[Jewish music|Jewish folk music]] recorded on [[Phonograph cylinder|Edison wax cylinders]]. Their Collection of Jewish Musical Folklore (1912–1947) was inscribed on UNESCO's [[Memory of the World Register]] in 2005.<ref name=mow>{{cite web |title= Collection of Jewish Musical Folklore (1912–1947) |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23132&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080623175517/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23132%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 23 June 2008 |date= 16 May 2008 |publisher= UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date= 14 December 2009}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{main|Transport in Kyiv}}
====Local public transport====
[[File:ЕлектроЛАЗ-301 фото 2.jpg|thumb|Trolleybus ElektroLAZ-301 at Sofia Square, passing by the statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]
Local public transportation in Kyiv includes the Metro, buses and [[marshrutka|minibuses]], [[trolleybus]]es, [[tram]]s, [[Taxicab|taxi]] and [[Kyiv Funicular|funicular]]. There is also an [[Kyiv Urban Electric Train|intra-city ring railway service]].
The publicly owned and operated Kyiv Metro is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city. The Metro is expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, having three lines with a total length of {{convert|66.1|km|abbr=off}} and 51 stations (some of which are renowned architectural landmarks). The Metro carries around 1.422 million passengers daily<ref name="update">{{Cite web|url=http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=2257|title=Головне управління статистики м.Києва – Пасажирські перевезення АРХІВ 2011 року|website=kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201091103/http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=2257|url-status=live}}</ref> accounting for 38% of the Kyiv's public transport load. In 2011, the total number of trips exceeded 519 million.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
The historic tram system was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire and the third one in Europe after the [[Trams in Berlin|Berlin Straßembahn]] and the [[Budapest]] tramway. The tram system consists of {{convert|139.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} of track,<ref>For a 2004 plan of the Kyiv tram, please see [http://www.mashke.org/kievtram/history/schemes/2004/2004-tram.jpg mashke.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194057/http://www.mashke.org/kievtram/history/schemes/2004/2004-tram.jpg |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> including {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} two [[Kyiv Light Rail|Rapid Tram]] lines, served by 21 routes with the use of 523 tram cars. Once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, the system is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.
The Kyiv Funicular was constructed during 1902–1905. It connects the historic [[Old Kyiv|Uppertown]], and the lower commercial neighborhood of [[Podil]] through the steep Saint Volodymyr Hill overseeing the Dnieper River. The line consists of two stations.
All public road transport (except for some minibuses) is operated by the united [[Kyivpastrans]] municipal company. It is heavily subsidized by the city.
The Kyiv public transport system, except for taxi, uses a simple [[flat rate]] tariff system regardless of distance traveled: tickets or tokens must be purchased each time a vehicle is boarded. [[Digital ticket]] system is already established in Kyiv Metro, with plans for other transport modes. The cost of one ride is far lower than in Western Europe.
The taxi market in Kyiv is expansive but not regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated. There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Золоті Ворота.jpg|[[Zoloti Vorota (Kyiv Metro)|Zoloti Vorota Metro Station Central Hall]]|thumb]]
====Roads and bridges====
Kyiv represents the focal point of Ukraine's "national roads" system, thus linked by road to all cities of the country. [[international E-road network|European route]]s [[File:Tabliczka E40.svg|35px|link=European route E40]], [[File:Tabliczka E95.svg|35px|link=European route E95]] and [[File:Tabliczka E373.svg|35px|link=European route E373]] intersect in Kyiv.
There are eight Dnieper bridges and dozens of [[grade separation|grade-separated]] intersections in the city. Several new intersections are under construction. There are plans to build a full-size, fully grade-separated [[ring road]] around Kyiv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fakty.ua/140163-masshtabnoe-stroitelstvo |title=Азаров дал добро на строительство кольцевой дороги вокруг Киева – Газета "ФАКТЫ и комментарии" |publisher=Fakty.ua |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019081338/http://fakty.ua/140163-masshtabnoe-stroitelstvo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/251194.html |title=Вторая кольцевая дорога вокруг Киева обойдется в $5-5,5 млрд. – Последние новости Киева – Однако в направлении окружной дороги уже вся земля выкуплена {{pipe}} СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005113158/https://kiev.segodnya.ua/kiev/kpower/vtoraja-koltsevaja-doroha-vokruh-kieva-obojdetcja-v-5-5-5-mlrd-59823.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/1259650-azarov-prognoziruet-nachalo-stroitelstva-vtoroj-kolcevoj-dorogi-vokrug-kieva-v-2012-godu |title=Азаров прогнозирует начало строительства второй кольцевой дороги вокруг Киева в 2012 году {{pipe}} Новости Киева |publisher=Korrespondent.net |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019092254/http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/1259650-azarov-prognoziruet-nachalo-stroitelstva-vtoroj-kolcevoj-dorogi-vokrug-kieva-v-2012-godu |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2009, Kyiv's roads were in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.<ref>[http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203506.html Kyiv Administration: Roads Are In Poor Technical State Because They Have Reached End Of Their Service Lives And Annual Maintenance Volume Is Low] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616154750/http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203506.html |date=16 June 2009 }}, [[Ukrainian News Agency]] (12 June 2009)</ref>
[[Traffic congestion|Traffic jam]]s and lack of parking space are growing problems for all road transport services in Kyiv.
