View source for LEED

{{Short description|Standard for green building design}}
{{other uses|Leed (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Update |date=December 2022}}
{{excessive examples|date=May 2021}}}}
[[File:Tower_of_Taipei_101(cropped).jpg|230px|thumb|[[Taipei 101]] has achieved LEED Platinum certification three times, {{asof|lc=yes|2021}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taipei 101 {{!}} LEED Lookbook |url=https://leed.usgbc.org/taipei-101 |website=leed.usgbc.org |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>]]
[[File:1225 Connecticut Ave.JPG|thumb|[[Washington, D.C.]], is the first LEED Platinum city in the world.<ref name="Washington DC news">{{cite web |title=Washington, D.C. Named First LEED Platinum City in the World {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/washington-dc-named-first-leed-platinum-city-world |website=www.usgbc.org |language=en |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=2020-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717131848/https://www.usgbc.org/articles/washington-dc-named-first-leed-platinum-city-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Pictured is 1225 Connecticut Avenue, the first redeveloped office building on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]] to receive LEED Platinum status.<ref name=plumb>{{cite news |url=http://washington.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2009/10/05/daily89.html |title=1225 Connecticut Avenue gets LEED Platinum |last=Plumb |first=Tierney |date=8 October 2009 |work=[[Washington Business Journal]] |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154903/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2009/10/05/daily89.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
'''Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design''' ('''LEED''') is a [[Green building certification systems|green building certification]] program used worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Building Facts {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=http://www.usgbc.org/articles/green-building-facts |website=www.usgbc.org |access-date=2015-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128010516/http://www.usgbc.org/articles/green-building-facts |archive-date=2015-11-28}}</ref> Developed by the non-profit [[U.S. Green Building Council]] (USGBC), it includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of [[green building]]s, homes, and neighborhoods, which aims to help building owners and operators be [[environmentally responsible]] and use resources efficiently.
{{As of|2023}} there were over 105,000 LEED-certified buildings and over 205,000 LEED-accredited professionals in 185 countries worldwide.<ref name="Gibbon">{{cite news |last1=Gibbon |first1=Gavin |title=US Green Building Council to launch new ratings system |url=https://www.agbi.com/construction/2023/12/us-green-building-council-to-launch-new-ratings-system/ |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=AGBI |date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
In the US, the [[District of Columbia]] consistently leads in LEED-certified square footage per capita,<ref name="Verdinez">{{cite news |last1=Verdinez |first1=Deisy |title=USGBC Releases its Top 10 States for LEED, Recognizing Leaders Committed to More Sustainable and Resilient Buildings, Cities and Communities {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-releases-its-top-10-states-leed-recognizing-leaders-committed-more-sustainable-and |work=www.usgbc.org |date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> followed in 2022 by the top-ranking states of Massachusetts, Illinois, New York, California, and Maryland.<ref name="Verdinez"/>
Outside the United States, the top-ranking countries for 2022 were Mainland China, India, Canada, Brazil, and Sweden.<ref name="Deisy">{{cite news |last1=Verdinez |first1=Deisy |title=The Top 10 Countries for LEED demonstrate that green building is a truly global movement {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/top-10-countries-leed-demonstrate-green-building-truly-global-movement |work=www.usgbc.org |date=7 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
LEED Canada has developed a separate rating system adapted to the Canadian climate and regulations.
Many U.S. federal agencies, state and local governments require or reward LEED certification. {{As of|2022}}, based on certified square feet per capita, the leading five states (after the [[District of Columbia]]) were Massachusetts, Illinois, New York, California, and Maryland.<ref name="Verdinez2">{{cite news |last1=Verdinez |first1=Deisy |date=26 January 2022 |title=USGBC Releases its Top 10 States for LEED, Recognizing Leaders Committed to More Sustainable and Resilient Buildings, Cities and Communities {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-releases-its-top-10-states-leed-recognizing-leaders-committed-more-sustainable-and |work=www.usgbc.org |language=en}}</ref> Incentives can include tax credits, zoning allowances, reduced fees, and expedited permitting. Offices, healthcare-, and education-related buildings are the most frequent LEED-certified buildings in the US (over 60%), followed by warehouses, distribution centers, retail projects and multifamily dwellings (another 20%).<ref name="Sarah">{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Sarah |date=9 February 2021 |title=USGBC Top 10 States for LEED in 2020: Healthcare, Schools, Offices Account for More Than 60% of Green Building Certifications {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |language=en |work=www.usgbc.org |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-top-10-states-leed-2020-healthcare-schools-offices-account-more-60-green-building}}</ref>
Studies have found that for-rent LEED office spaces generally have higher rents and occupancy rates and lower capitalization rates.
LEED is a design tool rather than a performance-measurement tool and has tended to focus on energy modeling rather than actual energy consumption.<ref name="Ireland">{{cite book |last1=Ireland |first1=Jeannie |title=History of Interior Design: – with STUDIO |date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-1990-7 |page=? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9HWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1044 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Yueer |last2=Kvan |first2=Thomas |last3=Liu |first3=Meng |last4=Li |first4=Baizhan |date=2018-04-01 |title=How green building rating systems affect designing green |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132318300738 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=133 |pages=19–31 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.007 |issn=0360-1323}}</ref> It has been criticized for a point system that can lead to inappropriate design choices and the prioritization of LEED certification points over actual energy conservation;<ref name="Schnaars"/><ref name="Gerrit-Jan">{{cite book |last1=Gerrit-Jan |first1=Knaap |last2=Rebecca |first2=Lewis |last3=Arnab |first3=Chakraborty |last4=Katy |first4=June-Friesen |title=Handbook on Smart Growth: Promise, Principles, and Prospects for Planning |date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78990-469-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLp8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297 |language=en}}</ref> for lacking climate specificity;<ref name="Gerrit-Jan"/> for not sufficiently addressing issues of climate change and extreme weather;<ref name="Hiar">{{cite news |last1=Hiar |first1=Corbin |title='A contradiction': U.S. subsidizes 'sustainable' buildings, but leaves them vulnerable to floods |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/25/leed-buildings-climate-floods-00104477 |work=POLITICO |date=25 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and for not incorporating principles of a [[circular economy]].<ref name="Fullerton">{{cite journal |last1=Fullerton |first1=Don |last2=Babbitt |first2=Callie W. |last3=Bilec |first3=Melissa M. |last4=He |first4=Shan |last5=Isenhour |first5=Cindy |last6=Khanna |first6=Vikas |last7=Lee |first7=Eunsang |last8=Theis |first8=Thomas L. |title=Introducing the Circular Economy to Economists |journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics |date=5 October 2022 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=493–514 |doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-101321-053659 |s2cid=249809041 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-resource-101321-053659 |language=en |issn=1941-1340}}</ref> Draft versions of LEED v5 were released for public comment in 2024, and the final version of LEED v5 is expected to appear in 2025.<ref name="Nadav"/> It may address some of the previous criticisms.<ref name="Nadav"/><ref name="Holmes"/><ref name="Casey">{{cite news |last1=Casey |first1=Chris |title=The Newest Version of LEED Will Focus More on Performance Value and Decarbonization |url=https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/the-newest-version-of-leed-will-focus-more-on-performance-value-and-decarbonization |work=GreenBuildingAdvisor |date=13 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bates">{{cite web |last1=Bates |first1=Liam |title=A Detailed Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in LEED v5 and LEED v4.1 Certification |url=https://learn.kaiterra.com/en/resources/comparison-of-indoor-air-quality-in-leed-v5-and-leed-v4.1-certification |website=learn.kaiterra.com |language=en |date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
Despite concerns, LEED has been described as a "transformative force in the design and construction industry".<ref name="Schnaars"/> LEED is credited with providing a framework for green building, expanding the use of green practices and products in buildings, encouraging sustainable forestry, and helping professionals to consider buildings in terms of the well-being of their occupants and as part of larger systems.<ref name="Schnaars"/>
==History==
In April 1993, the [[U.S. Green Building Council]] (USGBC) was founded by [[Rick Fedrizzi]], the head of environmental marketing at Carrier, real estate developer [[David Gottfried]], and environmental lawyer Michael Italiano. Representatives from 60 firms and nonprofits met at the [[American Institute of Architects]] to discuss organizing within the building industry to support green building and develop a green building rating system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission and vision {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/about/mission-vision |website=www.usgbc.org}}</ref><ref name="Busta">{{cite news |last1=Busta |first1=Hallie |title=Sustainability USGBC CEO Rick Fedrizzi to Head the International Well Building Institute |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/usgbc-ceo-rick-fedrizzi-to-head-the-international-well-building-institute_o |work=Architect |date=6 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Frank">{{cite news |last1=Frank |first1=Thomas |title='Green' growth fuels an entire industry |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/25/green-building-big-business-leed-certification/1655367/ |work=USA TODAY |date=25 October 2012}}</ref>
Also influential early on was architect Bob Berkebile.<ref name="Pedersen">{{cite news |last1=Pedersen |first1=Martin C. |title=Bob Berkebile: "That Was the Brilliance of LEED—It Included Everyone in the Conversation" |url=https://commonedge.org/bob-berkebile-that-was-the-brilliance-of-leed-it-included-everyone-in-the-conversation/ |work=Common Edge |date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
[[File:PlantPic.jpg|thumb|[[Shearer's Foods]] plant in [[Massillon, Ohio]], was the first food manufacturing plant to receive LEED Platinum status in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staley |first=Doug |title=Shearer's, Fresh Mark, Drummond are success stories |date=14 March 2011 |url=http://www.indeonline.com/x698047252/Shearer-s-Fresh-Mark-Drummond-are-success-stories |work=[[IndeOnline.com]] |location=Ohio, United States |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502022459/http://www.indeonline.com/x698047252/Shearer-s-Fresh-Mark-Drummond-are-success-stories |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>]]
Fedrizzi served as the volunteer founding chair of USGBC from 1993 to 2004, and became its CEO as of 2004. As of November 4, 2016, he was succeeded as president and CEO of USGBC by Mahesh Ramanujam.<ref name="Busta"/><ref name="Fabris">{{cite news |last1=Fabris |first1=Peter |title=Mahesh Ramanujam takes reins as U.S. Green Building Council President and CEO |url=https://www.bdcnetwork.com/mahesh-ramanujam-takes-reins-us-green-building-council-president-and-ceo?page=5 |work=Building Design + Construction |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Ramanujam served as CEO until 2021. Peter Templeton became interim president and CEO of USGBC as of November 1, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=USGBC Announces Leadership Change and Strategy Review |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/usgbc-announces-leadership-change-and-strategy-review_o |work=Architect |date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=USGBC Announces Launch of CEO Search : PaintSquare News |url=https://www.paintsquare.com/news/view/?24603 |work=Paint Square |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
A key player in developing the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green certification program was [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] (NRDC) senior scientist [[Robert K. Watson]].<ref name="Kubba"/><ref name="Kriss"/> It was Watson, sometimes referred to as the "Founding Father of LEED",<ref name="Kubba"/> who created the acronym.<ref name="Kriss">{{cite news |last1=Kriss |first1=Jacob |title=From a simple idea to a several-hundred-billion-dollar industry {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/simple-idea-several-hundred-billion-dollar-industry |work=www.usgbc.org |date=20 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
