View source for Lemkos

{{Short description|East Slavic ethnic group}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=December 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Expand Polish|Łemkowie|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Lemkos
| image            = [[File:Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Sanok area Lemkos in original goral folk-costumes from Mokre (Poland) ..jpg|250px]]
| caption          = Members of the folk group Osławianie from [[Mokre, Sanok County|Mokre]] in original Lemko highlander folk-costumes
| population       = 75,228<br/>700,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia"/>
| region1          = {{SVK}}
| pop1             = 63,556 (2021){{efn|Listed as [[Rusyns]]; includes 23,746 as primary ethnicity and 39,810 as secondary ethnicity.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of population by ethnicity in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021 |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/en/population/basic-results/ |publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref><br/>100,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia"/>
| ref1             =
| region2          = {{POL}}
| pop2             = 11,000 (2011)<ref name="stat" /><br/>100,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia"/>
| ref2             =
| region3          = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| pop3             = 672 (census 2001)<ref name="census2001">[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.5W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1 2001 Census]</ref><br/>
350,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia">[https://esu.com.ua/article-54193 Лемки / І. Д. Любчик // Енциклопедія Сучасної України [Електронний ресурс] / Редкол. : І. М. Дзюба, А. І. Жуковський, М. Г. Железняк [та ін.] ; НАН України, НТШ. – К. : Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України, 2016. ISBN 978-966-02-7999-5]</ref>
| ref3             =
| region4          = North America
| pop4             = 150,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia"/>
| ref4             =
| region5          = Post-[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] states
| pop5             = 50,000 (ancestory)<ref name="encyclopedia"/>
| ref5            =
| languages        = [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| flag             = [[File:Flag of Lemkos.svg|200px|border]]
| flag_caption     = Flag of Polish Lemkos<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pilip |first1=Milan |editor1-last=Medviď |editor1-first=Peter |title=Русиньска народна сiмболiка |publisher=Tlačiareň svidnícka |isbn=978-80-89755-03-5 |page=92 |language=rue,sk,en|url=http://okruhly-stol.sk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/rusynska_symbolika_final.pdf |access-date=23 January 2022 |location=Svidník, Slovakia |date=2014 |trans-title=Rusyn National Symbology}}</ref>
| rels             = Predominantly [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] or [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], with [[Roman Catholic]] minorities
| related          = [[Ukrainians]], [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]], [[Rusyns]]
}}
'''Lemkos''' ({{langx|rue|Лeмкы|translit= Lemkŷ}}; {{langx|pl|Łemkowie}}; {{langx|uk|Лемки|translit=Lemky}}; {{langx|sk|Lemkovia}}) are an [[ethnic group]] inhabiting the [[Lemko Region]] ({{langx|rue|Лемковина|translit=Lemkovyna}}; {{langx|uk|Лемківщина|translit=Lemkivshchyna}}) of [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Carpathian Rus']], an ethnographic region in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and [[Carpathian Foothills|foothills]] spanning [[Ukraine]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Poland]].
Lemkos are often considered to be either a sub-group of [[Rusyns]] or [[Ukrainians]] or to form their own [[ethnicity]]. Members of these groups have historically also been given other designations such as ''Verkhovyntsi'' (Highlanders).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Among people of the Carpathian highlands, communities speaking the same dialect will identify with a different ethnic label when crossing borders due to the influence of state-sponsored education and media. As well the same community may switch its preferred identification over time.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} In Slovakia between the 1991 and 2001 censuses, the number of people identifying as "Ukrainian" declined by 2,467 people (an 18.6% decrease) while those reporting Rusyn as their national identity increased by 7,004 people (a 40.6% increase). It is not clear however, if this refers to the same individuals switching their identification, more young first-time respondents choosing Rusyn, or migration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf|title=Table 11. Resident population by nationality - 2001, 1991|publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date=2005|access-date=September 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715152521/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf|archive-date=July 15, 2007}}</ref>
The spoken language of the Lemkos, which has a code of ''rue'' under ISO 639-3, has been variously described as a language in its own right, a dialect of [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] or a dialect of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} In Ukraine, almost all Lemkos speak both Lemko and standard Ukrainian (according to the [[2001 Ukrainian Census]]).<ref name="census2001" /> Ukraine itself categorizes Lemkos as an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians and not as a separate ethnicity.<ref>[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]</ref> In the Polish Census of 2011, 11,000 people declared Lemko nationality, of whom 6,000 declared only Lemko nationality, 4,000 declared double national identity – Lemko-Polish, and 1,000 declared Lemko identity together with a non-Polish identity.<ref name="stat">''[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011]''. GUS. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29 January 2013. p. 3. {{Retrieved|access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref> I.D. Liubchyk (І.Д.Любчик) cites the number of around 700 thousand people with Lemko ancestory in the world, out of which 350 thousand are in Ukraine, 150 thousand in North America, 100 thousand in Poland, 100 thousand in Poland, 100 thousand in Slovakia and 50 thousand in Post-[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] states.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyklopedija sučasnoï Ukraïny. Tom 17: Leh-Lošč / holovna redakcijna kolehija XVI tomu: Dzjuba, I.M. [und viele weitere] |date=2016 |publisher=Instytut Encyklopedyčnych Doslidženʹ Nacionalʹnoï akademiï Nauk Ukraïny |isbn=978-966-02-7999-5 |editor-last=Dzjuba |editor-first=Ivan Mychajlovyč |location=Kyïv}}</ref> During the population census in Ukraine in 2001, the majority of Lemkos identified themselves as Ukrainians.
