View source for LB&SCR K class

{{Short description|Class of mixed traffic steam engines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = London Brighton and South Coast Railway K class
| powertype = Steam
| image = LBSCR K class.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| caption = K class No. 337 as built
| designer = [[L. B. Billinton]]
| builder = [[Brighton railway works|Brighton Works]]
| builddate = 1913–1921
| totalproduction = 17 (completed)<br>3 (abandoned, partially built)
| whytetype = [[2-6-0]]
| uicclass = 1'C
| gauge = {{Track gauge|uksg|allk=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|6|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|6|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|57|ft|10|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|23|ft|9|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| locotenderweight = {{convert|105|LT|5|Lcwt|t ST|1|abbr=on|disp=or}} full
| firearea = {{convert|24.8|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1155|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| totalsurface = {{convert|1573|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype = Robinson
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|21|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvetype = [[Piston valve (steam engine)|Piston]]
| valvetravel = {{convert|4|in|2|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|170|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = Coal
| fuelcap = {{convert|4|lt|t st|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}
| watercap = {{convert|3940|impgal|2|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|25104|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}}
| operator = [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]], [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]], [[British Rail]]ways
| locale = [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]]
| operatorclass = K
| powerclass = [[British Railways steam locomotive classification|BR: 4P/5F]]
| fleetnumbers = LBSCR: 337–353<br>SR: B337–B353 (later 2337–2353)<br>BR: 32337–32353
| firstrundate = February 1913
| withdrawndate = November–December 1962
| disposition = All [[scrap]]ped
}}
The '''LB&SCR K class''' were powerful [[2-6-0]] [[Mixed-traffic locomotive|mixed traffic locomotives]] designed by [[L. B. Billinton]] for the [[London, Brighton and South Coast Railway]] (LB&SCR) in 1913. They appeared shortly before the First World War and the first ten examples of the class did prodigious work during that conflict on munitions, supply and troop trains. Further examples were built after the war, and the class was used as a test bed for various items of specialised equipment. However, after the formation of the Southern Railway in 1923 the remaining three locomotives on order were not completed and the seventeen members of the class led relatively quiet yet reliable lives over their traditional lines. The locomotives proved their usefulness once again during the Second World War, and continued to provide reliable service until the 1960s. The entire class was eventually withdrawn in 1962 for 'bookkeeping' rather than 'operational' reasons.
==Background==
Due to the nature of its traffic, the LB&SCR had relatively limited need of heavy [[freight train|freight locomotives]]. However, those it did have had to be able to accelerate quickly from sidings and signals and maintain a good speed if they were not going to impede the intensive use of the lines for passenger traffic, particularly in the London suburbs. This issue became increasingly problematic after about 1910, as more and more suburban lines were [[railway electrification|electrified]]. The rebuilding of [[R. J. Billinton|Robert Billinton's]] [[LB&SCR C2 class|C2 class]] with larger boilers by [[D. E. Marsh]] solved this problem for a few years, but traffic continued to grow and by 1913 these were occasionally being [[double-heading|double-headed]]. A larger and more powerful design was required for the heaviest freight trains,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=D. L. |date=1974 |title=The Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway. Part 3 |publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society |page=132}}</ref> whilst there was also a continuing need for larger passenger locomotives, especially during the summer months. [[L. B. Billinton]] therefore ordered from [[Brighton railway works]] five powerful [[mixed-traffic locomotive]]s which could cope with both types of load.