Over two decades, Watson led a broad-based consensus process, bringing together non-profit organizations, government agencies, architects, engineers, developers, builders, product manufacturers and other industry leaders. The original planning group consisted of Watson, Mike Italiano, architect Bill Reed (founding LEED Technical Committee co-chair 1994–2003),<ref name="Jones"/><ref name="Malin"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Reed {{!}} Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction |url=https://www.holcimfoundation.org/experts/bill-reed |website=www.holcimfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> architect Sandy Mendler,<ref name="Jones"/><ref name="Lamb115">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=John |title=The Greening of IT: How Companies Can Make a Difference for the Environment |date=30 March 2009 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=978-0-13-509388-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TjgcSIBSZIC&pg=PA115 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Fellows">{{cite web |title=USGBC Announces 2019 Class of LEED Fellows |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/usgbc-announces-2019-class-of-leed-fellows_o |website=Architect |date=22 October 2019}}</ref> builder Gerard Heiber<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Lamb115" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Gerard Heiber |url=https://dcpreservation.org/about-us/board-of-trustees/heiber/ |website=DC Preservation League}}</ref> and engineer Richard Bourne.<ref name="Jones">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Darla |title=The Guide to LEED Certification Basics |url=https://www.cdmwireless.com/the-guide-to-leed-certification-basics/ |website=CDM Wireless |date=7 June 2019}}</ref>
Tom Paladino and Lynne Barker (formerly King) co-chaired the LEED Pilot Committee<ref name="Malin">{{cite journal |last1=Malin |first1=Nadav |title=LEED: A Look at the Rating System That's Changing the Way America Builds |journal=BuildingGreen |date=1 June 2000 |url=https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/leed-look-rating-system-thats-changing-way-america-builds |language=en}}</ref> from 1996–2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Paladino, President PE, Assoc AIA, LEED® AP |url=https://www.asiaincforum.com/documents/nec08_profiles/tom_paladino.pdf |website=AsiaIncForum}}</ref>
Scot Horst chaired the LEED Steering Committee<ref name="Schneider">{{cite news |last1=Schneider |first1=Jim |title=Horst Discusses the Future of LEED |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/horst-discusses-the-future-of-leed_o |work=Architect |date=7 April 2009}}</ref> beginning in 2005 and was deeply involved in the development of LEED 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Marisa |title=- Arc – is here: connecting the building performance |url=https://builtenvironmentplus.org/arc-here-connecting-building-performance/ |work=Built Environment Plus |date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
Joel Ann Todd took over as chair of the steering committee from 2009 to 2013, working to develop LEED v4,<ref>{{cite news |title=2013 Leadership in LEED Award: Joel Ann Todd {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/2013-leadership-leed-award-joel-ann-todd |work=www.usgbc.org |date=16 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref> and introducing social equity credits.<ref>{{cite news |title=LEED launches social equity pilot credits {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/leed-launches-social-equity-pilot-credits |work=www.usgbc.org |date=23 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
Other steering committee chairs include Chris Schaffner (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Schaffner, PE, LEED Fellow, WELL Faculty {{!}} The Green Engineer |url=https://www.greenengineer.com/team/chris-schaffner |website=www.greenengineer.com |language=en}}</ref> and Jennifer Sanguinetti (2020).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lohre |date=10 November 2020 |first1=Chuck |title=LEED: The path to a regenerative future – Greenbuild 2020 Session Review – Green Cincinnati Education Advocacy |url=https://green-cincinnati.com/leed-the-path-to-a-regenerative-future/ |website=green-cincinnati.com }}</ref>
Chairs of the USGBC's Energy and Atmosphere Technical Advisory Group for LEED technology have included [[Gregory Kats]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kats |first1=Greg |last2=Perlman |first2=Jeff |last3=Jamadagni |first3=Sachin |title=National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts A Report for the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative|date=December 2005 |url=https://legacy.azdeq.gov/ceh/download/natreview.pdf |website=Arizona Department of Environmental Quality}}</ref>
The LEED initiative has been strongly supported by the USGBC Board of Directors, including
Chair of the Board of Directors Steven Winter (1999–2003).<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Winter Associates, Inc &#124; U.S. Green Building Council |url=http://dev1.usgbc.org/organizations/steven-winter-associates-inc?view=overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215822/http://dev1.usgbc.org/organizations/steven-winter-associates-inc?view=overview |archive-date=2015-07-24 |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref> The current chair of the Board of Directors is Anyeley Hallová (2023).<ref>{{cite news |title=USGBC Announces Its 2023 Board of Directors and Officers |url=https://www.aspe.org/pipeline/usgbc-announces-its-2023-board-of-directors-and-officers/ |work=ASPE Pipeline |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
[[File:1812 North Moore and Rosslyn skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Arlington County, Virginia]], was the first LEED Platinum community in the world in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arlington County Remains at Highest Green Building Status |url=https://www.arlingtonva.us/About-Arlington/Newsroom/Articles/2023/Arlington-County-Achieves-LEED-Platinum-Certification |website=www.arlingtonva.us|date=October 2, 2023 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> Pictured is [[1812 N Moore]], the tallest LEED Platinum building in the [[Washington metropolitan area]], and other towers of various LEED status.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}]]
LEED has grown from one standard for new construction to a comprehensive system of interrelated standards covering aspects from the design and construction to the maintenance and operation of buildings.<ref name="Lockwood" /> LEED has also grown from six committee volunteers to an organization of 122,626 volunteers, professionals and staff.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/profile |title=LEED Projects Directory |access-date=October 20, 2023 |publisher=US Green Building Council }}</ref>
{{As of|2023}}, more than 185,000 LEED projects representing over {{convert|28|e9sqft|e9m2}} have been proposed worldwide, and more than 105,000 projects representing over {{convert|12|e9sqft|e9m2}} have been certified in 185 countries.<ref name="N2023">{{cite web |title=Press room {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/press-room |website=www.usgbc.org|date=February 2023}}</ref>
However, lumber, chemical and plastics trade groups have lobbied to weaken the application of LEED guidelines in several southern states.  In 2013, the states of Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi effectively banned the use of LEED in new public buildings, in favor of other industry standards that the USGBC considers too lax.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Are Some States Trying to Ban LEED Green Building Standards? |url=http://www.citylab.com/design/2013/08/why-are-some-states-trying-ban-leed-green-building-standards/6691/ |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=28 August 2013 |access-date=2015-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122115401/http://www.citylab.com/design/2013/08/why-are-some-states-trying-ban-leed-green-building-standards/6691/ |archive-date=2015-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Blahut">{{cite news |last1=Blahut |first1=Chelsea |title=South Carolina Avoids LEED Ban Through Compromise |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/south-carolina-avoids-leed-ban-through-compromise_o |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Architect Magazine |date=16 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chemical Industry Attacks LEED: BuildingGreen Checks the Facts |url=https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/chemical-industry-attacks-leed-buildinggreen-checks-facts |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=BuildingGreen |date=7 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref> LEED is considered a target of a type of [[disinformation attack]] known as [[astroturfing]], involving "fake grassroots organizations usually sponsored by large corporations".<ref name="Johnson">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Sara |title=Beltway Astroturf Organization Sets Sights on Green Building |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/beltway-astroturf-organization-sets-sights-on-green-building_o |work=Architect |date=March 6, 2014}}</ref>
Unlike model building codes, such as the [[International Building Code]], only members of the USGBC and specific "in-house" committees may add to, subtract from, or edit the standard, subject to an internal review process. Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBC's member organizations, of which there were 4551 as of October 2023.<ref name="No. of LEED affiliated organizations">{{cite web |title=organizations {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/organizations |website=www.usgbc.org |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=en }}</ref>
==Rating systems==
LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies. LEED has developed building programs specific to  new construction (NC), core and shell (CS), commercial interiors (CI), existing buildings (EB), neighborhood development (ND), homes (LEED for Homes), retail, schools, and healthcare.<ref name="Lockwood">{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |title=The dollars and sense of green retrofits |date=2008 |publisher=Deloitte Development LLC |url=https://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/document/us_re_Dollars_Sense_Retrofits_190608_.pdf}}</ref>
The pilot version, LEED New Construction (NC) v1.0, led to LEED NCv2.0, LEED NCv2.2 in 2005, LEED 2009 ({{a.k.a.}} LEED v3) in 2009, and LEED v4 in November&nbsp;2013. LEED 2009 was depreciated for new projects registered from October&nbsp;31, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=USGBC Announces Extension of LEED 2009|url=http://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-announces-extension-leed-2009#comment-4384|website=USGBC.org|access-date=2014-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218202727/http://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-announces-extension-leed-2009#comment-4384|archive-date=2014-12-18}}</ref> LEED v4.1 was released on April 2, 2019.<ref name="Stanley" />
Draft versions of LEED v5 have been released and revised in response to public comment during 2024. The official final version of LEED v5 is expected to be released in 2025. Future updates to the standard are planned to occur every five years.<ref name="Nadav">{{cite web |last1=Malin |first1=Nadav |last2=Melton |first2=Paula |title=LEED v5: Catching up on Decarbonization, Equity, and Resilience |url=https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/leed-v5-catching-decarbonization-equity-and-resilience |website=BuildingGreen|date=April 3, 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
LEED forms the basis for other sustainability rating systems such as the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]'s (EPA) Labs21 and LEED Canada. The Australian Green Star is based on both LEED and the UK's Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology ([[BREEAM]]).<ref name="Hu"/>
===LEED v3 (2009)===
LEED 2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the specialties available under the LEED professional program. That suite consists of:<ref name="Types of LEED rating">{{cite web |title=LEED rating system {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/leed |website=www.usgbc.org |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2020-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234133/https://www.usgbc.org/leed |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Green building design and construction (BD+C) – for new construction, core and shell,{{efn|Core and shell is a construction concept in which the building owner constructs the base building of trunk infrastructure (core) and exterior (shell) while fit-out works are left to the tenants.}} schools, retail spaces (new constructions and major renovations), and healthcare facilities
*Green interior design and construction – for commercial and retail interiors
*Green building operations and maintenance
*Green neighborhood development
*Green home design and construction{{efn|The LEED for Homes rating system is different from LEED v3, with different point categories and thresholds that reward efficient residential design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgbc.org/leed/rating-systems/residential|title=LEED certification for residential &#124; U.S. Green Building Council|website=www.usgbc.org|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321120849/https://www.usgbc.org/leed/rating-systems/residential|url-status=live}}</ref> These Guidelines were also adopted by the Department of Energy's Net Zero Energy Homes Project which J.&nbsp;D. Polk brought to the DOE in 2005.}}
LEED v3 aligned credits across all LEED rating systems, weighted by environmental priority.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1970|title=LEEDv3|publisher=US Green Building Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225022230/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1970|archive-date=25 February 2010|url-status=live|access-date=20 February 2010}}</ref> It reflects a continuous development process, with a revised third-party certification program and online resources.