==Etymology==
[[File:Lemko Region with modern state borders (English).png|thumb|350px|Map of the Lemko Region according to World federation of Ukrainian Lemko organizations]]
The ethnonym '''Lemko''' derives from the word {{transliteration|rue|lem}} ({{langx|rue|лем|translation=only}}).<ref name="Dictionary1982">{{cite book|title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: Parts 12–22|url=https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom2.cropped.ocr|author=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|author-link=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|year=1982|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN)]]|location=Winnipeg|volume=2|language=en, uk|page=[https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom2.cropped.ocr/page/n383 770]}}</ref> The term is thought to have first originated as a nickname for users of the word ''lem'' in the borderlands between the Lemko and [[Boyko]] regions: the easternmost extent of usage of the word on the north side of the Carpathians.<ref>{{cite book|title=Про говор галицких Лемків|author=Іван Верхратский|year=1902|publisher=[[Shevchenko Scientific Society]]|location=Lviv|language=uk|page=1}}</ref> (On the south side of the Carpathians, the analogous nickname, ''lemak'', was used in the ''lem-lyš'' [[isogloss]] area.)<ref>{{cite book|title=Язык Подкарпатской Руси|author=Георгий Геровский|year=1995|orig-year=1934|location=Moscow|language=ru|page=22}}</ref> The ethnonym eventually entered use in academia and was first recorded in print with the 1834 publication of ''Grammatik der ruthenischen oder klein russischen Sprache in Galizien'' (<small>lit.</small> 'Grammar of Ruthenian or Little Russian Language in Galicia') by Yosyp Levytsky.
[[File:Ukraine Caul.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian stamp featuring a Lemko woman, 2009.]]
As an endonym, ''Lemko'' only entered wider use in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lemkos|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture|author=Helena Duć-Fajfer|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-3566-3|quote=By the early twentieth century the Rusyns living on the northern slopes of the Carpathians had given up their traditional ethnonym, ''Rusnak'', for the name ''Lemko''.}}</ref><ref name="EOU">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lemkos|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm|author=Volodymyr Kubijovyč|year=2013|orig-year=1993|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|volume=3|isbn=978-0802039934|quote=Scholars and the intelligentsia began to use the name Lemko for the western groups of Ukrainian highlanders in the mid-19th century, and by the end of the century some Lemkos had accepted the name.}}</ref> Prior to adopting the name, Lemkos would refer to themselves as ''[[Rusyns]]'' ({{langx|rue|Русины|Rusynŷ}}) or ''Rusnaks'' ({{langx|rue|Руснaкы, Руснаци|Rusnakŷ, Rusnacy}}).<ref name="EOU"/><ref name="EIU2009">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ivanovych |first=Makar Y. |editor-last=Smolii |editor-first=Valerii A. |editor-link=Valeriy Smoliy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine]] |title=Лемківщина |trans-title=Lemkos |url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Lemkivschina |access-date=7 September 2022 |language=uk |date=2009 |publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]] |volume=6 |location=Kyiv |isbn=978-966-00-0632-4 |pages=106–108|quote=Самі ж лемки називали себе "русинами", або "руснаками". |trans-quote=The Lemkos called themselves "Rusyns", or "Rusnaks".}}</ref> By the interwar period the popularity of ''Lemko'' as an endonym had grown, and appeared in periodicals such as ''Lemko'' and ''Naš Lemko''.<ref name="originsLem">{{cite web |last1=Maksimovich |first1=Walter |title=The origins of the term "Łemko/Lemko" |url=http://lemko.org/term.html |website=lemko.org |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113030341/http://lemko.org/term.html|archive-date=2022-01-13}}</ref>
Polish authorities also played a  hand in popular adoption of the term  leading up to World War II. Concerned by the potential for Ukrainian nationalism in the region, authorities sought to encourage Rusyn identity as a counter. This led to promotion of the exaggerated historicity of Lemkos as a distinctive ethnographic group and of their corresponding ethnonym.<ref>{{cite journal|title =Making an Ethnic Group: Lemko- Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic|  first=Agnieszka|last= Pasieka| journal=European History Quarterly| year=2021| volume=51| issue=3| pages=386–410|doi=10.1177/02656914211027121 | s2cid=237155677| doi-access=free}}</ref>
In the aftermath of WWII, ''Lemko'' finally supplanted ''Rusyn'' and ''Rusnak'' as the term of choice for the Rusyns on the north face of the Carpathians in Poland.<ref name="originsLem"/>
==History==
[[File:Peremozhne 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument commemorating the deportation of Lemkos. Peremozhne, [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk region]] ([[Ukraine]])]]
[[File:Akcja wisla cm01.jpg|thumb|200px|Tablet inscription in Polish (left) and Ukrainian: "In memory of those expelled from the [[Lemko Region]], on the 50th anniversary of [[Operation Vistula]], 1947–1997."]]