[[File:Boryspil International Airport Kyiv.jpg|thumb|[[Boryspil International Airport]]]]
====Air transport====
Kyiv is served by two international passenger airports: the [[Boryspil International Airport|Boryspil Airport]] {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} away, and the smaller, municipally owned [[Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)|Zhuliany Airport]] on the southern outskirts of the city. There are also the [[Hostomel Airport|Hostomel cargo airport]] and additional three operating [[airfield]]s facilitating the [[Antonov|Antonov aircraft manufacturing company]] and [[general aviation]].
====Railways====
[[File:Київ-Пасажирський DSC 5417.jpg|thumb|[[Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi railway station|Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi Railway Station]]]]
Railways are Kyiv's main mode of intracity- and suburban transportation. The city has a developed railroad infrastructure including a long-distance passenger station, 6 cargo stations, depots, and repairing facilities. However, this system still fails to meet the demand for passenger service. Particularly, the [[Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi railway station]] is the city's only long-distance passenger terminal (''vokzal'').
Construction is underway for turning the large [[Darnytsia railway station]] on the left-bank part of Kyiv into a long-distance passenger hub, which may ease traffic at the central station.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.archunion.com.ua/proekt-new-006.shtml Archunion.com.ua] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206120010/http://www.archunion.com.ua/proekt-new-006.shtml |date=6 February 2007 }}. Retrieved 20 June 2006.</ref> [[Bridges in Kyiv|Bridges over the Dnieper River]] are another problem restricting the development of city's railway system. Presently, only one rail bridge out of two is available for intense train traffic. A new combined rail-auto bridge is under construction, as a part of Darnytsia project.
In 2011, the Kyiv city administration established the new Urban Train for Kyiv. This service runs at standard 4- to 10-minute intervals throughout the day and follows a circular route around the city centre, which allows it to serve many of Kyiv's inner suburbs. Interchanges between the Kyiv Metro and Fast Tram exist at many of the urban train's station stops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ua.rian.ru/economy/20111004/78875513.html |title=Азаров запустил в Киеве городскую электричку {{pipe}} Экономика {{pipe}} РИА Новости – Украина |publisher=Ua.rian.ru |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083357/http://ua.rian.ru/economy/20111004/78875513.html |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>
Suburban 'Kyiv City Express' trains (colloquially known as ''[[Elektrichka|elektrychka]]'') are serviced by the publicly owned [[Ukrainian Railways]]. The suburban train service is fast, and unbeatably safe in terms of traffic accidents. But the trains are not reliable, as they may fall significantly behind schedule, may not be safe in terms of crime, and the ''elektrychka'' cars are poorly maintained and overcrowded in [[rush hour]]s.
There are nine ''elektrychka'' directions from Kyiv:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Мапа сполучень |url=https://kyivcityexpress.uz.gov.ua/map.html |website=Kyiv City Express |language=uk |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604142404/https://kyivcityexpress.uz.gov.ua/map.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bila Tserkva]] – [[Uzyn]]
* [[Fastiv]]
* [[Klavdiievo-Tarasove|Klavdiievo]]
* [[Myronivka]] – [[Bohuslav]]
* [[Nizhyn]]
* [[Ukrainka, Kyiv Oblast|Ukrainka]]
* [[Vasylkiv]]
* [[Vyshhorod]]
* [[Yahotyn]]
More than a dozen of ''elektrychka'' stops are within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.