Under LEED 2009, an evaluated project scores points to a possible maximum of 100 across six categories: [[sustainable sites]] (SS), [[water efficiency]] (WE), [[building performance|energy]] and [[indoor air quality|atmosphere]] (EA), [[sustainable architecture|materials and resources]] (MR), [[building science|indoor environment quality]] (IEQ) and design innovation (INNO). Each of these categories also includes mandatory requirements, which receive no points. Up to 10 additional points may be earned: 4 for regional priority credits and 6 for innovation in design. Additional performance categories for residences (LEED for Homes) recognize the importance of transportation access, open space, and outdoor physical activity, and the need for buildings and settlements to educate occupants.{{efn|The LEED for Homes guidelines were also adopted by the DOE Net Zero Energy Homes Project.<ref name="ephotinc"/>}}<ref name="ephotinc">{{Cite web|url=https://ephotinc.yolasite.com/|title=EPHOT inc|website=ephotinc.yolasite.com|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123012153/https://ephotinc.yolasite.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Amiri">{{Cite journal |last1=Amiri |first1=Ali |last2=Ottelin |first2=Juudit |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jaana |date=2019 |title=Are LEED-Certified Buildings Energy-Efficient in Practice? |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=1672 |doi=10.3390/su11061672 |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref>
[[File:Shanghai - Shanghai Tower - 0003.jpg|thumb|[[Shanghai Tower]], the tallest and largest LEED Platinum certified building in the world since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World's second largest building, Shanghai Tower, achieves LEED Platinum {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council|url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/world-s-second-largest-building-shanghai-tower-achieves-leed-platinum|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.usgbc.org|language=en}}</ref>]]
Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:
*Certified: 40–49 points
*Silver: 50–59 points
*Gold: 60–79 points
*Platinum: 80 points and above
The aim of LEED 2009 is to allocate points "based on the potential [[environmental impact]]s and human benefits of each credit". These are weighed using the environmental impact categories of the EPA's Tools for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the environmental-impact weighting scheme developed by the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST).<ref name="usgbc.org"/>
Prior to LEED 2009 evaluation and certification, a building must comply with minimum requirements including [[environmental law]]s and regulations, occupancy scenarios, building permanence and pre-rating completion, site boundaries and area-to-site ratios. Its owner must share data on the building's energy and water use for five years after occupancy (for new construction) or date of certification (for existing buildings).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6715 |title=LEED 2009 Minimum Program Requirements |access-date=2011-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205123305/http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=6715 |archive-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>
The credit weighting process has the following steps: First, a collection of reference buildings are assessed to estimate the environmental impacts of similar buildings. NIST weightings are then applied to judge the relative importance of these impacts in each category. Data regarding actual impacts on environmental and human health are then used to assign points to individual categories and measures. This system results in a weighted average for each rating scheme based upon actual impacts and the relative importance of those impacts to human health and environmental quality.<ref name="usgbc.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=8868 |title=LEED 2009 For new construction and major renovations |access-date=2011-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218194447/http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=8868 |archive-date=2011-12-18}} p. xii.</ref>
The LEED council also appears to have assigned credit and measured weighting based upon the market implications of point allocation.<ref name="usgbc.org"/>
From 2010, buildings can use carbon offsets to achieve green power credits for LEED-NC (new construction certification).<ref name="Green Power Credits for LEED-NC">{{cite web|url = http://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/carbon_definition.html|title = LEED Certification &#124; The CarbonNeutral Company US|publisher = Us.carbonneutral.com|access-date = 2012-08-13|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140319091808/http://tboake.com/carbon-aia/carbon_definition.html|archive-date = 2014-03-19}}</ref>
===LEED v4 (2014)===
For LEED BD+C v4 credit, the IEQ category addresses [[Thermal comfort|thermal]], visual, and acoustic comfort as well as [[indoor air quality]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = LEED v4 Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction|publisher = USGBC|year = 2013|location = Washington, DC|pages = 695–710}}</ref> Laboratory and field research have directly linked occupants' satisfaction and performance to the building's thermal conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Estimates of Potential Nationwide Productivity and Health Benefits from Better Indoor Environments: An Update|last = Fisk|first = W|journal = Indoor Air Quality Handbook|year = 2001}}</ref> Energy reduction goals can be supported while improving thermal satisfaction. For example, providing occupants control over the thermostat or operable windows allows for comfort across a wider range of temperatures.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Operable windows, personal control and occupant comfort|last1 = Brager|first1 = Gail|date = 2004|journal = ASHRAE Transactions|last2 = Paliaga|first2 = Gwelen|last3 = de Dear|first3 = Richard|edition = 2|volume = 110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Perceived control in indoor environments: a conceptual approach|last = Hellwig|first = Runa|date = 2015|journal = Building Research & Information |volume=43 |issue=3|doi = 10.1080/09613218.2015.1004150|pages = 302–315| bibcode=2015BuRI...43..302H |s2cid = 110318655}}</ref>
===LEED v4.1 (2019)===
On April 2, 2019, the USGBC released LEED v4.1, a new version of the LEED green building program, designed for use with cities, communities and homes.<ref name="Stanley">{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Sarah |title=U.S. Green Building Council Launches LEED v4.1 for City, Community and Residential Projects {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/us-green-building-council-launches-leed-v41-city-community-and-residential-projects |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=U.S. Green Building Council |date=2 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kubba">{{cite book |last1=Kubba |first1=Sam |title=Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction: LEED, BREEAM, and Green Globes |date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-12-810443-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVSrDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 |language=en}}</ref> However, LEED v4.1 was never officially balloted.<ref name="Nadav"/>
An update to v4, proposed as of November 22, 2022, took effect on March 1, 2024. Any projects that register under LEED v4 after March 1, 2024 must meet these updated guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |title=LEED v4 energy update basics |url=https://support.usgbc.org/hc/en-us/articles/28304771684115-LEED-v4-energy-update-basics |website=U.S. Green Building Council |access-date=12 November 2024|date=2024}}</ref>
===LEED v5 (Draft, 2023) ===
As of January 2023, USGBC began to develop LEED v5. LEED v5 is the first version of the LEED rating system to be based on the June 2022 Future of LEED principles.<ref name="Amarnath">{{cite news |last1=Amarnath |first1=Nish |title=US Green Building Council seeks votes on LEED update through open ballot |url=https://www.facilitiesdive.com/news/usgbc-seeks-ballot-leed-update-green-buildings/686652/ |work=Facilities Dive |date=12 July 2023}}</ref> The LEED v5 rating system will cover both new construction and existing buildings.<ref name="Greenbuild2023" /><ref name="Nish" /><ref name=":2" />
An initial draft version was discussed at Greenbuild 2023.<ref name="Greenbuild2023">{{cite web |title=LEED v5 at Greenbuild 2023 {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/leed-v5-greenbuild-2023 |website=www.usgbc.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nish">{{cite news |last1=Amarnath |first1=Nish |title=LEED v5 draft from the US Green Building Council doubles down on decarbonization |url=https://www.facilitiesdive.com/news/leeds-v5--us-green-building-council-buildings-decarbonization-usgbc/695347/ |work=Facilities Dive |date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=USGBC Introduces LEED v5 Draft for Building Operations |url=https://inside.lighting/news/23-10/usgbc-introduces-leed-v5-draft-building-operations |work=Inside Lighting |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The beta draft of LEED v5 was released for an initial period of public comment on April 3, 2024.<ref name="Nadav"/>  Changes were made in response to nearly 6,000 comments. A second public comment period was opened for the revised version, from September 27 to October 28, 2024.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=Selina |date=Sep 27, 2024 |title=LEED v5: Notable changes in the second public comment drafts {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/leed-v5-notable-changes-second-public-comment-drafts |website=U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The official release of the final version of LEED v5 is expected to occur in 2025. Future updates of the certification system are planned to occur every five years.<ref name="Nadav"/>
LEED v5 reorganizes the credits system and prerequisites, and has a greater focus on decarbonization of buildings. The scorecard expresses three global goals of climate action (worth 50% of the certification points), quality of life (25%) and conservation and ecological restoration (25%) in terms of five principles: decarbonization, ecosystems, equity, health and resilience.<ref name="Cifre">{{cite web |last1=Cifre |first1=Artur Garcia |date= November 24, 2023 |title=LEED v5: What's new in the latest version focused on decarbonization? |url=https://blog.zeroconsulting.com/en/leed-v5 |website=blog.zeroconsulting.com |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Roseburg">{{cite news |title=LEED v5 is coming soon: Here's what you need to know {{!}} Roseburg |url=https://www.roseburg.com/industry/leed-v5-is-coming-soon-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ |work=Roseburg Forest Products |date=5 October 2023}}</ref> One of the reponses to public comments was to emphasize a data-driven approach to Operations and Maintenance by more clearly identifying performance-based credits (80% of points) and decoupling them from strategic credits (20%).<ref name="Holmes"/>
===LEED Canada===
In 2003, the [[Canada Green Building Council]] (CAGBC) received permission to create LEED Canada-NC v1.0, which was based upon LEED-NC 2.0.<ref name="Lamb">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=John P. |title=The greening of IT : how companies can make a difference for the environment |date=2009 |publisher=IBM Press/Pearson |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=9780135093887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TjgcSIBSZIC&pg=PA119 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> As of 2021, Canada ranked second in the world (not including the USA) in its number of LEED-certified projects and square feet of space.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada Ranks Second in the World for LEED Certified Buildings in 2021 |url=https://www.cagbc.org/news-resources/cagbc-news/20220209_news_release/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Canada Green Building Council (CAGBC) |date=9 February 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> Buildings in Canada such as Winnipeg's [[Canadian Museum for Human Rights]] are LEED certified due to practices including the use of [[Rainwater harvesting in Canada|rainwater harvesting]], green roofs, and natural lighting.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Joyce |title=The Green Museums Community is Taking Climate Action – IMT |url=https://www.imt.org/news/the-green-museums-community-is-taking-climate-action/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Institute for Market Transformation |date=18 October 2019}}</ref>
As of March 18, 2022, the Canada Green Building Council took over direct oversight for LEED™ green building certification of projects in Canada, formerly done by GBCI Canada. CAGBC will continue to work with [[Green Business Certification Inc.]] (GBCI) and USGBC while consolidating certification and credentialing for&nbsp;CAGBC's Zero Carbon Building Standards,&nbsp;LEED,&nbsp;TRUE,<ref name="Sturla">{{cite news |last1=Sturla |first1=Lesley |title=Canada Green Building Council to oversee LEED certification in Canada |url=https://www.gbci.org/canada-green-building-council-oversee-leed-certification-canada |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Green Business Certification Inc. |date=18 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Investor Ready Energy Efficiency (IREE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Certification |url=https://www.cagbc.org/our-work/certification/ |website=Canada Green Building Council (CAGBC) |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> IREE is a model supported by CAGBC and the Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) for the verification of proposed retrofit projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrne |first=Sumner |date=Feb 14, 2024 |title=How Canada is decarbonizing through retrofits with IREE certification {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/how-canada-decarbonizing-through-retrofits-iree-certification |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.usgbc.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=First Retrofit Financed by the Canada Infrastructure Bank Receives IREE Certification - Electrical Industry News Week |url=https://electricalindustry.ca/latest-articles/first-retrofit-financed-by-the-canada-infrastructure-bank-receives-iree-certification/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=electricalindustry.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Certification process===
LEED certification is granted by the [[Green Business Certification Inc.|Green Building Certification Institute]] (GBCI), which arranges third-party verification of a project's compliance with the LEED requirements.<ref name="Holland">{{cite book |last1=Holland |first1=Meredith J. |title=Green Building Certification System Review Findings Report Appendices A–E |date=June 2024 |publisher=U.S. General Services Administration |page=A-6 |edition=1.1 |url=https://www.gsa.gov/system/files/GBCS%20Appendices%20A-E%20Findings%20Report_June2024-508-v1.1.pdf |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> The certification process for design teams consists of the design application, under the purview of the architect and the engineer and documented in the official construction drawings, and the construction application, under the purview of the building contractor and documented during the construction and commissioning of the building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The LEED Submittal Process and Appeals {{!}} Green Exam Academy - Tips and Tricks to Pass the LEED AP Exam |url=https://www.greenexamacademy.com/the-leed-submittal-process-and-appeals/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.greenexamacademy.com}}</ref>
A fee is required to register the building, and to submit the design and construction applications. Total fees are assessed based on building area, ranging from a minimum of $2,900 to over $1&nbsp;million for a large project.<ref>Hughes, Timothy. (2011-01-01) [http://hpac.com/archive/true-cost-leed-certified-green-buildings The True Cost of LEED-Certified Green Buildings | Archive content from HPAC Engineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053937/http://hpac.com/archive/true-cost-leed-certified-green-buildings |date=2014-03-02}}. Hpac.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-23.</ref> "Soft" costs – i.e., added costs to the building project to qualify for LEED certification – may range from 1% to 6% of the total project cost. The average cost increase was about 2%, or an extra $3–$5 per square foot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.josre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Cost_of_LEED_Analysis_of_Construction_Costs-JOSRE_v3-131.pdf |title=The Cost of LEED – An Analysis of the Construction Costs of LEED and Non-LEED Banks |first1=Chad|last1=Mapp|first2=MaryEllen C.|last2=Nobe|first3=Brian|last3=Dunbar|access-date=2014-03-02 |website=josre.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626081947/http://www.josre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Cost_of_LEED_Analysis_of_Construction_Costs-JOSRE_v3-131.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-26}}</ref>
The application review and certification process is conducted through LEED Online, USGBC's web-based service. The GBCI also utilizes LEED Online to conduct their reviews.<ref name="Hubka">{{cite web |last1=Hubka |first1=Dave |title=Consistency is Key for LEED Online Submission to GBCI |url=https://getgreenbadger.com/consistency-is-key-for-leed-online-submission-to-gbci/ |website=Green Badger |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
===LEED energy modeling===
Applicants have the option of achieving credit points by building energy models.{{efn|The Optimize Energy Performance credit energy models must follow the methodologies outlined in Appendix G of the [[ASHRAE 90.1]] building energy standard.}} One model represents the building as designed, and a second model represents a baseline building in the same location, with the same geometry and occupancy. Depending on location (climate) and building size, the standard provides requirements for [[heating, ventilation and air-conditioning]] (HVAC) system type, and wall and window definitions. This allows for a comparison with emphasis on factors that heavily influence energy consumption.<ref name="Olsson">{{cite book |last1=Olsson |first1=Anna |last2=Steko |first2=Anel |title=Defining a reference building according to LEED v4, to enable comparison of LCA alternatives |date=2015 |publisher=Lund University |url=https://www.ebd.lth.se/fileadmin/energi_byggnadsdesign/publications/exjobb/15-6.pdf}}</ref> The number of points achieved in this credit is proportional to the predicted energy savings.