Several hypotheses account for the origin of the Lemkos, however, like all Rusyns, they most probably have a diverse [[ethnogenesis|ethnogenetic origin]]. The Lemkos (and other Carpatho-Rusyns) are considered to be descendants of the medieval [[White Croats]],<ref name="Magocsi1995">{{cite journal|title=The Carpatho-Rusyns|first=Paul Robert|last=Magocsi|author-link=Paul Robert Magocsi|journal=Carpatho-Rusyn American|volume=XVIII|number=4|year=1995|url=http://carpatho-rusyn.org/cra/chap3.html|quote=The purpose of this somewhat extended discussion of early history is to emphasize the complex origins of the Carpatho-Rusyns. They were not, as is often asserted, exclusively associated with Kievan Rus', from which it is said their name Rusyn derives. Rather, the ancestors of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns are descendants of: (1) early Slavic peoples who came to the Danubian Basin with the Huns; (2) the White Croats; (3) the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia; and (4) the Vlachs of Transylvania.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Laborec|title=Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North America|first=Paul R.|last=Magocsi|author-link=Paul Robert Magocsi|date=30 July 2005|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers|page=5|isbn=9780865166110}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Majorov |first=Aleksandr Vjačeslavovič |year=2012 |title=Velika Hrvatska: etnogeneza i rana povijest Slavena prikarpatskoga područja |trans-title=Great Croatia: ethnogenesis and early history of Slavs in the Carpathian area |language=hr |location=Zagreb, Samobor |publisher=[[Brethren of the Croatian Dragon]], Meridijani |isbn=978-953-6928-26-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Magocsi|first=Paul Robert|author-link=Paul Robert Magocsi|title=With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus? and Carpatho-Rusyns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-615-5053-46-7|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Ivan Katchanovski]]|last2=Kohut|first2=Zenon E.|last3=Nebesio|first3=Bohdan Y.|first4=Myroslav|last4=Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|page=321|quote=In the opinion of some scholars, the ancestors of the Lemkos were the White Croatians, who settled the Carpathian region between the seventh and tenth centuries.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=ЛЕ́МКИ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/2138846|author=И. А. Бойко|encyclopedia=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=ru|quote=Сформировались к 17 в. на основе потомков историч. хорватов и укр. переселенцев (в т. ч. пленных запорожских казаков) при влиянии вост.}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1424.pdf |location=Warsaw – Kiev |agency=UNESCO |date=2011 |access-date=2020-08-03 |pages=9 |quote=The Lemkos an ethnic group inhabiting the Eastern Carpathians, between the River of Poprad to the west and the rivers of Oslava and Laborec to the east. The ethnic shape of the Lemko territory was affected by the Wallachian colonization in 14th-16th centuries, the influx of a Rusyn-influenced Slovak population and the settlement of a Slavic tribe called the White Croats, who had inhabited this part of the Carpathians since the 5th century.}}</ref> affected by the migration of Rusyn-influenced [[Slovaks]],<ref name="UNESCO"/> and the [[Vlach]]/[[Romanians|Romanian]] migrations in the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref name="Magocsi1995"/><ref name="UNESCO"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ewa Kocój|title=Heritage without heirs? Tangible and religious cultural heritage of the Vlach minority in Europe in the context of an interdisciplinary research project|date=2015|journal=Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et Studia. Baner|publisher=Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Kraków, Poland|volume=22|issue=1|pages=141–142|quote=The prevailing religion among Lemkos and Boykos, who are the representatives of the Vlach minority in Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine, includes the Orthodox faith and then the Greek Catholic Church ... Hutsuls, who inhabit the south-west of Ukraine (Chornohora) and the north of Romania, are mostly Orthodox and, to a much lesser extent, Greek Catholics}}</ref>
The Lemko Region became part of Poland in [[History of Poland (966-1385)|the time of the medieval Piast dynasty]] but was frequently disputed with the neighbouring Rus', as can be seen by taking the town of [[Sanok]] as an example: In 981CE [[Vladimir I of Kiev]] invaded the area and took it over from Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, in 1031 it went back to Rus', and in 1340 [[Casimir III the Great|Casimir III of Poland]] recovered it for Poland. The ''[[Grad (Slavic settlement)|gord]]'' of Sanok is mentioned for the first time in [[Hypatian Codex]] in 1150.
<!-- Needs more information between 15th and 20th centuries -->
Lemkos (or their progenitors) became an [[ethnic minority]] as part of the [[Hapsburg Monarchy|Austrian province]] of [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] in 1772.<ref name="Levinson 1994 69" /> Mass [[emigration]] from this territory to the Western hemisphere for economic reasons began in the late 19th century.
Prior to [[World War I]], Lemkos begun to develop conflicting national identities. While some adopted [[Ukrainians|the Ukrainian nationality]], others favored the concept of the [[All-Russian nation]] (the so-called "Old Ruthenian" identity).<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref> As the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Church]] was keen on promoting the Ukrainian identity, some of the pro-Russian Lemkos begun converting to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]].<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref> One of the most notable Orthodoxy converts was [[Maxim Sandovich| Saint Maxim Sandovich]], a Lemko peasant who, after a brief experience as a Greek Catholic monk, converted to Orthodoxy, became a priest and begun spreading Orthodoxy in the region.<ref>R. Dubec - "Św. Maksym Gorlicki", http://www.beskid-niski.pl/index.php?pos=/lemkowie/biografie/maksym, access: 24/06/24</ref>
The [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] was highly suspicious of the pro-Russian Lemkos, as well of Sandovich himself. This led to a series of imprisonments before the breakout of World War I, including one of Sandovich himself.<ref>R. Dubec - "Św. Maksym Gorlicki", http://www.beskid-niski.pl/index.php?pos=/lemkowie/biografie/maksym, access: 24/06/24</ref> After the war broke out, Sandovich was imprisoned again, and executed without trial.<ref>R. Dubec - "Św. Maksym Gorlicki", http://www.beskid-niski.pl/index.php?pos=/lemkowie/biografie/maksym, access: 24/06/24</ref>
In 1914, the Austro-Hungarian authorities created the [[Thalerhof internment camp]], where they imprisoned Lemkos suspected of spying for the [[Russian Empire]]. During the war, 1767 people died in the Thalerhof camp.