==Design==
The new 'K' class incorporated several innovations for the LB&SCR. They were the first [[2-6-0]] locomotives to run on the railway, and the first class to have a [[Belpaire firebox]].<ref name="Southern E-Group">{{cite web |author=Southern E-Group |title=LBSCR K class 2-6-0 |url=http://www.semgonline.com/steam/kclass_01.html |access-date=2009-04-15}}</ref> They were fitted with [[John G. Robinson|Robinson]] style [[superheater]]s within a parallel boiler and two large inclined outside cylinders with inside [[Stephenson valve gear]]. The boilers were fed by [[Steam locomotive#Feedwater heating|hot water]] injectors, operated by a [[Weir Group|Weir pump]], and surplus steam fed back to the [[tender (rail)|tenders]] to preheat the water. The tenders were the largest of any LB&SCR locomotive with a capacity of 3,940 gallons of water and 4 tons of coal. The class was also fitted with steam [[Sandbox (locomotive)|sanding]] and steam carriage heating equipment enabling them to be used on passenger trains.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Klaus |date=2007 |title=Lawson Billinton: a career cut short |publisher=Oakwood Press |isbn= 978-0-85361-661-0 |page=23}}</ref>
==Construction and use==
The first two examples, numbers 337 and 338, appeared in traffic in September and December 1913, and were thoroughly tested at [[Brighton railway station|Brighton motive power depot]]. Modifications were made to the suspension of the [[Bissel truck|pony truck]] and to the [[smokebox]] layout before three further examples (Nos. 339-341) with slightly larger smokeboxes were built between March and September 1914.<ref>Bradley, (1974) pp.132-3.</ref> The design was quickly judged to be successful and a further five were ordered, but due to the difficulties of obtaining materials during World War I they did not appear in traffic until late 1916. The last two locomotives were fitted with Billinton's own 'top feed' system which provided a moderate increase in performance and so the remainder of the class was gradually fitted with the equipment as they passed through the workshops.<ref>Bradley, (1974) p.133.</ref>
The original ten locomotives proved to be extremely useful during the First World War, hauling heavy munitions and military supply trains from the marshalling yard at [[Three Bridges railway station|Three Bridges]] to [[Newhaven Harbour railway station|Newhaven]] or [[Littlehampton]] harbours. Up to sixty supply trains a day were being handled by these two ports.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nock |first=O. S. |date=1983 |title=British Locomotives of the Twentieth Century |volume=1 |issue=1900–1930 |publisher=Patrick Stephens |page=173}}</ref> Locomotives in the class were capable of hauling trains of up to 1,000 tons at 30-35&nbsp;mph,<ref>Marx, (2007) p.28.</ref> but were equally useful when hauling troop trains.<ref>Bradley, (1974), p.133.</ref> The railway would have liked to have added to their number, but wartime restrictions on locomotive building prevented this.<ref name="Southern E-Group"/>
Billinton considered designing a [[2-6-2]] [[tank locomotive]] 'K2' or 'N' version after the war, but this idea was dropped following discussions with the railway's [[Civil Engineer]], who objected to the longer [[wheelbase]] necessary, together with the discovery that the tank engine version would only be able to carry 2,000 gallons of water.<ref>Bradley, (1974), p.133. Marx, (2007) p.147.</ref> Therefore, a further ten locomotives of the original design were ordered from Brighton works. Seven of these (nos. 347-353) appeared in traffic between December 1920 and March 1921.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=C. Hamilton |date=1971 |title=The London Brighton and South Coast Railway |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=0-7110-0269-X |pages=207–208}}</ref> Progress on the remaining three locomotives was delayed due to the long backlog of repairs at Brighton works, and eventually a decision about their completion was deferred until after the imminent [[Railways Act 1921|grouping]] of the railways of southern England to form the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in January 1923. Ultimately, they were never completed.
==Variants==
During the last years of the LB&SCR, Billinton used members of the class to test various items of specialised equipment, most of which later proved to give limited advantage in return for higher fuel consumption or maintenance costs. In April 1921, the [[smokebox]] of No. 351 was extended to fit a 'Lewis Draft Appliance', which was removed in 1927. In March 1922, Nos. 341 and 342 were experimentally fitted with an early version of the [[Kyösti Kylälä|Kylala]] variable [[blastpipe]]. One locomotive appeared to perform better as a result and the other worse, and so the experiment was discontinued. Between May 1922 and December 1923, No. 340 had a [[Worthington-Simpson]] feed-water heater and pump.<ref name="Bradley, 1974 p.139">Bradley, (1974) p.139.</ref> Finally in February 1923, No. 341 was fitted with 'Lamberts wet sanding gear' but this equipment was removed in 1931 after it was found to cause additional wear on the [[driving wheels]].<ref>Bradley, (1974) p.135.</ref>
==Post-grouping==
[[File:Brighton Locomotive Depot K Class geograph-2979048-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|No. 2339 at Brighton Locomotive Depot 23 March 1946.]]