This method has been criticized for inaccurately predicting actual energy usage. The USGBC admits that "current information indicates that most buildings do not perform as well as design metrics indicate. As a result, building owners might not obtain the benefits promised."<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs3402.pdf|title=A National Green Building Research Agenda|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220808/http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs3402.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref>
===LEED for Homes rating system===
The LEED for Homes rating system was first piloted in 2005.<ref name="Hamschmidt">{{cite book |last1=Hamschmidt |first1=Jost |last2=Pirson |first2=Michael |title=Case Studies in Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: The oikos collection Vol. 2 |date=6 February 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-27854-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vZKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22LEED+for+Homes%22+simpler+rating+system+than+LEED&pg=PT324 |language=en}}</ref> It has been available in countries including the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=147 |title=LEED rating systems &#124; U.S. Green Building Council |publisher=Usgbc.org |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083800/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=147 |archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the LEED rating system? |url=https://www.ecohome.net/guides/3100/what-is-leed/ |website=ECOHOME |date=September 25, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Sweden,<ref>[http://www.exengo.se/miljocertifiering/ LEED] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315232649/http://www.exengo.se/miljocertifiering/ |date=2015-03-15}} Retrieved 16-03-2015. {{in lang|sv}}</ref> and India.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Sanskrati |title=LEED: Meaning, levels, HVAC, benefits, myths and more |url=https://housing.com/news/leed-certification-in-india/ |website=Housing News |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=23 January 2024}}</ref> LEED for Homes projects are [[low-rise building|low-rise residential]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reposa |first=John H. |date=2009-06-04 |title=Comparison of USGBC LEED for Homes and the NAHB National Green Building Program |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15578770902952736 |journal=International Journal of Construction Education and Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=108–120 |doi=10.1080/15578770902952736 |issn=1557-8771}}</ref>
The process of the LEED for Homes rating system differs significantly from the LEED rating system for new construction.<ref name="Das">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Tapas K. |title=Industrial Environmental Management: Engineering, Science, and Policy |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-59155-9 |page=468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AjMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22LEED+for+Homes%22+rating&pg=PA468 |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike LEED, LEED for Homes requires an on-site inspection.<ref name="Ebert" /> LEED for Homes projects are required to work with either an American<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1554 |title=U.S. Green Building Council &#124; U.S. Green Building Council |publisher=Usgbc.org |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312203744/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1554 |archive-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> or a Canadian provider organization<ref>{{cite web |title=Homes |url=https://www.cagbc.org/our-work/certification/leed/homes/ |website=Canada Green Building Council (CAGBC) |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=en-CA}}</ref> and a green rater. The provider organization helps the project through the process while overseeing the green raters, individuals who conduct two mandatory site inspections: the thermal bypass inspection and the final inspection.<ref name="Reeder">{{cite book |last1=Reeder |first1=Linda |title=Guide to Green Building Rating Systems: Understanding LEED, Green Globes, Energy Star, the National Green Building Standard, and More |date=29 March 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40194-1 |pages=50-52, 67-78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FSrBTIOVIIC&q=LEED%20for%20Homes%20rater |language=en}}</ref> The provider and rater assist in the certification process but do not themselves certify the project.<ref name="Ebert">{{cite book |last1=Ebert |first1=Thilo |last2=Eßig |first2=Natalie |last3=Hauser |first3=Gerd |title=Green Building Certification Systems: Assessing sustainability - International system comparison - Economic impact of certifications |date=10 December 2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-95553-168-3 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYzTAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22LEED+for+Homes%22+%22site+inspection%22&pg=PA46 |language=en}}</ref>
===Professional accreditation===
In addition to certifying projects pursuing LEED, USGBC's [[Green Business Certification Inc.]] (GBCI) offers various accreditations to people who demonstrate knowledge of the LEED rating system, including LEED Accredited Professional (LEED AP), LEED Green Associate, and LEED Fellow.<ref name="Updated link for LEED professionals">{{cite web |title=LEED professional credentials {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/credentials |website=www.usgbc.org |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708081711/https://www.usgbc.org/credentials |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Marisa |date=April 16, 2015 |title=GBCI Renamed Green Business Certification Inc. {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council |url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/gbci-renamed-green-business-certification-inc |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.usgbc.org |language=en}}</ref>
The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) describes its LEED professional accreditation as "demonstrat[ing] current knowledge of green building technologies, best practices" and the LEED rating system, to assure the holder's competency as one of "the most qualified, educated, and influential green building professionals in the marketplace."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gbci.org/main-nav/professional-credentials/credentials.aspx |title=LEED Professional Credentials |publisher=GBCI |access-date=2012-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826130545/http://www.gbci.org/main-nav/professional-credentials/credentials.aspx |archive-date=2012-08-26}}</ref>
{{anchor|Criticism}}
==Criticism==
Critics of LEED certification such as [[Auden Schendler]] and Randy Udall have pointed out that the process is slow, complicated, and expensive. In 2005, they published an article titled "LEED is Broken; Let's Fix It", in which they argued that the certification process "makes green building more difficult than it needs to be" and called for changes "to make LEED easier to use and more popular" to better accelerate the transition to green building.<ref name="Udall">{{cite web |last1=Udall |first1=Randy |last2=Schendler |first2=Auden |title=LEED is Broken-Let's Fix It.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1pYffuHFkvlY2YwZDdiYjAtNzIwYi00YjNjLTlmMzgtZDYwZTQ2OThlOTAw/view?sort=name&layout=list&num=50&resourcekey=0-h2FRrswR3v-FO8-UQqX8yw |website=Google Docs |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
Schendler and Udall also identified a pattern which they call "LEED brain", in which participants may become focused on "point mongering" and pick and choose design elements that don't actually go well together or don't fit local conditions, to gain points. The public relations value of LEED certification begins to drive the development of buildings rather than focusing on design. They give the example of debating whether to add a reflective roof, used to can counter "heat island" effects in urban areas, to a building high in the Rocky Mountains.<ref name="Udall"/><ref name="Owen"/>{{rp|230}}
A 2012 ''[[USA Today]]'' review of 7,100 LEED-certified commercial buildings found that designers tended to choose easier points such as using recycled materials, rather than more challenging ones that could increase the energy efficiency of a building.<ref name="Schnaars">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/24/green-building-leed-certification/1650517/ |date=October 24, 2012 |author-first1= Christopher |author-last1=Schnaars |author-first2= Hannah |author-last2= Morgan |title=In U.S. building industry, is it too easy to be green?|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2017-09-02|archive-date=2013-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128203601/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/24/green-building-leed-certification/1650517/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Critics such as [[David Owen]] and Jeff Speck also point out that LEED certification focuses on the building itself, and does not take into account factors such as the location in which the building stands, or how employee commutes may be affected by a relocation.  In ''Green Metropolis'' (2009), Owen discusses an environmentally-friendly building in [[San Bruno, California]], built by [[Gap Inc.]], which was located {{convert|16|mi}} from the company's corporate headquarters in downtown [[San Francisco]], and {{convert|15|mi}} from Gap's corporate campus in [[Mission Bay (San Francisco)|Mission Bay]]. Although the company added shuttle buses between buildings, "no bus is as green as an elevator".<ref name="Owen">{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=David |title=Green metropolis: why living smaller, living closer, and driving less are the keys to sustainability |date=2009 |publisher=Riverhead Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-59448-882-5}}</ref>{{rp|232–33}} Similarly, in ''Walkable City'' (2013), Jeff Speck describes the relocation of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]{{'}}s Region 7 Headquarters from downtown [[Kansas City, Missouri]], to a LEED-certified building {{convert|20|mi}} away in the suburb of [[Lenexa, Kansas]]. Kaid Benfield of the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] estimated that the carbon emissions associated with the additional miles driven were almost three times higher than before, a change from 0.39 metric tons per person per month to 1.08 metric tons of carbon dioxide per person per month. Speck writes that "The carbon saved by the new building's LEED status, if any, will be a small fraction of the carbon wasted by its location".<ref name="speck">{{cite book |last1=Speck |first1=Jeff |title=Walkable city: how downtown can save America, one step at a time |date=2013 |publisher=North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-86547-772-8 |pages=55–59 }}</ref> Both Speck and Owen make the point that a building-centric standard that doesn't consider location will inevitably undervalue the benefits of people living closer together in cities, compared to the costs of automobile-oriented suburban sprawl.<ref name=speck /><ref name="Owen"/>{{rp|221–35}}
==Performance==
LEED is a design tool and as such has focused on energy modeling, rather than being a performance-measurement tool that measures actual energy consumption.<ref name="Ireland"/><ref name="Schnaars"/><ref name="Gerrit-Jan"/>
LEED uses modeling software to predict future energy use based on intended use. Buildings certified under LEED do not have to prove energy or water efficiency in practice to receive LEED certification points. This has led to criticism of LEED's ability to accurately determine the efficiency of buildings,<ref name="Schnaars"/> and concerns about the accuracy of its predictive models.<ref name="Chokor">{{cite journal |last1=Chokor |first1=Abbas |last2=El Asmar |first2=Mounir |last3=Tilton |first3=Claire |last4=Srour |first4=Issam |title=Dual Assessment Framework to Evaluate LEED-Certified Facilities' Occupant Satisfaction and Energy Performance: Macro and Micro Approaches |journal=Journal of Architectural Engineering |date=December 2016 |volume=22 |issue=4 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000186 |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29AE.1943-5568.0000186 |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en |issn=1076-0431}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Jonghoon |last2=Moon |first2=Soo-Young |last3=Jang |first3=Daehee |date=2023 |title=Spatial Model for Energy Consumption of LEED-Certified Buildings |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=15 |issue=22 |pages=16097 |doi=10.3390/su152216097 |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Karpman |first1=Maria |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Michael |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Building Energy Modeling Has Its Place |url=https://www.nema.org/blog/view/2019/07/15/building-energy-modeling-has-its-place |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=NEMA |language=en}}</ref>
Research papers provide most of what is known about the performance and effectiveness of LEED. Much of the available research predates 2014, and therefore applies to buildings that were designed under early versions of the LEED rating and certification systems, LEED v3 (2009) or earlier. As pointed out by Newsham et al., many early analyses should be considered as preliminary. Studies should be repeated with longer data history and larger building samples, include newer LEED certified buildings, and clearly identify green-building rating schemes of individual buildings.<ref name="newsham09" />
Research papers have tended to address performance and effectiveness of LEED in two credit category areas: energy<ref name="newsham09" /> and indoor environment quality (IEQ).<ref name="Newsham">{{cite journal |last1=Newsham |first1=Guy R. |last2=Birt |first2=Benjamin J. |last3=Arsenault |first3=Chantal |last4=Thompson |first4=Alexandra J.L. |last5=Veitch |first5=Jennifer A. |last6=Mancini |first6=Sandra |last7=Galasiu |first7=Anca D. |last8=Gover |first8=Bradford N. |last9=Macdonald |first9=lain A. |last10=Burns |first10=Gregory J. |year=2013 |title=Do 'green' buildings have better indoor environments? New evidence |journal=Building Research and Information |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=415–434 |bibcode=2013BuRI...41..415N |doi=10.1080/09613218.2013.789951 |s2cid=109196172}}</ref>
===Energy performance research===
In 2009, architectural scientist Guy Newsham (et al.) of the [[National Research Council of Canada]] (NRC) re-analyzed a dataset of 100 LEED certified (v3 or earlier version) buildings.<ref name="newsham09">{{cite journal |last1=Newsham |first1=Guy R. |last2=Mancini |first2=Sandra |last3=Birt |first3=Benjamin J. |title=Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but… |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=41 |issue=8 |year=2009 |pages=897–905 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.014 |bibcode=2009EneBu..41..897N |url=https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=367e8a94-0f06-49e1-ab61-f76a968063df |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2020-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314035556/https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=367e8a94-0f06-49e1-ab61-f76a968063df |url-status=live}}</ref> The data included only "medium use" buildings, and did not include 21 laboratories, data centers and supermarkets which were expected to have higher energy activity. Researchers further attempted to match each building with a conventional building within the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) database according to building type and occupancy.<ref name="newsham09" /><!-- "We conducted a series of t-tests in which we sought to pair each LEED building with a single matched building from the CBECS dataset. -->
On average, the LEED buildings consumed 18 to 39% less energy by floor area than the conventional buildings. However, 28 to 35% of LEED-certified buildings used more energy.<ref name="newsham09" /><ref name="Amiri"/> The paper found no correlation between the number of energy points achieved or LEED certification level and measured building performance.<ref name="newsham09" />
[[File:Hostal Empúries.jpg|thumb|The Hostal Empúries was the first LEED (LEED Gold) certified hotel in Europe]]