[[File:Восточно-Лемковская республика.png|thumb|left|[[Komancza Republic]] in November of 1918]]
In the immediate aftermath World War I, Lemkos founded two short-lived republics, the [[Lemko-Rusyn Republic]] in the west of Galicia, which had a [[Ukrainian Russophiles|russophile]] orientation, as well as attempted to merge with [[Czechoslovakia]] and the [[Komancza Republic]], with a Ukrainophilic orientation, which attempted to merge with [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]].
During the time of the [[Second Polish Republic]], the identity conflict between the Lemkos intensified.<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref> In 1926, following a conflict with their local Greek Catholic priest, the Lemko people of the village [[Tylawa]] underwent a massive conversion to Orthodoxy.<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref> This event, known as the [[Tylawa schism]]<ref>H. Bielaowicz, "Schizma tylawska - masowe przechodzenie Łemków na prawosławie", https://www.podkarpackahistoria.pl/artykul/1213,schizma-tylawska-masowe-przechodzenie-lemkow-na-prawoslawie, access 24/06/24</ref> begun a wave of mass conversions in the region, during which many villages completely converted to Orthodoxy, while some remained either loyal to Eastern Catholicism or divided between the two religions.<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref> As the [[Catholic Church]] was unwilling to hand over their temples to the Orthodox Church, in many convertite villages new [[church (building)|churches]] had to be built.<ref>W. Grzesik, T. Traczyk "Beskid Niski. Od Komańczy do Bartnego. PTTK "Kraj", Warsaw 1997"</ref>
It is estimated that about 130,000 to 140,000 Lemkos were living in the Polish part of the [[Lemko Region]] in 1939. Depopulation of these lands occurred during the [[population transfer|forced resettlement]], initially to the [[Repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] (about 90,000 people) and later to Poland's [[Recovered Territories|newly acquired western lands]] (about 35,000) in the [[Operation Vistula]] campaign of the late 1940s. This action was a [[People's Republic of Poland|state ordered]] removal of the civilian population, in a [[counter-insurgency]] operation to remove potential support for [[guerrilla war]] being waged by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA) in south-eastern Poland.
Some 5,000 Lemko families returned to their home regions in Poland between 1957 and 1958,<ref name=lemkorepublic>[http://www.lemko.org/rzeczpospolita/hladyk.html Lemko Republic of Florynka / Ruska narodna respublika Lemkiv]</ref> (they were officially granted the right to return in 1956), the Lemko population in the Polish section of Lemkivschyna only numbers around 10,000–15,000 today. Some 50,000 Lemkos live in the western and northern parts of Poland, where they were sent to populate former [[German minority in Poland|German]] villages in areas ceded to Poland. Among those, 5,863 people identified themselves as Lemko in the 2002 census. However, 60,000 ethnic Lemkos may reside in Poland today. Within the Lemko Region, Lemkos live in the villages of [[Łosie, Gorlice County|Łosie]], [[Krynica-Zdrój]], [[Nowica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowica]], [[Zdynia]], [[Gładyszów]], [[Hańczowa]], [[Zyndranowa]], [[Uście Gorlickie]], [[Bartne]], [[Binczarowa]] and [[Bielanka, Gorlice County|Bielanka]]. Additional populations can be found in [[Mokre, Sanok County|Mokre]], [[Szczawne]], [[Kulaszne]], [[Rzepedź]], [[Turzańsk]], [[Komańcza]], [[Sanok]], [[Nowy Sącz]], and [[Gorlice]].
In 1968 an [[:pl:Skansen Kultury Łemkowskiej w Zyndranowej|open-air museum dedicated to Lemko culture]] was opened in [[Zyndranowa]]. Additionally, a [[:pl:Łemkowska Watra w Żdyni|Lemko festival]] is held annually in [[Zdynia]].
==Religion==
[[File:Ukrainians in Poland 2002.PNG|thumb|Ukrainians in Poland, 2002. Note strong presence in the [[Recovered Territories]] in the north and west, due to forced resettlement during [[Operation Vistula]].]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Lemko church.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shelestove St Michael's wooden church (1777) is the classic example of Lemko architecture.]] -->
An important aspect of Lemko culture is their deep commitment to [[State church of the Roman Empire|Byzantine Christianity]] which was introduced to the Eastern Slavs from Byzantium via Moravia through the efforts of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in the 9th century. Originally the Lemkos adhered to Orthodoxy, but in order to avoid latinization, directly entered into [[Union of Brest]] with the Roman Catholic Church in the 17th century.