===Energy===
{{ill|DTEK Kyiv Electric Networks|uk|ДТЕК Київські електромережі}} (formerly Kyivenergo) is the electric power [[distribution network operator]] for Kyiv, owned by oligarch [[Rinat Akhmetov]]. {{As of|2021}} it had:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtek-kem.com.ua/ua/about |title=Наша компанія ДТЕК Київські електромереж |accessdate=12 August 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303172217/https://www.dtek-kem.com.ua/ua/about }}</ref>
[[File:TEC-5(low).jpg|thumb|CHP-5 ({{lang|uk|ТЕЦ-5}}) is the largest and most powerful [[cogeneration|combined heat and power]] plant in Ukraine.]]
* 12,038&nbsp;km of power transmission lines with a voltage of 0.4–110 kV
* 64 [[electrical substation|substation]]s with a voltage of 35–110 kV
* 243 [[switchgear]]s and 3728 [[transformer substation]]s at 10 kV
{{ill|Kyivteploenergo|uk|Київтеплоенерго}} operates a centralized heating system, which provides heating and hot water to customers through a network of pipes that distribute hot water from centralized heating plants to buildings throughout the city. It operates a 2700&nbsp;km network, two of the largest [[cogeneration|combined heat and power]] plants in Ukraine CHP-5 and CHP-6, as well as the only [[waste incineration]] plant {{ill|Energia (plant)|uk|Завод «Енергія»}} operating in Ukraine.
In line with the EU [[Third Energy Package]], since 2019 state energy policy abandoned the [[Rotterdam plus]] system and has required transmission system operator (TSO) and regional utilities unbundling in order to separate electricity distribution and retail electricity supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine electricity generation: Investment opportunities |date=2018 |url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ua-ko/brd/m_20839/down.do?brd_id=20145&seq=101&data_tp=A&file_seq=3 |accessdate=14 March 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314023540/https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ua-ko/brd/m_20839/down.do?brd_id=20145&seq=101&data_tp=A&file_seq=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Water and sanitation===
The national government has delegated responsibility for water and sanitation services to local authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sos.danubis.org/eng/country-notes/ukraine/ |title=SOS DANUBIS.org – Ukraine |author=[[The World Bank]] |date= |website= |publisher=International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area |access-date=20 February 2023 |quote= |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220051258/https://sos.danubis.org/eng/country-notes/ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{ill|Kyivvodokanal|uk|Київводоканал}} is a [[joint-stock company#Ukraine|private joint-stock company]] that provides such services to Kyiv. The length of water supply networks is 4231&nbsp;km, of which 1798&nbsp;km are dilapidated. The length of sewage networks is 2662&nbsp;km, of which 830&nbsp;km are dilapidated.
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}}
Kyiv is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство|url=https://kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|website=kyivcity.gov.ua|publisher=Kyiv|language=uk|date=15 February 2018|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826063927/https://kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<!--rest - other form of cooperation or twinning ended-->
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey (1993)
*{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Ashgabat]], Turkmenistan (2001)
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan (1998)
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece (1996)
*{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan (1997)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China (1993)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neue Städtepartnerschaft mit Kyiv: Vitali Klitschko in Berlin |url=https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/8445429-958090-neue-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-kyiv-vital.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=berlin.de |language=de |date=2023-09-11 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002071409/https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/8445429-958090-neue-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-kyiv-vital.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan (1997)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brasília]], Brazil (2000)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], Slovakia (1969)
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium (1997)
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bucharest]], Romania (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicuşor Dan: Am hotărât să aprobăm înfrăţirea dintre Bucureşti şi Kiev|url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/nicusor-dan-am-hotarat-sa-aprobam-infratirea-dintre-bucuresti-si-kiev-20598398|website=mediafax.ro|publisher=Mediafax|language=ro|date=2022-03-07|access-date=2022-07-11|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222842/https://www.mediafax.ro/social/nicusor-dan-am-hotarat-sa-aprobam-infratirea-dintre-bucuresti-si-kiev-20598398|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina (2000)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1991)
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Chișinău]], Moldova (1993)