In 2009 physicist John Scofield published an article in response to Newsham et al., analyzing the same database of LEED buildings and arriving at different conclusions.<ref name="2009scofield">{{cite journal |last=Scofield |first=John H. |title=Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Not really.. |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=41 |pages=1386–1390 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.08.006 |issue=12}}</ref> Scofield criticized the earlier analysis for focusing on energy per floor area instead of a total energy consumption. Scofield considered source energy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager/understand-metrics/difference|title=The difference between source and site energy|website=www.energystar.gov|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154908/https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/benchmark/understand_metrics/source_site_difference|url-status=live}}</ref> (accounting for energy losses during generation and transmission) as well as [[Primary energy#Site and source energy|site energy]], and used area-weighted energy use intensities (EUIs) (energy per unit area per year), when comparing buildings to account for the fact that larger buildings tend to have larger EUIs.<ref name="2009scofield" /> Scofield concluded that, collectively, the LEED-certified buildings showed no significant source energy consumption savings or [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emission]] reductions when compared to non-LEED buildings, although they did consume 10–17% less site energy.<ref name="2009scofield" />
Scofield notes the difficulties of building analysis, given both the lack of a randomly selected sample of LEED buildings, and the diversity of factors involved when selecting a comparison group of non-LEED buildings. In 2013 Scofield identified 21 LEED-certified New York City office buildings with  publicly available energy performance data for 2011, out of 953 office buildings in New York City with such data.<ref name="2013scofield">{{cite journal |last=Scofield |first=John H. |title=Efficacy of LEED-certification in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission for large New York City office buildings |journal=Energy and Buildings |volume=67 |pages=517–524 |year=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.032 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013EneBu..67..517S }}</ref> Results differed with certification level. LEED-Gold buildings were found to use 20% less source energy than conventional buildings.  However, buildings at the Silver and Certified levels used 11 to 15% more source energy, on average, than conventional buildings. (Data was not available for Platinum-level buildings.)<ref name="2013scofield" /> An analysis of 132 LEED buildings based on municipal energy benchmarking data from Chicago in 2015 showed that LEED-certified buildings used about 10% less energy on site than comparable conventional buildings. However, the study did not show differences in use of source energy.<ref name="Amiri"/><ref name="Doane">{{cite journal |last1=Scofield |first1=John H. |last2=Doane |first2=Jillian |title=Energy performance of LEED-certified buildings from 2015 Chicago benchmarking data |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=1 September 2018 |volume=174 |pages=402–413 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.019 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.019 |access-date=24 November 2024 |issn=0378-7788}}</ref>
In 2014, architect Gwen Fuertes and engineer Stefano Schiavon<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plug Load Energy Analysis: The Role of Plug Loads in LEED Certification |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fs0k03g?query=Schiavon%2520Fuertes |website=eScholarship |access-date=2015-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124145752/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fs0k03g?query=Schiavon%2520Fuertes |archive-date=2015-11-24|date = 2013-01-07|last1 = Schiavon|first1 = Stefano |last2=Fuertes |first2=Gwen}}</ref> developed the first study that analyzes [[plug load]]s using LEED-documented data from certified projects. The study compared plug load assumptions made by 92 [[Energy Modeling Forum|energy modeling]] practitioners against [[ASHRAE Handbook|ASHRAE]] and [[Title 24 (California code)|Title&nbsp;24]] requirements, and the evaluation of the plug load calculation methodology used by 660 LEED-CI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5543.pdf |title=LEED 2009: For Commercial Interiors |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123185857/http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5543.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and 429 LEED-NC<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5546.pdf |title=LEED 2009 For new construction and major renovations |access-date=2015-11-16 |archive-date=2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703152946/http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5546.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> certified projects. They found that energy modelers only considered the energy consumption of predictable plug loads, such as refrigerators, computers and monitors. Overall the results suggested a disconnection between assumptions in the models and the actual performance of buildings.<ref name="Chokor" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
Energy modeling might be a source of error during the LEED design phase. Engineers Christopher Stoppel and Fernanda Leite evaluated the predicted and actual energy consumption of two twin buildings using the energy model during the LEED design phase and the utility meter data after one year of occupancy. The study's results suggest that mechanical systems turnover and occupancy assumptions significantly differ from predicted to actual values.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Evaluating building energy model performance of LEED buildings: Identifying potential sources of error through aggregate analysis|journal = Energy and Buildings|date = 2013-10-01|pages = 185–196|volume = 65|doi = 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.016|first1 = Christopher. M.|last1 = Stoppel|first2 = Fernanda|last2 = Leite| bibcode=2013EneBu..65..185S }}</ref>
In a 2019 review, Amiri et al. suggest that judging energy efficiency based on source energy may not be appropriate where the availability of energy types depends on city council or government policies.  If some types of source energy are not supported locally, there is no opportunity to choose the types of energy promoted by the LEED scoring system. Amiri emphasizes that many studies have weaknesses due to the lack of randomly selected samples of LEED buildings, and the difficulty of selecting comparison groups of non-LEED buildings. Amiri also notes that the standards for building design have changed significantly over time. For example, newer non-LEED buildings may routinely use features such as high-quality windows which were rarely used in older buildings. Comparisons of LEED and non-LEED buildings therefore need to consider age as well as size, use, occupant behavior, and location aspects such as climate zone.<ref name="Amiri" />
Zhang et al. (2019) examine renewable energy assessment methods and different assessment systems, and note that LEED-US only addresses management problems at pre-occupancy phase.<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chong |last2=Cui |first2=Chengliao |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying |last4=Yuan |first4=Jiaqi |last5=Luo |first5=Yimo |last6=Gang |first6=Wenjie |title=A review of renewable energy assessment methods in green building and green neighborhood rating systems |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=15 July 2019 |volume=195 |pages=68–81 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.040 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378778818335989 |issn=0378-7788}}</ref> [[Post-occupancy evaluation|Post‐occupancy evaluation]] (POE) is the process of evaluating building performance after occupation. Interest in POE is increasing, in part due to concerns about differences between energy models in the design phase and actual use of buildings. POE research emphasizes the need to collect and analyze actual occupancy data from existing buildings, to better understand how people are using spaces and resources.  <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Peixian |last2=Froese |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Brager |first3=Gail |date=2018-04-01 |title=Post-occupancy evaluation: State-of-the-art analysis and state-of-the-practice review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132318300957 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=133 |pages=187–202 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.024 |issn=0360-1323|hdl=2429/64700 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Greer et al. (2019) reviewed renewable energy assessment methods and examined the effectiveness of LEED v4 buildings in California. While LEED v4 introduced “Impact Categories” as system goals, Greer suggested that closer linkages were needed between design points and outcomes, and that  issues like supply chains, infrastructure, and regionalized variability should be considered.  They examined relationships between the climate mitigation points given for water efficiency (WE) and energy efficiency (EA) and used baseline energy and water budgets to calculate the avoided [[Greenhouse gas|GHG]] emissions of buildings.  They reported that impacts like the mitigation of expected climate change pollution can be calculated, and while "LEED points do not equally reward equal impact mitigation", such differences could be reconciled to better align LEED credits and goals.<ref name="Greer">{{cite journal |last1=Greer |first1=Fiona |last2=Chittick |first2=Josh |last3=Jackson |first3=Erick |last4=Mack |first4=Jeremy |last5=Shortlidge |first5=Mitchel |last6=Grubert |first6=Emily |title=Energy and water efficiency in LEED: How well are LEED points linked to climate outcomes? |journal=Energy and Buildings |date=15 July 2019 |volume=195 |pages=161–167 |doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.010 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.010 |access-date=25 November 2024 |issn=0378-7788}}</ref>
===IEQ performance research===
The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) defines indoor environmental quality (IEQ) as "the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it."<ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/ |title=Workplace Safety and Health Topics, Indoor Environment Quality |publisher=CDC |website=Center for Disease Control Main Website |access-date=23 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030020/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/ |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The USGBC includes the following considerations for attaining IEQ credits: [[indoor air quality]], the level of [[volatile organic compounds]] (VOC), lighting, [[thermal comfort]], and [[Daylighting (architecture)|daylighting]] and views. In consideration of a building's indoor environmental quality, published studies have also included factors such as: acoustics, building cleanliness and maintenance, colors and textures, workstation size, ceiling height, window access and shading, surface finishes, furniture adaptability and comfort.<ref name="Schiavon">{{cite journal |last1=Altomonte |first1=Sergio |last2=Schiavon |first2=Stefano |date=October 2013 |title=Occupant satisfaction in LEED and non-LEED certified buildings |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.008 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=68 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.008 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=Newsham /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aryani |first1=Yanu |last2=Purwana |first2=Rachmadhi |last3=Herdiansyah |first3=Herdis |last4=Suryabrata |first4=Jatmika Adi |date=2025 |title=Bridging the Gap in Green Building Research: The Role of Post Occupancy Evaluation: Urbanism. Architecture. Constructions / Urbanism. Arhitectura. Constructii |url= |journal=Urbanism. Architecture. Constructions / Urbanism. Arhitectura. Constructii |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=27–50}}</ref>
The most widely used method for post-occupancy evaluation (POE) in IEQ-related studies is occupant surveys.<ref name=":8" /> In 2013, architectural physicist Sergio Altamonte and Stefano Schiavon used occupant surveys from the Center for the Built Environment at Berkeley's database<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frontczak |first1=M. |last2=Schiavon |first2=S. |last3=Goins |first3=J. |last4=Arens |first4=E. |last5=Zhang |first5=H. |last6=Wargocki |first6=P. |date=2012-04-01 |title=Quantitative relationships between occupant satisfaction and satisfaction aspects of indoor environmental quality and building design |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1wc7t219 |url-status=live |journal=Indoor Air |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=119–131 |bibcode=2012InAir..22..119F |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00745.x |issn=1600-0668 |pmid=21929547 |s2cid=12961761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109123647/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wc7t219 |archive-date=2018-01-09 |access-date=2019-02-06 |doi-access=free}}</ref> to study IEQ occupant satisfaction in 65 LEED buildings and 79 non-LEED buildings. They analyzed 15 IEQ-related factors including the ease of interaction, building cleanliness, the comfort of furnishing, the amount of light, building maintenance, colors and textures, workplace cleanliness, the amount of space, furniture adjustability, visual comfort, air quality, [[visual privacy]], noise, temperature, and sound privacy.   Occupants reported being slightly more satisfied in LEED buildings for the air quality and slightly more dissatisfied with the amount of light. Overall, occupants of both LEED and non-LEED buildings had equal satisfaction with the building overall and with the workspace.<ref name="Schiavon" /> The authors noted that the data may not be representative of the entire building stock and a randomized approach was not used in the data assessment.<ref name="Schiavon" />
Newsham et al (2013) carried out an evaluation using both occupant interviews and physical site measurements.<ref name="Newsham" /> Field studies and post-occupancy evaluations (POE) were performed in 12 "green" and 12 conventional buildings across Canada and the northern United States. Most but not all of the "green" buildings were LEED-certified. 2545 occupants completed a questionnaire. On-site, 974 randomly selected workstations were measured for thermal conditions, air quality, acoustics, lighting, workstation size, ceiling height, window access and shading, and surface finishes. Responses were positive in the areas of environmental satisfaction, satisfaction with thermal conditions, satisfaction with outside views, aesthetic appearance, reduced disturbance from HVAC noise, workplace image, night-time sleep quality, mood, physical symptoms, and reduced number of airborne particulates. The green buildings were rated more highly and in the case of airborne particulates exhibited superior performance than the conventional buildings.<ref name="Newsham" />
Schiavon and Altomonte (2014)<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |title=Influence of factors unrelated to environmental quality on occupant satisfaction in LEED and non-LEED certified buildings |url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35437/1/Schiavon%20Altomonte_BAE_2014.pdf |journal= Building and Environment |date=2014-07-01 |pages=148–159 |volume=77 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.028 |first1=Stefano |last1=Schiavon |first2=Sergio |last2=Altomonte |bibcode=2014BuEnv..77..148S |access-date=2019-07-30 |archive-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321222400/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35437/1/Schiavon%20Altomonte_BAE_2014.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> found that occupants have equivalent satisfaction levels in LEED and non-LEED buildings when evaluated independently from the following factors: office type, spatial layout, distance from windows, building size, gender, age, type of work, time at workspace, and weekly working hours. LEED certified buildings may provide higher satisfaction in open spaces than in enclosed offices, in smaller buildings than in larger buildings, and to occupants having spent less than one year in their workspaces rather than to those who have used their workspace longer. This study suggests that the positive value of LEED certification as measured by occupant satisfaction may decrease with time.<ref name=":6" />