Most Lemkos today are [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern rite or Byzantine-rite Catholics]]. In Poland they belong to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] with a [[Roman Catholic]] minority, or to the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Catholic Church]] (see also [[Slovak Greek Catholic Church]]) in Slovakia. A substantial number belong to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. Through the efforts of the martyred priest Father [[Maxim Sandovich]] (canonized by the Polish Orthodox Church in the 1990s), in the early 20th century, Eastern Orthodoxy was reintroduced to many Lemko areas which had accepted the Union of Brest centuries before.
The distinctive wooden architectural style of the Lemko churches is to place the highest [[cupola]] of the church building at the entrance to the church, with the roof sloping downward toward the [[Sanctuary#Sanctuary as a sacred place|sanctuary]] as opposed to their neighbouring sub-ethnic groups such as the Boykos who place the highest cupola in the middle. Both groups styles have three cupola with numerous [[eaves]].
==Language/dialect==
[[File:Zyndranowa skansen.jpg|thumb|left|Lemko open-air museum in [[Zyndranowa]]]]
[[File:02016 0639 Zjazd Karpacki (Sanok).jpg|thumb|Lemkos in southeastern Poland]]
{{Main|Rusyn language}}
The Slavic dialects of Central Europe form (or formed, prior to standardization) a [[dialect continuum]] with few distinct boundaries between neighbouring varieties. However the question of language boundaries has become a [[language politics|controversial political issue]] since the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and later the Soviet Union into "[[nation states]]", each having only one official language. The Lemko dialects share many features with other Carpathian ones, which are often grouped together as the [[Rusyn language]] by outside linguists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusyn.org/rusyns-language.html |title=The Rusyns |publisher=Rusyn |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123945/http://www.rusyn.org/rusyns-language.html |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Paul Joseph|editor1-last=Best |editor2-first=Jarosław |editor2-last=Moklak |title=The Lemkos of Poland : articles and essays |series=Carpatho-Slavic Studies |volume=1-3 |year=2000 |publisher=Carpatho-Slavic Studies Group, Historia Iagellonica Press |location=New Haven, Cracow |isbn=978-83-912018-3-1 |oclc=231621583}}</ref>
The Lemko dialect has been influenced greatly by the languages spoken by geographically neighboring peoples and ruling elites, so much so that some consider it a separate entity.<ref>See [[:uk:Лемківський говір]]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2017|reason=[[WP:CIRCULAR]]}}{{emdash}}Lemko speech includes some patterns matching those of the surrounding [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
[[Metodyj Trochanovskij]] developed a Lemko Primer (''Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol'', 1935) and a First Reader (''Druha knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol'', 1936) for use in schools in the Lemko-speaking area of [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horbal |first1=Bogdan|author-link1=Bogdan Horbal |editor1-first=Richard D.|editor1-last=Custer|title=Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society 10th Anniversary 2004–2005 |year=2005 |location=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] |pages=81–91|chapter=The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos|chapter-url=http://www.lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf}}</ref> In 1934, Lemko was introduced as the language of instruction in schools in the Lemko region. The pupils were taught from textbooks prepared by Trochanovskij and published by the State Publishing House. However, shortly before the outbreak of World War II Polish authorities replaced them with Ukrainian texts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duć-Fajfer|first1=Helena|title=Szkolnictwo na Łemkowszczyźnie (Schooling in the Lemko region)|url=http://lemkowski.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl/?sem=1&topic=24|website=revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl|publisher=[[University of Warsaw]]|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pl}}</ref> Important fieldwork on the Lemko dialect was carried out by the Polish linguist [[Zdzisław Stieber]] before their dispersal.
According to the [[Central Statistical Office of Poland]], in the school year 2010–2011, Lemko was taught as a first language in twenty primary schools and interschool groups, and ten schools and interschool groups at junior high level, with 188 students attending classes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hornsby |first1=Michael |title=Revitalizing Minority Languages: New Speakers of Breton, Yiddish and Lemko |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-49880-9 |page=97}}</ref>
In the late 20th century, some Lemkos/Rusyns, mainly emigres from the region of the southern slopes of the Carpathians in modern-day Slovakia, began codifying a standard [[grammar]] for the Lemko dialect, which was presented on the 27 January 1995 in Prešov, Slovakia. In 2013 the famous novel ''[[The Little Prince]]'' was translated into Lemko by Petro Krynyckij.<ref>[http://www.petit-prince-collection.com/lang/show_livre.php?lang=en&id=2812 Little Prince nr. PP-2812 / Lemkovian (petit-prince-collection.com)]</ref>
==Lemkos in fiction==