The class was initially renumbered by means of adding the prefix, 'B' to the original number, and later by adding 2000 to the LB&SCR number. They spent the first six years of Southern Railway ownership largely restricted to the lines of the Central Section, as the LB&SCR previously had a more generous [[loading gauge]] than the other main constituent companies. However, between 1929 and the summer of 1939 all the members of the class were altered to the composite gauge by reducing the height of their chimneys, flattening the dome and reducing the cab roofs, as they passed through the works.<ref name="Bradley, 1974 p.139"/>
During the spring of 1924, the class was compared with other classes of heavy freight locomotives operated by the constituent companies. They were found to be capable and reliable but more expensive to run than the alternative [[SR N class|Maunsell N]] and [[LSWR S15 class|Urie S15]] classes and so no more were built.<ref>Bradley, (1974), p.139.</ref> This may have been a false economy since many of the 'N' class ultimately had to undergo expensive rebuilding of their frames and the replacement of their cylinders, whereas members of the 'K' class remained in sound working order throughout their working lives.<ref name="Bradley, 1974, p.141">Bradley, (1974), p.141.</ref>
The seventeen examples spent most of their careers between the two World Wars working on both freight and passenger duties over their traditional routes, although there was less need for the latter following the electrification of the [[Brighton Main Line]] in 1933. However, the class once again came into its own during the Second World War when the locomotives were again used on heavy freight and troop trains throughout the Southern Railway,<ref>Bradley, (1974), p.140.</ref> especially in the lead up to the [[Invasion of Normandy|D-day landings]] in 1944.
==British Railways==
[[File:Horsham RCTS Sussex Rail Tour geograph-2683937-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|32353 at Horsham October 1962]]
All of the class were in good working order at the time of the [[Transport Act 1947|nationalisation]] of the [[British Rail]]ways in 1948, and continued to be well maintained until the latter half of 1961. They were renumbered by adding 30000 to the SR number. Between 1949 and 1953 the [[Steam locomotive#Feedwater heater|feedwater heating]] was replaced by cold water injection, for reasons of cost, and latterly many examples were fitted with [[Automatic Warning System]] equipment, and water treatment equipment. With the reduction in freight traffic, they began to be also used on secondary services. However, after the summer of 1956 the class also acquired one prestige passenger duty on the [[Newhaven Marine railway station|Newhaven]] boat-trains, following the withdrawal of the [[LB&SCR H2 class|'Marsh Atlantics']].<ref name="Bradley, 1974, p.141"/>
==Accidents and incidents==
On 3 March 1954, No. 32346 derailed at the catch points near Forest Row and landed on its left side at the embankment.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOREST ROW 3rd MARCH 1954 |url=https://thesussexmotivepowerdepots.yolasite.com/tunbridge-wells-west.php |website=The Sussex Motive Power Depots |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
==Withdrawal==
The locomotives were all still providing good reliable service when the class was withdrawn en-bloc during November and December 1962, apparently as part of an accountancy exercise 'to keep in line with the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Regions']] withdrawal programme'.<ref>Marx, (2007).p.155.</ref> Most spent several months in store at [[Hove railway station]] before being broken up, and at least one had to be briefly resurrected to help run breakdown trains during the severe [[Winter of 1962–1963 in the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Robertson |first= Kevin |date=2004 |title=London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Miscellany |publisher=Oxford Publishing |isbn=0-86093-583-3 |page=79}}</ref>  The early [[Bluebell Railway]] had hoped to purchase one example for preservation, but could not afford to do so since the time when they were available coincided with the years when all money had to be channelled into the purchase of the freehold of the line.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bluebell Railway |title=Bluebell Railway Locomotives |url=http://www4.rhbnc.ac.uk/bluebell/locos.html |access-date=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017131135/http://www.rhbnc.ac.uk/bluebell/locos.html |archive-date=17 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://locoyard.com/2014/03/18/lbscr-k-class-2-6-0/|title=LBSCR K class – 2-6-0|date=18 March 2014}}</ref>
==Model==
Lawson Billinton considered the 'K' class to be his finest design, and during his retirement he constructed a one-sixth size working model from the original drawings. This was last sold in 2003 for a price in the £40-£50,000 range.<ref>Marx, (2007) pp.183-5.</ref>
==Assessment==
Members of the 'K' class were considered the best mixed-traffic locomotives produced by the LB&SCR,<ref>Ellis, (1971) p.207.</ref> but they never achieved the fame of the earlier passenger or tank engine classes of that railway and they had little impact on future Southern Railway locomotive design. It was only during the two World Wars that they were given the opportunity to show their true potential.