In 2015, environmental health scientist Joseph Allen (et al.)<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Joseph G. |last2=MacNaughton |first2=Piers |last3=Laurent |first3=Jose Guillermo Cedeno |last4=Flanigan |first4=Skye S. |last5=Eitland |first5=Erika Sita |last6=Spengler |first6=John D. |date=2015-07-10 |title=Green Buildings and Health |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=250–258 |bibcode=2015CEHR....2..250A |doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0063-y |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=4513229 |pmid=26231502}}</ref> reviewed studies of indoor environmental quality and the potential health benefits of green-certified buildings. He concluded that green buildings provide better indoor environmental quality with direct benefits to the human health of occupants, compared to non-green buildings.  Statistically significant measures from different studies included decreased symptoms of sick building syndrome, decreased sick days, decreased respiratory symptoms during the daytime and  asthma symptoms at night, and lowered levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and nicotine. However, Allen noted that the frequent use of subjective health performance indicators was a limitations of many of the studies reviewed. He proposed a framework to encourage the use of direct, objective, and leading  “Health Performance Indicators” in building assessment.<ref name=":7" />
The [[daylight]] credit was updated in LEED v4 to include a simulation option for daylight analysis that uses spatial daylight autonomy ([[Daylighting (architecture)#LEED documentation|SDA]]) and annual sunlight exposure ([[Daylighting (architecture)#LEED documentation|ASE]]) metrics to evaluate daylight quality in LEED projects. SDA is a metric that measures the annual sufficiency of daylight levels in interior spaces and ASE describes the potential for visual discomfort by direct sunlight and glare. These metrics are approved by the [[Illuminating Engineering Society of North America]] (IES) and codified in the LM-83-12 standard. LEED recommends a minimum of 300 [[lux]] for at least 50% of total occupied hours of the year for at least 55% of the occupied floor area. The threshold recommended by LEED for ASE is that no more than 10% of regularly occupied floor area can be exposed to more than 1000&nbsp;lux of direct sunlight for more than 250 hours per year. Additionally, LEED requires window shades to be closed when more than 2% of a space is subject to direct sunlight above 1000 lux. According to building scientist Christopher Reinhart, the direct sunlight requirement is a very stringent approach that can discourage good daylight design. Reinhart proposed the application of the direct sunlight criterion only in spaces that require stringent control of sunlight (e.g. desks, white boards, etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Opinion: Climate-based daylighting metrics in LEEDv4 – A fragile progress|journal = Lighting Research and Technology|date = 2015-06-01|issn = 1477-1535|pages = 388|volume = 47|issue = 4|doi = 10.1177/1477153515587613|first = Christoph|last = Reinhart|s2cid = 114386623}}</ref>
In 2024, Kent et al. compared satisfaction of people in buildings that had received either [[WELL Building Standard|WELL certification]] or LEED certification. Ratings of buildings certified with WELL and LEED were matched on six dimensions: award level, years in building, time in workspace, type of workspace, proximity to a window, and floor height.  Satisfaction with the overall building and one's workspace were high under both rating systems. However, satisfaction with LEED‑certified buildings (73% and 71%) tended to be lower than that for WELL‑certified buildings (94% and 87%). This may be because WELL is a human-centered standard for building design that focuses primarily on comfort, health, and well-being. In contrast, only 10% of the credits in LEED certification relate to indoor environmental quality (IEQ).  Differences may also reflect age of buildings, which were not matched for in the design.<ref name="Kent">{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Michael G. |last2=Parkinson |first2=Thomas |last3=Schiavon |first3=Stefano |title=Indoor environmental quality in WELL-certified and LEED-certified buildings |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2 July 2024 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15120 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-65768-w |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65768-w |access-date=26 November 2024 |language=en |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11220045 }}</ref>
===Innovation in design research===
The rise in LEED certification also brought forth a new era of construction and building research and ideation. Architects and designers have begun stressing the importance of occupancy health over high efficiency within new construction and have been trying to engage in more conversations with health professionals. Along with this, they also create buildings to perform better and analyze performance data to upkeep the process. Another way LEED has affected research is that designers and architects focus on creating spaces that are modular and flexible to ensure a longer lifespan while simultaneously sourcing products that are resilient through consistent use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEED Drives Innovation in the Construction Industry |url=https://constructionexec.com/article/leed-drives-innovation-in-construction-industry |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=constructionexec.com}}</ref>
Innovation in LEED architecture is linked with new designs and high-quality construction. One example is use of [[nanoparticle]] technology for consolidation and conservation effects in [[cultural heritage]] buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A. Daehne and C. Herm, "Calcium hydroxide nanosols for the consolidation of porous building materials – results from EU-STONECORE," |journal=Heritage Science|date=9 April 2013|volume=1|issue=1|page=11|doi=10.1186/2050-7445-1-11|s2cid=19619773|last1=Daehne|first1=Arnulf|last2=Herm|first2=Christoph|doi-access=free}}</ref> This practice began with the use of [[calcium hydroxide]] nano-particles in [[porous media|porous]] structures to improve [[mechanical strength]]. Titanium, silica, and aluminum-based compounds may also be used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309636328|title=New_polymer_architectures_for_architectural_stone_preservation}}</ref>
Material technology and construction techniques could be among first issues to consider in building design. For the facade of [[high-rise buildings]], such as the [[Empire State Building]], the surface area provides opportunities for design innovation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csemag.com/articles/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold/|title=Empire State Building achieves LEED Gold|date=14 September 2011|website=Consulting – Specifying Engineer|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716010927/https://www.csemag.com/articles/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold/|url-status=live}}</ref> VOC released from construction materials into the air is another challenge to address.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255505548|title=Evaluation_of_emission-control_options_at_Leeds_Architectural_Products}}</ref>
In [[Milan]], a university-corporate partnership sought to produce semi-transparent solar panels to take the place of ordinary windows in glass-facade high-rise buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sassarinotizie.com/24ore-articolo-383878-glass_to_power_a_produrre_energia_pulita_saranno_le_finestre.aspx|title=Glass to Power, a produrre energia (pulita) saranno le finestre &#124; SassariNotizie 24 ore – 383878|website=www.sassarinotizie.com|date=10 October 2016|language=it|trans-title=Glass to Power, windows will produce (clean) energy|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715233817/http://www.sassarinotizie.com/24ore-articolo-383878-glass_to_power_a_produrre_energia_pulita_saranno_le_finestre.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar concepts are under development elsewhere, with considerable market potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glasstopower.com/highly-efficient-large-area-colourless-luminescent-solar-concentrators-using-heavy-metal-free-colloidal-quantum-dots-nature-nanotechnology-24-08-2015/|title=Highly efficient large-area colourless luminescent solar concentrators using heavy-metal-free colloidal quantum dots, Nature Nanotechnology 24-08-2015|date=24 August 2015|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302083739/https://www.glasstopower.com/highly-efficient-large-area-colourless-luminescent-solar-concentrators-using-heavy-metal-free-colloidal-quantum-dots-nature-nanotechnology-24-08-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glasstopower.com/highly-efficient-luminescent-solar-concentrators-based-earth-abundant-indirect-bandgap-silicon-quantum-dots-nature-photonics-20-02-2017/|title=Highly efficient luminescent solar concentrators based on earth-abundant indirect-bandgap silicon quantum dots, Nature Photonics 20-02-2017|date=20 February 2017|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302082459/https://www.glasstopower.com/highly-efficient-luminescent-solar-concentrators-based-earth-abundant-indirect-bandgap-silicon-quantum-dots-nature-photonics-20-02-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Manzara Adalar skyscraper project in [[Istanbul]], designed by [[Zaha Hadid]], saw considerable innovation through the use of communal rooms, outdoor spaces, and natural lighting<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manzara Adalar |url=https://www.antyapi.com.tr/en/projeler/manzara-adalar/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ANT YAPI |language=en-US}}</ref> as part of the Urban Transformation Project of the Kartal port region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manzaraadalar.com.tr/|title=Kartal Konut Projesi Manzara Adalar'a Hoş Geldiniz – Manzara Adalar|website=www.manzaraadalar.com.tr|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202022723/http://www.manzaraadalar.com.tr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaha-hadid.com/masterplans/kartal-pendik-masterplan/|title=Kartal Masterplan – Zaha Hadid Architects|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702164117/http://www.zaha-hadid.com/masterplans/kartal-pendik-masterplan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emlakkulisi.com/turkiye-leed-sertifikali-yesil-binalar-listesinde-9-sirada/397228|title=Türkiye LEED Sertifikalı Yeşil Binalar listesinde 9. sırada! – 04-08-2015|website=Emlak Kulisi|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715204425/https://emlakkulisi.com/turkiye-leed-sertifikali-yesil-binalar-listesinde-9-sirada/397228|url-status=live}}</ref>
Extreme structures that have received LEED certification include: Amorepacific Headquarters in Seoul by [[David Chipperfield Architects]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detail-online.com/article/a-building-for-the-whole-city-amorepacific-headquarters-in-seoul-33127/|title=A Building for the Whole City: Amorepacific Headquarters in Seoul|website=Detail-online.com|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2020-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219101701/https://www.detail-online.com/article/a-building-for-the-whole-city-amorepacific-headquarters-in-seoul-33127/|url-status=live}}</ref> Project: Brave New World: SFMOMA by [[Snøhetta]] in [[San Francisco]], California;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detail-online.com/article/brave-new-world-sfmoma-by-snoehetta-31295/|title=Brave New World: SFMOMA by Snøhetta|website=Detail-online.com|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127093635/https://www.detail-online.com/article/brave-new-world-sfmoma-by-snoehetta-31295/|url-status=live}}</ref> Project: UFO in a Sequinned Dress: Centro Botín in Santander by [[Renzo Piano]]; Building Workshop in Zusammenarbeit with Luis Vidal + Architects, in Santander, Spain;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detail-online.com/article/ufo-in-a-sequinned-dress-centro-botin-in-santander-31274/|title=UFO in a Sequinned Dress: Centro Botín in Santander|website=Detail-online.com|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225052613/https://www.detail-online.com/article/ufo-in-a-sequinned-dress-centro-botin-in-santander-31274/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Project: Vertical factory: Office building in London by Allford Hall Monaghan Morris in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detail-online.com/article/vertical-factory-office-building-in-london-31087/|title=Vertical factory: Office building in London|website=Detail-online.com|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154906/https://www.detail-online.com/article/vertical-factory-office-building-in-london-31087/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Other related research notes===
A 2003 analysis of the savings from green building found in a review of 60 LEED buildings that these buildings were, on average, 25–30% more energy efficient. It also attributed substantial benefits to the increased productivity from the better ventilation, temperature control, lighting control, and reduced indoor air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Kats |author-link=Greg Kats |year=2003 |url=http://staging.community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/paper-kats.pdf |title=Green building costs and financial benefits |publisher=Massachusetts Technology Collaborative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122080148/http://staging.community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/paper-kats.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-22}}</ref>
From a financial perspective, several 2008 studies found that LEED for-rent office spaces generally charged higher rent and had higher occupancy rates. Analysis of [[CoStar Group]] property data estimated the extra cost for the minimum benefit at 3%, with an additional 2.5% for silver-certified buildings.<ref>{{cite web |author1=N. Miller |author2=J. Spivey |author3=A. Florance |year=2008 |title=Does Green Pay Off? |work=Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management |url=http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5537.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029110117/http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs5537.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-29}}</ref> More recent studies have confirmed these earlier findings in that certified buildings achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates, potentially reflecting lower investment risk.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuerst |first1=Franz |last2=McAllister |first2=Pat |title=Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification on Office Property Values |year=2009 |ssrn=1140409 |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pivo |first1=Gary |last2=Fisher |first2=Jeffrey D. |title=Investment Returns from Responsible Property Investments: Energy Efficient, Transit-oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998–2008 |year=2009 |url=http://www.responsibleproperty.net/assets/files/pivo_fisher_investmentreturnsfromrpi3_3_09.pdf |publisher=Responsibleproperty.net |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724032458/http://www.responsibleproperty.net/assets/files/pivo_fisher_investmentreturnsfromrpi3_3_09.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fuerst |first1=Franz |last2=McAllister |first2=Pat |title=An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates |year=2009 |url=http://aresjournals.org/doi/abs/10.5555/jsre.1.1.wuk75p1017qhv214 |format=[[PDF]] |publisher=American Real Estate Society |access-date=2015-11-21 | archive-date=2020-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313110929/https://aresjournals.org/doi/abs/10.5555/jsre.1.1.wuk75p1017qhv214 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Because LEED focuses on the design of the building and not on its actual energy consumption, it has been suggested that LEED buildings should be tracked to discover whether the potential energy savings from the design are being used in practice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Appelbaum |first=A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/opinion/20Appelbaum.html?scp=1&sq=don%E2%80%99t%20LEED%20us%20astray&scse |title=Don't LEED Us Astray |newspaper=New York Times |date=2010-05-19 |access-date=2017-02-25 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116125736/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/opinion/20Appelbaum.html?scp=1&sq=don%E2%80%99t%20LEED%20us%20astray&scse |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Benefits and disadvantages==
[[File:Eco-indulgent apartments.jpg|thumb|[[Real estate]] developers have begun to use LEED certification and a building's green status as selling points.]]