[[Nikolai Gogol]]'s short story ''[[A Terrible Vengeance|The Terrible Vengeance]]'' ends at [[Kriváň (peak)|Kriváň]], now in [[Slovakia]] and pictured on the Slovakian [[euro]], in the heart of the [[Lemko Region]] in the [[Prešov Region]]. [[Avram Davidson]] makes several references to the Lemko people in his stories.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Avram |author-link1=Avram Davidson |editor1-first=Grania |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-link=Grania Davis |editor2-first=Henry |editor2-last=Wessells |title=The Other Nineteenth Century |isbn=978-0-312-84874-3 |oclc=48249248 |page=[https://archive.org/details/othernineteenthc00davi/page/125 125] |chapter=The Odd Old Bird |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQaptztaGDoC&q=Lemko+%22Avram+Davidson%22&pg=PA125 |quote=[[Lemko Region|Lemkovarna]], the land of the Lemkos, those Slavs forgotten by everyone save themselves |date=2001-12-20 |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/othernineteenthc00davi/page/125 }}</ref> Anna Bibko, mother-in-law of the protagonist of ''All Shall Be Well; and All Shall Be Well; and All Manner of Things Shall Be Well'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wodicka |first1=Tod |author-link1=Tod Wodicka |title=All Shall Be Well; and All Shall Be Well; and All Manner of Things Shall Be Well |year=2007 |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-375-42473-1 |oclc=124165798 |url=https://archive.org/details/allshallbewellal00wodi }}</ref> is a Lemko<ref>{{cite news |title=Sympathy for the outsider |author=Nicholas Lezard |author-link=Nicholas Lezard |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2287910,00.html |format=book review |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 June 2008 |access-date=23 December 2009 |quote=(You could be forgiven for thinking Wodicka has made the Lemkos up. He hasn't.)}}</ref> "guided by her senses of traditionalism and grievance, not necessarily in that order".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mead-Drinking, Gruel-Eating, Sandal-Wearing, Reality-Fleeing Family Guy |author=Janet Maslin |newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=24 January 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/books/24maslin.html?scp=1&sq=Lemko&st=cse |access-date=12 December 2009}}</ref>
In the critically acclaimed movie ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' the wedding reception scene was filmed in Lemko Hall in the [[Tremont, Cleveland|Tremont]] neighborhood of [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], which had a significant immigrant population of Lemkos at one time.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/325#.Vsyj6uZ1VKI | title=Lemko Hall}}</ref> The three main characters’ surnames, however, appear to be Russian, possibly Polish and Ukrainian (Michael "Mike" Vronsky, from Polish ''Wroński'', Steven Pushkov, and Nikonar "Nick" Chevotarevich) and the wedding was filmed inside [[St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral]], which is also located in Tremont.
==Location==
{{Main|Lemko Region}}
[[File:Chyża (budynek).jpg|thumb|Lemko house in [[Nowica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowica]] in present-day Poland]]
The Lemkos' homeland is commonly referred to as the [[Lemko Region]] ({{langx|uk|Лeмкiвщина}}; {{langx|rue|Лeмкoвина}}; {{langx|pl|Łemkowszczyzna}}). Up until 1945, this included the area from the [[Poprad River]] in the west to the valley of [[Osława|Oslawa]] River in the east, areas situated primarily in present-day [[Poland]], in the [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]] and [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]]s ([[Administrative divisions of Poland|provinces]]). This part of the Carpathian mountains is mostly [[deforestation|deforested]], which allowed for an [[agrarian economy]], alongside such traditional occupations as [[pastoralism|ox grazing and sheep herding]].
The Lemko region became part of Poland in [[History of Poland (966-1385)|medieval Piast times]]. Lemkos were made part of the Austrian province of [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] in 1772.<ref name="Levinson 1994 69">{{cite book |last=Levinson |first=David |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Levinson |editor2-first=Norma |editor2-last=Diamond |title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China |volume=6 |year=1994 |publisher=G.K. Hall |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts]] |isbn=978-0-8161-1810-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/69 69] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/69 }}</ref> This area was part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] until its dissolution in 1918, at which point the [[Lemko-Rusyn Republic]] (''Ruska Lemkivska'') declared its independence. Independence did not last long however, and the republic was incorporated into Poland in 1920.
As a result of the forcible deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union after World War II, the majority of Lemkos in Poland were either resettled from their historic homeland to the prеviously German [[Former eastern territories of Germany|territories]] in the North-Western region of Poland or to the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref name="pmid12292959">{{cite journal |author=Kordan B |title=Making borders stick: population transfer and resettlement in the Trans-Curzon territories, 1944–1949 |journal=[[The International Migration Review]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=704–20 |year=1997 |pmid=12292959 |doi=10.2307/2547293|jstor=2547293|title-link=Trans-Curzon territories }}</ref> Only those Lemkos living the [[Prešov Region]] in present-day [[Slovakia]] continue to live on their ancestral lands, with the exception of some Lemkos who resettled in their homeland in the late 1950s and afterward. Lemkos are/were neighbours with [[Slovaks]], [[Carpathian Germans]] and ''Lachy sądeckie'' (Poles) to the west, [[Pogorzans]] ([[Polish people|Poles]]) and ''Dolinians'' (a [[Rusyn people|Rusyn]] subgroup) to the north, [[Boykos]] (a [[Ukrainians]] subgroup) to the east, and [[Slovaks]] to the south.
<gallery>
PogMAP2.png|Highlander groups of southeastern Poland, Lemkos in blue.