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journalist |first=Magnus Ankerstjerne |title=København vedtager venskabsaftale med Kyiv |url=https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/koebenhavn/koebenhavn-vedtager-venskabsaftale-med-kyiv |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=TV 2 Kosmopol |language=da |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329221024/https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/koebenhavn/koebenhavn-vedtager-venskabsaftale-med-kyiv |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland (1989)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy (1967)
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (2005)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]], Poland (1993)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyoto]], Japan (1971)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], Germany (1956)
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru (2005)
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1997)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Munich]], Germany (1989)
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Odense Municipality|Odense]], Denmark (1989)
*{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Osh Region]], Kyrgyzstan (2002)
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa (1993)
*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Riga]], Latvia (1998)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2000)
*{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Santiago]], Chile (1998)
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], Bulgaria (1997)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Suzhou]], China (2005)
*{{flagicon|EST}} [[Tallinn]], Estonia (1994)
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Tampere]], Finland (1954)
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (1998)
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia (1999)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], France (1975)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania (1991)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland (1994)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wuhan]], China (1990)
<!--rest - other form of cooperation or twinning ended-->
{{div col end}}
===Other cooperation agreements===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia (2002)
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Helsinki]], Finland
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Jerusalem]], Israel (2000)
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Stockholm]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada (1991)
*{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Tripoli, Libya]] (2001)
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], Austria
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (1995)
{{div col end}}
==Notable people==
*{{see also|:Category:People from Kyiv}}
===Arts, literature, and entertainment===
[[File:Vladimir Horowitz 1986.jpg|right|thumb|140px|Pianist [[Vladimir Horowitz]], 1986]]
[[File:Milla Jovovich Cannes Crop.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Milla Jovovich]], 2000]]
* [[Leonid Bronevoy]] (1928–2017), Soviet and Russian actor
* [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] (1891–1940), Soviet writer, medical doctor and playwright
* [[Eugenia Chuprina]] (born 1971), poet, novelist, writer and playwright
* [[Daniel the Traveller]], 12th-century travel writer from the [[Kievan Rus']]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Daniel of Kiev |volume= 7 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | page = 808 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] (1891–1967), Soviet writer, journalist, translator and cultural figure
* [[André Grabar]] (1896–1990), historian of [[Romanesque art]] and the art of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] and the Bulgarian Empire
* [[Selma Gubin]] (1903–1974), Russian Empire-born American artist
* [[Dmytro Hnatyuk]] (1925–2016), Soviet and Ukrainian opera singer
* [[Olha Haidamaka]] (born 1990), Ukrainian artist
* [[Milton Horn]] (1906–1995), Russian-American sculptor
* [[Vladimir Horowitz]] (1903–1989), American classical pianist
* [[Viktor Ivanov (film director)|Viktor Ivanov]] (1909–1981), Soviet film director
* [[Milla Jovovich]] (born 1975), American actress
* [[Sonya Koshkina]] (born 1985), Ukrainian journalist, editor-in-chief
* [[Kateryna Kukhar]] (born 1982), prima ballerina
* [[Danylo Knyshuk]] (born 1978), Ukrainian sculptor
* [[Viacheslav Kryshtofovych]] (born 1947), Ukrainian film director and actor
* [[Ana Layevska]] (born 1982), Ukrainian-Mexican actress
* [[Boris Levit-Broun]] (born 1950), Russian poet, writer, and artist
* [[Serge Lifar]] (1905–1986), French ballet dancer
* [[Kazimir Malevich]] (1879–1935), pioneer of [[geometric abstract art]] and the originator of the avant-garde [[Suprematism|Suprematist movement]]
* [[Natalya Marchenkova]] (born 1948), animator and animation director, born in Kyiv<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marchenkova, Natalya|url=https://www.animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_person&pid=1475|website=animator.ru|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612144838/https://www.animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_person&pid=1475|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Natalia Matsak]] (born 1982), ballet dancer
* [[Galyna Moskvitina]] (born 1963), painter
* [[Ivan Putrov]] (born 1980), dancer, former Principal with [[The Royal Ballet]] in London
* [[Maksym Petrenko]] (1983–2022), Ukrainian writer, scientist, inventor, educator, soldier
* [[Yudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya]] (1923–1982), composer and pianist
* [[Yuriy Rybchynskyi]] (born 1945), poet and playwright
* [[Natalya Semenchenko]] (born 1976), professor, writer, and publicist
* [[Lev Shestov]] (1866–1938), Russian [[Existentialism|existentialist]] philosopher