LEED-certified buildings are intended to use resources more efficiently when compared to conventional structures inspected only to mandatory building codes. However, analysis of energy and water use data from New York City shows that LEED certification does not necessarily make a building more energy or water efficient.<ref name="Schnaars"/>
Often, when a LEED rating is pursued, the cost of initial design and construction rises. There may be a lack of abundant availability of manufactured building components that meet LEED specifications. There are also added costs in USGBC correspondence, LEED design-aide consultants, and the hiring of the required [[Building commissioning|Commissioning Authority]], which are not in themselves necessary for an environmentally responsible project unless seeking LEED certification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEED Program {{!}} Brampton Brick |url=https://bramptonbrick.com/en/about-us/leed-program |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=bramptonbrick.com}}</ref>
Proponents argue that these higher initial costs can be mitigated by the savings incurred over time due to projected lower-than-industry-standard operational costs typical of a LEED certified building. This [[Whole-life cost|life cycle costing]] is a method for assessing the total cost of ownership, taking into account all costs of acquiring, owning and operating, and the eventual disposal of a building.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Ghamdi |first1=Sami G. |last2=Bilec |first2=Melissa M. |date=2017 |title=Green Building Rating Systems and Whole-Building Life Cycle Assessment: Comparative Study of the Existing Assessment Tools |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29AE.1943-5568.0000222 |journal=Journal of Architectural Engineering |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000222 |issn=1076-0431}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dahiya |first1=Devender |last2=Laishram |first2=Boeing |date=2024 |title=Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: A systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132324000027 |journal=Building and Environment |language=en |volume=252 |pages=111160 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111160}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Decorte |first1=Yanaika |last2=Steeman |first2=Marijke |last3=Van Den Bossche |first3=Nathan |date=January 2024 |title=Integrating the Energy Performance Gap into Life Cycle Assessments of Building Renovations |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=17 |pages=7792 |doi=10.3390/su16177792 |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Additional economic payback may come in the form of employee productivity gains incurred as a result of working in a healthier environment. Studies suggest that an initial up-front investment of 2% extra yields over ten times that initial investment over the life cycle of the building.<ref>{{cite web|author-first1 = Greg |author-last1= Kats|author-first2 = Leon |author-last2= Alevantis|author-first3 = Adam |author-last3=Berman |author-first4 = Evan |author-last4=Mills|author-first5 = Jeff |author-last5=Perlman|title = The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings: A Report to California's Sustainable Building Task Force|year = 2003|url = http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/607_Kats_AB184.pdf|access-date = 2008-10-30|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001160646/http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/MediaArchive/607_Kats_AB184.pdf|archive-date = 2015-10-01|author-link = Greg Kats}}</ref>
The USGBC has stated support for [[2030 Challenge|Architecture 2030]], an effort that has set a goal for a building to operate with no greenhouse-gas-emitting energy by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title = The 2030 Challenge|publisher = Architecture2030.org|url = http://architecture2030.org/2030_challenges/2030-challenge/|url-status=live|archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151123024452/http://architecture2030.org/2030_challenges/2030-challenge/|archive-date = 2015-11-23}}</ref> In progression toward this,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19 |title=U.S. Green Building Council &#124; U.S. Green Building Council |publisher=Usgbc.org |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401184623/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19 |archive-date=2013-04-01}}</ref> from LEED's existing certifications,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.architecture2030.org/2030_challenge/the_2030_challenge |title=The 2030 Challenge |publisher=Architecture 2030 |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084514/http://www.architecture2030.org/2030_challenge/the_2030_challenge |archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref> the [[Living Building Challenge]] (LBC) is currently the most stringent sustainable design protocol. It sets 20 imperatives<ref>{{cite web|url=http://living-future.org/lbc|title=Living Building Challenge – The Living Future Institute|website=living-future.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324075504/https://living-future.org/lbc/|archive-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> that compel building owners, designers, operators and tenants beyond current LEED rating levels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/ |title=usgbc.org |publisher=usgbc.org |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015042422/http://www.usgbc.org/ |archive-date=2013-10-15}}</ref>
LEED is a design tool and not a performance measurement tool. It is also not yet climate-specific, although the newest version hopes to partially address this. Because of this, designers may be encouraged to make design choices to gain a LEED point, even though this choice is not optimal for the specific project. Additionally, LEED is not energy-specific; it only measures overall performance, allowing builders to choose how to achieve points under various categories. A ''[[USA Today]]'' article from 2012 noted that a review of 7,100 certified commercial building projects suggested that they targeted cheap and easy green points, such as creating healthy spaces and providing educational displays in the building. Few builders adopted renewable energy because of the initial cost of installation. Builders game the rating system and use certain performances to compensate for the others, and energy conservation becomes the weakest part in the overall evaluation.<ref name="Schnaars"/>
LEED has been developed and continuously modified by workers in the green building industry, especially in the ten largest metro areas in the U.S.; however, LEED certified buildings have been slower to penetrate small and middle markets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wheatland.com/wheatland-standard/is-leed-certification-worth-it/ |title=Is LEED Certification Worth It? |first=Marvin |last=Phillips |work=wheatland.com |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204015941/https://www.wheatland.com/wheatland-standard/is-leed-certification-worth-it/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zekelman.com/zekelman-perspective/4-advantages-of-specifying-steel-construction-for-a-leed-project/ |title=4 Advantages of Specifying Steel Construction for A LEED Project |first=Jelani |last=Rucker |work=Zekelman |date=1 November 2012 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014522/https://www.zekelman.com/zekelman-perspective/4-advantages-of-specifying-steel-construction-for-a-leed-project/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There has been criticism that the LEED rating system is not sensitive and does not vary enough with regard to local environmental conditions. For instance, a building in [[Maine]] would receive the same credit as a building in [[Arizona]] for water conservation, though the principle is more important in the latter case. Another complaint is that certification costs could be better used to make the project more sustainable. Many critics have noted that compliance and certification costs have grown faster than staff support from the USGBC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kain |first=Patrick |date=2016 |title=Improving Green Building: Comparing LEED Certification to the FDA and Its Private, Third Party Ratings Approach |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3157412 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3157412}}</ref>
==Incentive programs==
Many federal, state, and local governments and school districts have adopted various types of LEED initiatives and incentives. LEED incentive programs can include tax credits, tax breaks, density zoning bonuses, reduced fees, priority or expedited permitting, free or reduced-cost technical assistance, grants and low-interest loans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Green Building Council{{!}} Public Policy Library |url=https://public-policies.usgbc.org/policies?f%5B0%5D=policy_type:incentive |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=public-policies.usgbc.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tax credit & Incentives for Green Building Projects |url=https://www.greenlivingllc.com/tax-credit-incentives/ |website=Green Living, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40913 |website=Congressional Research Service |access-date=19 November 2024|date= February 10, 2023}}</ref>
[[Cincinnati]], Ohio, adopted a measure providing an automatic 100% real property tax exemption of the assessed property value for newly constructed or rehabilitated commercial or residential properties that earn a minimum of LEED Certified.<ref>{{cite web| title=LEED Initiatives in Government and Schools| url=http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1852| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216114726/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1852| archive-date=2009-02-16}}</ref> In [[Nevada]], construction materials for a qualifying LEED building are exempt from local taxes. Pieces of construction that are deemed 'inseparable parts', such as [[concrete]] or [[drywall]], qualify.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Lee |date=2014 |title=LEED CERTIFICATION INCENTIVES IN OTHER STATES |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/2015-R-0061.htm |quote=Property Tax Abatement for Green Buildings: provides property tax abatements for buildings or structures that earn LEED certification. The amount of the abatement increases with higher certification levels.}}</ref> [[Maryland]]'s High Performance Buildings Act (2008) requires all new public construction and renovations greater than 7,500 sq ft (700 m<sup>2</sup>) to meet LEED Silver standard or two Green Globes. Between 2009 and 2014, the state is required to fund half of the required additional cost for public school construction or renovation to attain that standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/news/2008/maryland-enacts-green-building-standards-public-buildings |title=Maryland Enacts Green Building Standards for Public Buildings &#124; Center for Climate and Energy Solutions |publisher=C2es.org |date=2008-04-24 |access-date=2013-06-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103114407/http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/news/2008/maryland-enacts-green-building-standards-public-buildings |archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref>
In June 2013, USGBC announced a promotion called LEED Earth that refunds LEED certification fees to the first LEED-certified project in a country that doesn't have one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leeduser.com/blogs/first-country-projects-get-free-leed-earth-certification |title=First-in-Country Projects to Get Free LEED Certification |first=Tristan |last=Roberts |date=2013-06-05 |access-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233227/http://www.leeduser.com/blogs/first-country-projects-get-free-leed-earth-certification |archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-earth-rules-and-regulations |title=LEED Earth Rules and Regulations |publisher=USGBC |date=2013-06-04 |access-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806114934/http://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-earth-rules-and-regulations |archive-date=2013-08-06}}</ref>
Delaware currently has a Green Home Rebate incentive program that provides $1,000 – $4,500 rebates to certain new homes that achieve LEED certification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Lee |date=2014 |title=LEED CERTIFICATION INCENTIVES IN OTHER STATES |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/2015-R-0061.htm |quote=Sustainable Energy Utility Green for Green Home Rebate: provides $1,000 – $4,500 rebates to certain new homes that achieve LEED certification.}}</ref>
Hawaii also features a Priority Permit Processing for Green Buildings which requires each county agency that issues building, construction, or development-related permits to create a policy to provide free priority processing of permit applications for construction projects that integrate energy and environmental design building standards. Such buildings can qualify after being rated at LEED silver or similar a certification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Lee |date=2014 |title=LEED CERTIFICATION INCENTIVES IN OTHER STATES |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/2015-R-0061.htm |quote=Priority Permit Processing for Green Buildings: requires each county agency that issues building, construction, or development-related permits to establish a procedure for free priority processing of permit applications for construction projects incorporating energy and environmental design building standards. Buildings can become eligible by earning a LEED silver rating or similar certification.}}</ref>
==Notable certifications==
<!--There are over 83,000 certified buildings, be very selective of what is listed here or split it to a separate list article. -->
===Directories of LEED-certified projects===
The USGBC and Canada Green Building Council maintain online directories of U.S. LEED-certified and LEED Canada-certified projects.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://leed.cagbc.org/LEED/projectprofile_EN.aspx |title=Canada Builds Green Directory |publisher=Canada Green Building Council |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025154/http://www.cagbc.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Media/Directory/default.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> In 2012 the USGBC launched the Green Building Information Gateway (GBIG) to connect green building efforts and projects worldwide. It provides searchable access to a database of activities, buildings, places and collections of green building-related information from many sources and programs, including LEED projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gbig.org/ |title=GBIG Green Building Information Gateway |publisher=USGBC.org |access-date=2013-11-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112015813/http://www.gbig.org/ |archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>
A number of sites including the [[Canada Green Building Council]] (CaGBC)  Project Database list resources relating to LEED buildings in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Andrea |title=Research Guides: Researching a Green Building: Researching a Green Building |url=https://researchguides.georgebrown.ca/researchgreenbuilding |website=researchguides.georgebrown.ca |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Platinum certification ===
[[File:The Philip Merrill Environmental Center.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Philip Merrill Environmental Center]]
The [[Philip Merrill Environmental Center]] in Annapolis, Maryland was the first building to receive a LEED-Platinum rating, version 1.0. It was recognized as one of the "greenest" buildings constructed in the U.S. in 2001 at the time it was built. Sustainability issues ranging from energy use to material selection were given serious consideration throughout design and construction of this facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philip Merrill Environmental Center |url=https://www.cbf.org/about-cbf/locations/maryland/facilities/philip-merrill-environmental-center/index.html |website=Chesapeake Bay Foundation |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
The first LEED platinum-rated building outside the U.S. is the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII GBC) in Hyderabad, India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/13green.htm |title=Kalam to open world's 'greenest' building |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029212514/https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/13green.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> certified in 2003 under LEED version 2.0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.godrejandboyce.com/GodrejandBoyce/pdf/2004/marapr/envionmental.htm|title=A monument to green|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029194236/http://www.godrejandboyce.com/GodrejandBoyce/pdf/2004/marapr/envionmental.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthbound.report/2019/10/04/building-of-the-week-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre/|title=Building of the week-CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre|date=4 October 2019|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029152008/https://earthbound.report/2019/10/04/building-of-the-week-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/ |title=CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101081602/https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf |title=CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301155011/http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showAboutusnosign&id=about-content |title=Indian Green Building Council |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011943/https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showAboutusnosign&id=about-content |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens]] [[Bosarge Family Education Center]], completed in 2011, achieved LEED Platinum certification and became known as "Maine's greenest building".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.pressherald.com/2011/07/14/maines-greenest-building-is-designed-to-educate_2011-07-14/|title = Portland Press Herald|last = Turkel|first = Tux|date = 14 July 2011|work = Maine's 'greenest building' is designed to educate|access-date = 7 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031095215/http://www.pressherald.com/2011/07/14/maines-greenest-building-is-designed-to-educate_2011-07-14/|archive-date = 31 October 2014}}</ref>
In October 2011 [[Apogee Stadium]] at the [[University of North Texas]] became the first newly built stadium in the country to achieve Platinum-level certification.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Collegiate Stadium Receives LEED Platinum Designation |url=https://www.forconstructionpros.com/sustainability/news/10439327/first-collegiate-stadium-receives-leed-platinum-designation |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=Construction |date=20 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Sota Construction Office Building.jpg|thumb|alt=The Sota Construction Corporate Headquarters in Pittsburgh, LEED Platinum 2012.|Sota Construction Corporate Headquarters in [[Pittsburgh]] earned LEED Platinum in 2012.]]