Austria-Hungary (ethnic) - 1880 Podkarpacie.jpg|National map of languages ([[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]; [[Prešov Region]]; and [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]], 1876)
Carpatho-Rusyn sub-groups - Presov area Lemkos (left side) and Przemyśl area Ukrainians in original goral folk-costumes..jpg|[[Prešov]] area Lemkos (left side) and [[Przemyśl]] area Ukrainians in traditional attire. Photo: Village [[Mokre, Sanok County|Mokre]] near [[Sanok]]. 2007
</gallery>
==Notable Lemkos==
* [[Anytchka]], singer
* [[Bohdan Ihor Antonych]], poet
* [[Mary Beck]], [[Detroit]] politician
* [[Thomas Bell (novelist)|Thomas Bell]], American novelist
* [[Dmitry Bortniansky]], Russian-Ukrainian composer
* [[Emil Czyrniański]], chemist
* [[Steve Ditko]], comic book artist, co-creator of Spider-Man
* [[Oleksandr Dukhnovych]], writer
* [[Bill Evans]], American jazz pianist and composer
* {{Ill|Teodor Gocz|rue|Теодор Гоч}}, Lemko activist, creator of the Lemko Culture Museum in Zyndranowa
* {{illm|Igor Herbut|pl|Igor_Herbut}}, musician
* [[Misia Furtak]], musician
* [[Andrew Kay]], inventor of the digital voltmeter (1953), and inductee of the Computer Hall of Fame for founding [[Kaypro Computer]]
* [[Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva]], wife of Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]]
* Ivan Krasovs'kyi, Lemko ethnographer/historian
* [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]], Ukrainian geographer
* Seman Madzelan, Lemko writer and activist
* [[Adrian Mikhalchishin]], Ukrainian chessmaster
* {{ill|Yuriy Mikhalchishin|uk|Михальчишин Юрій Адріянович}}, Ukrainian politician, member of Ukrainian party [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]], son of Adrian Mikhalchishin
* [[Nikifor]], painter
* [[Radoslav Rochallyi]], writer
* [[Maxim Sandovich]], Orthodox saint
* [[Andrij Savka]] aka Andrew Sawka, bandit, folk hero, Lemko "Robin Hood", led peasant revolution in 1651
* [[Khrystyna Soloviy]], Ukrainian folk singer
* [[George Stroumboulopoulos]], Canadian television personality with Ukrainian-born mother
* [[Petro Murianka]] (Piotr Trochanowski), Lemko poet,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/susyn/susyn2.htm|title=A Select Bibliography of Polish Press Writing on the Lemko Question|first=Susyn Y|last=Mihalasky|year=1997|access-date=13 December 2009}}</ref> involved with contemporary Lemko issues
* [[Metodyj Trochanovskij]], Lemko grammarian
* [[Andy Warhol]] (birth name Warhola), American artist, major figure in the [[pop art]] movement
* [[James Warhola]], American artist
* [[John Warhola]], American artist
* [[Julia Warhola]], American artist
* [[Nick Holonyak]], American electrical engineer and inventor of first light-visible LED
==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Besida]]
* [[Boyko]]
* [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]
* [[Green Ukraine]] republic
* [[History of Ukraine]]
* [[Hutsuls]]
* [[Lemko Republic]]
* [[Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku]]
* [[Red Ruthenia]]
* [[Rusyn American]]
* [[Rusyn language]]
* [[Rusyns]]
* [[Ruthenia]]
* [[Ruthenians]]
* [[Shlakhtov Ruthenians]]
* [[Siberian Republic]]
* [[Ukraine]]
* [[Ukrainians]]
* [[White Croatia]]
{{Div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Moklak, Jaroslaw. ''The Lemko Region in the Second Polish Republic: Political and Interdenominational Issues 1918--1939'' (2013); covers Old Rusyns, Moscophiles and National Movement Activists, & the political role of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox Churches
* ''Łemkowie Grupa Etniczna czy Naród?'', [''The Lemkos: An Ethnic Group or a Nation?''], trans. {{illm|Paul Best (academic)|pl|Paul Best|lt=Paul Best}}
* ''The Lemkos of Poland'' – Articles and Essays, editor Paul Best and Jarosław Moklak
* ''The Lemko Region, 1939–1947 War, Occupation and Deportation'' – Articles and Essays, editor Paul Best and Jarosław Moklak
* {{cite book |last1=Horbal|first1=Bogdan|author-link1=Bogdan Horbal|title=Lemko Studies: A Handbook|series=East European Monographs|date=April 30, 2010 |isbn=978-0-88033-639-0 |oclc=286518760}}
* {{cite journal |last=Laun|first=Karen |author-link=Karen M. Laun |date=6 December 1999|title=A Fractured Identity: The Lemko of Poland|journal=[[Central Europe Review]]|volume=1|issue=24|url=http://www.ce-review.org/99/24/laun24.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816040539/http://www.ce-review.org/99/24/laun24.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 16, 2000}}
* Лемкiвскiй календар. (Lemkivskiĭ kalendar)
* {{cite book |last1=Madzelan|first1=Seman|title=Smak doli |trans-title=Taste of fate |year=1986 |location=[[Nowy Sącz]] |language=pl|oclc=28484749 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Madzelan |first1=Vasil |last2=Madzelan|first2=Seman |title=Lemkivshchyna, a Ukrainian Ethnic Group
|url=http://www.busternus.com/ukraine/ukraine.html |year=1993 |location=[[Lviv]] |language=rue}}
* Gocz T., Życie Łemka / Teodor Gocz. - wyd. II, poprawione i uzupełnione. - Zyndranowa - Krosno : Oficyna Wydawnicza "APLA", 2007. - 142 s.
* Drozd R., Halczak B. Dzieje Ukraińców w Polsce w latach 1921–1989 / Roman Drozd, Bohdan Halczak. – wyd. II, poprawione. – Warszawa : TYRSA, 2010. – 237 s.