==Locomotive summary==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"
|+ K class locomotive fleet summary
|-
! LBSC No.
! 1st SR No.
! 2nd SR No.
! BR No.
! Date Built
! Date Withdrawn
! Image
|-
| 337 || B337 || 2337 || 32337 || {{dts|1913|09}} || {{dts|1962|12}} || [[File:LB&SCR K class No. 337.jpg|130px]]
|-
| 338 || B338 || 2338 || 32338 || {{dts|1913|12}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 339 || B339 || 2339 || 32339 || {{dts|1914|03}} || {{dts|1962|11}} || [[File:Farnborough Air Display Special geograph-2635852-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|130px]]
|-
| 340 || B340 || 2340 || 32340 || {{dts|1914|06}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 341 || B341 || 2341 || 32341 || {{dts|1914|11}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 342 || B342 || 2342 || 32342 || {{dts|1916|10}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 343 || B343 || 2343 || 32343 || {{dts|1916|11}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 344 || B344 || 2344 || 32344 || {{dts|1916|12}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 345 || B345 || 2345 || 32345 || {{dts|1916|12}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 346 || B346 || 2346 || 32346 || {{dts|1916|12}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 347 || B347 || 2347 || 32347 || {{dts|1920|12}} || {{dts|1962|12}} ||
|-
| 348 || B348 || 2348 || 32348 || {{dts|1920|12}} || {{dts|1962|11}} || [[File:Bricklayer's Arms branch near North Kent West Junction, Bermondsey geograph-2645927-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|130px]]
|-
| 349 || B349 || 2349 || 32349 || {{dts|1920|12}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 350 || B350 || 2350 || 32350 || {{dts|1920|12}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 351 || B351 || 2351 || 32351 || {{dts|1921|01}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 352 || B352 || 2352 || 32352 || {{dts|1921|02}} || {{dts|1962|11}} ||
|-
| 353 || B353 || 2353 || 32353 || {{dts|1921|03}} || {{dts|1962|12}} || [[File:Preston Park RCTS Rail Tour geograph-2979089-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|130px]]
|}
==Liveries==
The class have been painted in a variety of different liveries during their careers, reflecting their mixed-traffic role. For the initial trials nos. 337 and 338 were painted in red oxide, and after acceptance they were painted in dove grey, lined with black and white for the official photographs (see above). Thereafter members of the class were painted plain black by the LB&SCR. Under Southern Railway ownership three examples were painted in lined umber, and others in passenger green and lined black. During the Second World War they were either painted in unlined dark green or black. Under British Railways the usual livery was lined black.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|LB&SCR K class}}
* [https://sremg.org.uk/steam/kclass.shtml Southern e-group article]
{{LB&SCR locomotives}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:LbandScr K Class}}
[[Category:2-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:London, Brighton and South Coast Railway locomotives|K]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1913]]
[[Category:Scrapped locomotives]]
[[Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]