In Pittsburgh, Sota Construction Services' corporate headquarters<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sotaconstruction.com/project_details.asp?id=42 |title=Sota Construction Services, Inc. – Sota Construction Corporate Offices |publisher=Sotaconstruction.com |access-date=2013-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017204416/http://www.sotaconstruction.com/project_details.asp?id=42 |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> earned a LEED Platinum rating in 2012 with one of the highest scores by percentage of total points earned in any LEED category, making it one of the top ten greenest buildings in the world.  It featured a super-efficient thermal envelope using [[cob (material)|cob]] walls, a [[Geothermal heating|geothermal]] well, radiant heat flooring, a roof-mounted solar panel array, and [[Daylighting (architecture)|daylighting]] features.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgbc.org/projects/sota-construction-office-expansion |title=Sota Construction Office Expansion |publisher=[[U.S. Green Building Council]] |access-date=2013-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107230954/http://www.usgbc.org/projects/sota-construction-office-expansion |archive-date=2014-01-07}}</ref>
When it received LEED Platinum in 2012, [[Manitoba Hydro Place]] in downtown [[Winnipeg]] was the most energy-efficient office tower in North America and the only office tower in Canada with a Platinum rating. The office tower employs south-facing winter gardens to capture solar energy during the harsh Manitoba winters and uses glass extensively to maximize natural light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Visit to a LEED Platinum Office Building: Manitoba Hydro Place in the Green Building Advisor |url=https://www.kpmb.com/news/a-visit-to-a-leed-platinum-office-building-manitoba-hydro-place/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=KPMB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-25 |title=Manitoba Hydro Place sets new record with LEED Platinum |url=https://www.canadianarchitect.com/manitoba-hydro-place-sets-new-record-with-leed-platinum/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Canadian Architect |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2012 |title=Manitoba Hydro Place Receives LEED Platinum Certification |url=https://electricalline.com/manitoba-hydro-place-receives-leed-platinum-certification |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Electrical Line Magazine}}</ref>
=== Gold certification ===
[[Pittsburgh]]'s {{convert|1500000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} [[David L. Lawrence Convention Center]] was the first Gold LEED-certified convention center and largest "green" building in the world when it opened in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/features/2012/American-City/Pittsburgh/David-Lawrence-Convention-Center.asp|title=David L. Lawrence Convention Center|journal=Architectural Record|first=Joann|last=Gonchar|date=October 2012|access-date=24 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217175146/http://archrecord.construction.com/features/2012/American-City/Pittsburgh/David-Lawrence-Convention-Center.asp|archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> It earned Platinum certification in 2012, becoming the only convention center with certifications for both the original building and new construction.<ref name="DLCC">{{cite news |title=Convention center earns highest 'green' cred: platinum LEED rating |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/convention-center-earns-green-cred-635397/ |first=Mark |last=Belko |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=11 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801070442/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/convention-center-earns-green-cred-635397/ |archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref>
The Cashman Equipment building in Henderson, Nevada became the first construction equipment dealership to receive LEED gold certification in 2009. The headquarters of the Caterpillar brand, it is the largest LEED [[Industrial park|industrial complex]] in [[Nevada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke & Associates |title=Best of Nevada: Cashman Equipment Company Corporate Headquarters {{!}} 2009-12-01 {{!}} ENR {{!}} Engineering News-Record |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/23842-best-of-nevada-cashman-equipment-company-corporate-headquarters |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.enr.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-11 |title=Cashman Sets the Gold Standard |url=https://www.bdcnetwork.com/home/press-release/55167763/cashman-sets-the-gold-standard |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Building Design+Construction |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Empire State Building Feb 2006.jpg|alt=Empire State Building in New York City|thumb|The [[Empire State Building]] in New York City is one of the tallest and most well-known LEED-certified buildings, certified as an LEED Gold existing building.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold|title=Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council|website=www.usgbc.org|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731210032/https://www.usgbc.org/articles/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Around 2010, the [[Empire State Building]] underwent a $550&nbsp;million renovation, including $120&nbsp;million towards energy efficiency and eco-friendliness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esbnyc.com/sustainability_energy_efficiency.asp |title=2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo — Green Retrofit: What Is Making This the Wave of the Future? |format=PDF |access-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122082831/http://esbnyc.com/sustainability_energy_efficiency.asp |archive-date=22 November 2010}}</ref> It received a gold LEED rating in 2011, and at the time was the tallest LEED-certified building in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inhabitat.com/nyc/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold-certification/ |first=Jessica |last=Dailey |title=Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification |publisher=Inhabitat.com |date=2011-09-14 |access-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731093011/http://inhabitat.com/nyc/empire-state-building-achieves-leed-gold-certification/ |archive-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>
In July 2014, the [[San Francisco 49ers]]' [[Levi's Stadium]] became the first NFL venue to earn a LEED Gold certification.<ref name="O'Malley">{{cite news |last1=O'Malley |first1=Charlotte |title=The First LEED Certified NFL Stadium Makes Its Debut |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/the-first-leed-certified-nfl-stadium-makes-its-debut_o |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=Architect |date=September 15, 2014}}</ref> The [[Minnesota Vikings]]' [[U.S. Bank Stadium]] equaled this feat with a Gold certification in Building Design and Construction in 2017 as well as a Platinum certification in Operations and Maintenance in 2019, a first for any professional sports stadium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usbankstadium.com/stadium-info/sustainability|title=First Professional Sports Stadium To Achieve LEED Platinum Certification For Operations And Maintenance|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-20|archive-date=2021-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520231931/https://www.usbankstadium.com/stadium-info/sustainability}}</ref>
In San Francisco's [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]], the [[Letterman Digital Arts Center]] earned a Gold certification in 2013. It was built almost entirely from the recycled remains of the [[Letterman Army Hospital]], which previously occupied the site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onelettermandrive.com/ |title=Letterman Digital Arts Center |publisher=Onelettermandrive.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016104145/http://www.onelettermandrive.com/ |archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
Although originally constructed in 1973, Willis Tower a commercial office building located in Chicago, adopted and implemented a new set of sustainable practices in 2018, earning the property LEED Gold certification under the LEED for Existing Buildings: O&M™ rating system. This adoption earned Willis Tower the ranking of the tallest LEED-certified building in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EQ's Willis Tower becomes largest building to earn LEED Platinum |url=https://nerej.com/eq-s-willis-tower-becomes-largest-building-to-earn-leed-platinum |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=New England Real Estate Journal (NEREJ) |language=en}}</ref>
===Multiple certifications ===
[[File:The crystal (27265775033).jpg |thumb | right |[[The Crystal]], London]]
In September 2012, [[The Crystal]] in London became the world's first building awarded LEED Platinum and [[BREEAM]] Outstanding status. It generates its own energy using solar power and ground-source heat pumps and utilizes extensive [[KNX (standard)|KNX]] technologies to automate the building's environmental controls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plummer |first=Mark |year=2013 |title=CIBSE Case Study: The First LEED Platinum & BREEAM Outstanding Building {{!}} CIBSE |url=https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/knowledge-portal/cibse-case-study-the-first-leed-platinum-breeam-outstanding-building |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=CIBSE Journal |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Phipps Conservatory 4.jpg | thumb | right | [[Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens|Phipps Conservatory]], Pittsburgh]]
In [[Pittsburgh]], the visitor's center of [[Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens]] received Silver certification,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://new.usgbc.org/projects/phipps-conservatory-and-botanical-garden|title=Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Garden|publisher=[[U.S. Green Building Council]]|access-date=24 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123051425/http://new.usgbc.org/projects/phipps-conservatory-and-botanical-garden|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> its Center for Sustainable Landscapes received a Platinum certification and fulfilled the [[Living Building Challenge]] for [[Zero-energy building|net-zero energy]],<ref name="sustainablelandscapes">{{cite news |url=http://www.popcitymedia.com/devnews/phipps052312.aspx |title=Development News: Phipps' Center for Sustainable Landscapes opens today, to be greenest building in the world |newspaper=[[Pop City]] |first=Andrew |last=Moore |date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121132129/http://popcitymedia.com/devnews/phipps052312.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> and its greenhouse facility received Platinum certification. It may be the only greenhouse in the world to have achieved such a rating.<ref name="greenhouse">{{cite web |url=http://wesa.fm/post/phipps-production-greenhouse-attains-leed-platinum |title=Phipps Production Greenhouse Attains LEED Platinum |first=Josh |last=Raulerson |publisher=WESA.fm |date=5 July 2012 |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502021239/http://wesa.fm/post/phipps-production-greenhouse-attains-leed-platinum |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Torre Mayor, México D.F., México, 2014-10-13, DD 11.JPG|thumb |right | Torre Mayor, Mexico]]
[[Torre Mayor]], at one time the tallest building in Mexico, achieved LEED Gold certification for an existing building<ref name="Torre">{{cite news |last1=Kriss |first1=Jacob |title=Mexico's green building boom in photos |url=https://www.gbci.org/mexicos-green-building-boom-photos |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=GBCI |date=5 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> and eventually reached Platinum certification under LEED v4.1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Torre Mayor |url=https://www.usgbc.org/projects/torre-mayor?view=team |website=U.S. Green Building Council |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ricaurte">{{cite news |last1=Ricaurte |first1=Iris Montoya |title=The Torre Mayor building received LEED Platinum v4.1 certification {{!}} ACR Latinoamérica |url=https://www.acrlatinoamerica.com/en/2023031318976/news/enterprises/the-torre-mayor-building-received-leed-platinum-v4-1-certification-1.html |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=ACR Latinoamerica |date=13 March 2023}}</ref> The building is designed to withstand 8.5-magnitude earthquakes, and has enhanced many of its systems including air handling and water treatment.<ref name="Torre"/><ref name="Ricaurte"/>
In 2017,<ref name="KP"/> [[Kaiser Permanente]], the largest integrated health system in the United States,<ref name="Hu"/> opened California's first LEED Platinum certified hospital, the Kaiser Permanente San Diego Medical Center.&nbsp;By 2020, Kaiser Permanente owned 40 LEED certified buildings.<ref name="KP">{{cite web |title=The road to carbon neutral |url=https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/community-health/improving-community-conditions/environmental-stewardship/the-road-to-carbon-neutral |website=Kaiser Permanente |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Its construction of LEED buildings was one of multiple initiatives that enabled Kaiser Permanente to report [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero carbon emissions]] in 2020.<ref name="Hu">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Howard |last2=Cohen |first2=Gary |last3=Sharma |first3=Bhavna |last4=Yin |first4=Hao |last5=McConnell |first5=Rob |title=Sustainability in Health Care |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=17 October 2022 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=173–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-095157 |s2cid=250659511 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-095157 |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en |issn=1543-5938}}</ref>
As of 2022, [[University of California, Irvine]] had 32 LEED-certified buildings across the campus. 21 were LEED Platinum certified, and 11 were LEED Gold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2022 |title=UCI named top doctoral university, U.S. institution in AASHE's sustainability index – UC Irvine News |url=https://news.uci.edu/2022/09/13/uci-named-top-doctoral-university-u-s-institution-in-aashes-sustainability-index/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=news.uci.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Building enclosure commissioning]]
*[[BREEAM]]
*[[Center for the Built Environment]]
*[[Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing]]
*[[Code for Sustainable Homes]]
*[[Design Impact Measures]]
*[[Ecological footprint]]
*[[Energy conservation]]
*[[Estidama]]
*[[Environmental design]]
*[[Green Globes]]
*[[High-Performance Green Buildings]]
*[[Home energy rating]]
*[[Living Building Challenge]]
*[[NAHBGreen]]
*[[Passive house]]
*[[QSAS]]
*[[Renewable energy]]
*[[SmartCode]]
*[[Sustainable architecture]]
*[[Sustainable refurbishment]]
*[[U.S. Green Building Council]]
*[[WELL Building Standard]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes and references ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist}}
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*  [[U.S. Green Building Council]] (USGBC)
** [http://www.usgbc.org/articles/about-leed About LEED] at USGBC
** [http://www.usgbc.org/leed LEED rating system] at USGBC
** [http://www.usgbc.org/profile LEED Project Directory] at USGBC
** [http://www.gbig.org/ EXPLORE GREEN BUILDINGS] GBIG Green Building Information Gateway by USGBC
* [[Canada Green Building Council]] (CGBC)
** [https://leed.cagbc.org/LEED/projectprofile_EN.aspx Project Database] for CGBC
{{U.S. Green Building Council}}
{{HVAC}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leadership In Energy And Environmental Design}}
[[Category:Building energy rating]]
[[Category:Building engineering]]
[[Category:Energy in the United States]]
[[Category:Environment of the United States]]
[[Category:Environmental design]]
[[Category:Sustainable building in the United States]]
[[Category:Sustainable building rating systems]]