* [[Oksana Shvets]] (1955–2022), Ukrainian actress
* [[Alexander Vertinsky]] (1889—1957), singer, composer, poet, cabaret artist and actor
* [[Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya]] (1906–1975), composer
* [[Artemy Vedel]] (1767–1808), composer
* [[Sergei Udovik]] (1956), publisher, photographer and writer
===Science and technology===
[[File:Igor Sikorsky-TIME-1953.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Igor Sikorsky]] on Time magazine cover, 1953]]
* [[Nikolai Amosov]] (1913–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian heart surgeon and inventor
* [[Zino Davidoff]] (1906–1994), Swiss premium tobacco manufacturer; known as "King of Cigars"
* [[Jan Koum]] (born 1976), American computer programmer, CEO and co-founder of [[WhatsApp]]
* [[Viktor Kaspruk]], (born 1955), political scientist
* [[Alexander Ostrowski]] (1893–1986), mathematician
* [[Borys Paton]] (1918–2020), scientist, chairman of the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]
* [[Igor Sikorsky]] (1889–1972), Russian-American aviation pioneer
* [[Svetlana Zaginaichenko]] (1957-2015), physicist
===Politics===
[[File:Golda Meir 03265u.jpg|right|thumb|140px|[[Golda Meir]], Prime Minister of Israel, 1973]]
* [[Golda Meir]] (1898–1978), Israeli politician, the fourth [[Prime Minister of Israel]]
* [[Henry P. Melnikow]], economic consultant to unions involved in labor
===Religion===
* [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] (1874–1948), Russian Orthodox religious and political philosopher
* [[Jonathan Markovitch]] (born 1967), Chief Rabbi of Kyiv
* [[Petro Mohyla]] (1596–1647), [[Metropolitan bishop]] of Kyiv from 1633<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mogila, Peter |volume= 18 | page = 646 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Mikhail Morgulis]] (1941–2021), Russian-language writer, editor and theologian
* [[Moses of Kiev]], 12th century Talmudist
* [[Theophan Prokopovich]] (1681–1736), theologian, poet, mathematician and philosopher<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Prokopovich, Theofan | volume= 22 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 434 |short= 1}}</ref>
===Military conflicts===
* [[Eugeniusz Horbaczewski]] (1917–1944), Polish fighter pilot
* [[Yuliia Paievska|Yuliia "Taira" Paievska]] (born 1968), founder of "Taira's Angels"
=== Sport ===
* [[Oleg Blokhin]] (born 1952), Ukrainian football player
* [[Oleg Ladik]] (born 1971), Ukrainian-born Canadian Olympic wrestler
* [[Valeriy Lobanovskyi]] (1939–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian football coach
* [[Oleksandr Saliuk Jr.]] (born 1978), Ukrainian rally driver
* [[Andriy Shevchenko]] (born 1976), Ukrainian footballer
* [[Igor Slyusar]] (born 1989), Ukrainian professional ice hockey player
* [[Igor Skuz]] (born 1976), Ukrainian racing driver
===Other===
* [[Oleg of Novgorod]] ({{circa|845–912}}), [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] prince who ruled 882–912<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oleg | volume= 20 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| pages = 76–77 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Olga of Kiev]] ({{circa|900–969}}), a regent of [[Kievan Rus']] for her son [[Sviatoslav I|Sviatoslav]] from 945 until 960<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Olga |volume= 20 | page = 80 |short= 1}}</ref>
* Nicholas Pritzker, scion of the [[Pritzker Family]]
* [[Vladimir the Great]] ({{circa|958–1015}}), [[Grand Prince of Kiev]] and ruler of [[Kievan Rus']] from 980 to 1015<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Vladimir, St | volume= 28 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 168 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Israel Markovich Brodsky]] (1823–1888), businessman and philanthropist
==Honour==
* [[Kyiv Peninsula]] in [[Graham Land]], [[Antarctica]], is named after the city of Kyiv.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=140157 Kyiv Peninsula.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710084857/https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=140157 |date=10 July 2021 }} SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Ukraine|Europe}}
<!--Insert next entry below. Please keep alphabetical order. -->
* [[List of national landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv]]
* [[List of crossings of the Dnieper River]]
* [[List of universities, colleges, and research institutions in Kyiv]]
* [[Outline of Ukraine]]
* [[Yehupetz]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* [[Julius Brutzkus|Brutzkus, J]]. "The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev". Slavonic and East European Review. American Series, vol.&nbsp;3, no.&nbsp;1, 1944, pp.&nbsp;108–124. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020228 JSTOR]. Accessed 16 June 2020.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kiev (government) |volume= 15 | pages = 788–789 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hamm |first=Michael F. |title=Kiev. A portrait, 1800–1917 |year=1993}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kiev (city) |volume= 15 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin|last2= Bealby |first2=John Thomas | pages = 789–790 |ref=none}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
* [https://kyivcity.gov.ua/ Київська міська державна адміністрація] – official web portal of the [[Kyiv City State Administration]] {{in lang|uk}}
* {{twitter}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181116183554/https://visitkyiv.travel/en/ Kyiv—Official Tourist Guide]
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{{Subdivisions of Kyiv}}
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