* Halczak B. Publicystyka narodowo – demokratyczna wobec problemów narodowościowych i etnicznych II Rzeczypospolitej / Bohdan Halczak. – Zielona Góra : Wydaw. WSP im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego, 2000. – 222 s.
* Halczak B. Problemy tożsamości narodowej Łemków / Bohdan Halczak // W: Łemkowie, Bojkowie, Rusini: historia, współczesność, kultura materialna i duchowa / red. nauk. Stefan Dudra, Bohdan Halczak, Andrzej Ksenicz, Jerzy Starzyński . – Legnica – Zielona Góra : Łemkowski Zespół Pieśni i Tańca "Kyczera", 2007 – s. 41–55 .
* Halczak B. Łemkowskie miejsce we wszechświecie. Refleksje o położeniu Łemków na przełomie XX i XXI wieku / Bohdan Halczak // W: Łemkowie, Bojkowie, Rusini – historia, współczesność, kultura materialna i duchowa / red. nauk. Stefan Dudra, Bohdan Halczak, Roman Drozd, Iryna Betko, Michal Šmigeľ . Tom IV, cz. 1 . – Słupsk – Zielona Góra : [b. w.], 2012 – s. 119–133 .
* Дрозд Р., Гальчак Б. Історія українців у Польщі в 1921–1989 роках / Роман Дрозд, Богдан Гальчак, Ірина Мусієнко; пер. з пол. І. Мусієнко. 3-тє вид., випр., допов. – Харків : Золоті сторінки, 2013. – 272 с.
* {{cite book|author=Andrzej A. Zięba|title=Łemkowie i łemkoznawstwo w Polsce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boIqAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Nakł. Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności|isbn=978-83-86956-29-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Małgorzata Misiak|title=Łemkowie: w kręgu badań nad mniejszościami etnolingwistycznymi w Europie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OBoAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego|isbn=978-83-229-2743-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze. Zarząd Główny. Komisja Turystyki Górskie.̊|title=Łemkowie, kultura, sztuka, język: materiały z symposjum zorganizowanego przez komisję turystyki górskiej ZG PTTK Sanok, DN. 21-24 Września 1983 r|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRdKAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj"|isbn=9788370051419}}
* {{cite book|author=Andrzej Kwilecki|title=Łemkowie: zagadnienie migracji i asymilacji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzNIAAAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe}}
* {{cite book|author=Muzeum Narodowe Rolnictwa i Przemysłu Rolno-Spożywczego (Szreniawa).|title=Łemkowie: historia i kultura : sesja naukowa Szreniawa, 30 czerwca - 1 lipca 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkZGAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Muzeum Narodowe Rolnictwa i Przemysłu Rolno-Spożywczego w Szreniawie|isbn=978-83-86624-58-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Jarosław Zwoliński|title=Łemkowie w obronie własnej: zdarzenia, fakty, tragedie : wspomnienia z Podkarpacia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QGBAAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=J. Zwoliński|isbn=9788390177014}}
* {{cite book|author=Ewa Michna|title=Łemkowie: grupa etniczna czy naród?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evUrAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Zakład Wydawniczy "Nomos"|isbn=978-83-85527-27-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Roman Reinfuss|title=Łemkowie: (opis etnograficzny)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yh3UmQEACAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Druk W. L. Anczyca}}
* {{cite book|author1=Tadeusz Zagórzański|author2=Andrzej Wielocha|title=Łemkowie i Łemkowszczyzna: materiały do bibliografii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMffAAAAMAAJ |year=1984|publisher=SKPB}}
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2018.1442958 Patrycja Trzeszczyńska, "Bridges to the past: a Lemko family history explored through letters. An ethnographic case study,"] Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)
==External links==
{{Commons category|Lemkos}}
* [http://www.lemky.com/ Lemko Portal in Ukraine]
* [http://www.lemko-olk.com/ Canadian Lemko Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051030213744/http://www.radio.com.pl/polonia/article.asp?tId=24039&j=2 Lemko revival in Poland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180309161629/http://www.lemkounion.republika.pl/ The Zarzad Glowny Zjednoczenia Lemkow w Polsce (Lemko-Ukrainian Union in Poland)]
* [http://lemko.org/ Lemko.org]
* [http://www.stowarzyszenielemkow.pl/ Stowarzyszenie Łemków (Association of Lemkos)]
* [http://lemky.lviv.ua/ Lemko Portal in Lviv]
* [http://lemkoproject.blogspot.com/ "The Lemko Project" - A blog and resource site about Lemko history, culture and events. English language.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131132552/http://duet.org.ua/ Ukraine Lemko ethno folk group]
* "The bells of Lemkivshchyna. Will the authorities of Ukraine and Poland listen to them", [[Zerkalo Nedeli]], (''Mirror Weekly''), May 25–31, 2002. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721010458/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/394/34866/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20060115091521/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/nn/show/394/34866/ in Ukrainian].
* "Five questions for a Lemko", [[Zerkalo Nedeli]], (Mirror Weekly), January 19–25, 2002. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123212509/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/377/33493/ in Russian] and [http://www.lemko.org/lemko2/nenka/zn04.html in Ukrainian].
* [http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/lemkos/metodyj.htm Metodyj Trochanovskij]
* [http://www.lem.fm/?lang=en_ Lemko Portal in Poland]
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