View source for Lewis C. Robards

{{short description|19th-century American slave trader}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2024|cs1-dates=ly}}{{use American English|date=June 2024}}
{{for|his grandfather, [[Rachel Donelson Jackson]]'s first husband|Lewis Robards}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Lewis C. Robards
| image         = File:1400 Reward "$1400 Reward" Newspapers.com, The Louisville Daily Courier, November 17, 1854.jpg
| alt           =
| caption       = L. C. Robards and [[Washington Bolton]] offered a reward of {{USD|1400|year=1854}} reward for the recapture of George Keen, Jackson, Jerry, Joe (a blacksmith), John, Morris, and Reuben (''The Louisville Daily Courier'', November 17, 1854)
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = {{circa|1817}}
| birth_place   = Kentucky?
| death_date    =
| death_place   = Kentucky?
| nationality   =
| other_names   = L. C. Robards, Louis C. Robards
| occupation    =
| years_active  =
| known_for     =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Lewis C. Robards''' ({{fl|1848–1855}}) was a 19th-century American slave trader of [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. He had an unscrupulous reputation as a dealer, and he was widely known for his "special" offerings: ''[[fancy girls]]'', meaning young, light-skinned enslaved women and girls offered for sexual exploitation. Robards was also considered a likely culprit in several cases of [[Kidnapping into slavery in the United States|kidnapping into slavery]]. His [[slave pen]] was funded in part by a loan from [[John Hunt Morgan]]; when he could not repay the loan his premises were sold to [[Bolton, Dickens & Co.]], a multi-state slave-trading firm based in [[West Tennessee]].
== Life and work ==
According to a family history published in 1910, Lewis (or Louis) Robards was the oldest surviving child of Nancy Merriman and George Lewis Robards (b. 1795). George L. Robards was veteran of the [[war of 1812]], who received, at the [[Battle of New Orleans]], "a severe wound by having a [[bayonet]] run through his right leg, and afterward he walked to his home in [[Bullitt County, Kentucky]]."{{sfnp|Robards|1910|page=33}} George L. Robards was the son of [[Lewis Robards]] and his second wife, Hannah Winn. Lewis Robards' first wife was [[Rachel Donelson]]. Rachel Donelson's second husband was [[Andrew Jackson]], who was elected U.S. president in 1828.{{sfnp|Robards|1910|page=32}}
Robards, in partnership with his brother [[Alfred O. Robards]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Gerald L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hX9tvFIGcVsC&dq=%22lewis+c.+robards%22&pg=PA11 |title=Lexington, Kentucky |date=2002 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-1437-6 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> may have started as a field agent for, first, Lexington slave trader [[Joseph H. Northcutt]], and, second, Lexington slave trader [[R. W. Lucas]].{{sfnp|Bancroft|2023|page=132}} Robards eventually opened his own slave prison and trading operation, located on Short Street, in sight of the home of [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s brother-in-law, Levi Todd.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TghAEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lewis+c.+robards%22&pg=PA330 |title=Abe: Abraham Lincoln in His Times |date=2021-09-28 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-311076-7 |pages=330 |language=en}}</ref> In 1850, Robards paid [[James McMillin (slave trader)|James McMillin]] {{USD|600|1850}} to kidnap a legally free woman named Arian Belle, and her four-year-old child Martha, from [[Mason County, Kentucky]], in the middle of the night.<ref name=":0" /> As Arian and Martha were being shipped down the river on the steamship ''Sea Gull'', her friends discovered what had happened to her and sued for her return.<ref name=":0" />
Future U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Interior [[Orville Hickman Browning|Orville H. Browning]] wrote in his diary about a visit to Robards' "establishment" in 1854:<ref name="browning-1925">{{Cite web |title=Browning, O. Hickman., Jenison, M. Edith., Randall, J. G. (James Garfield)., Pease, T. Calvin. (1925). The diary of Orville Hickman Browning. Springfield, Ill.: The Trustees of the Illinois state historical library. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014632247?urlappend=%3Bseq=191 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=HathiTrust |page=139 | hdl=2027/mdp.39015014632247?urlappend=%3Bseq=191 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=J. Winston |url=http://archive.org/details/slaverytimesinke00cole |title=Slavery times in Kentucky / by J. Winston Coleman |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |others=State Library of Pennsylvania |pages=157–163 |language=en-us |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
{{blockquote|After dinner visited a negro jail{{mdash}}a very large brick building with all the conveniences of comfortable life, including hospital. Tis a place where negroes are kept for sale - Outer doors & windows all protected with iron grates, but inside the appointments are not only comfortable, but in many respects luxurious. Many of the rooms are well carpeted & furnished, & very neat, and the inmates whilst here are treated with great indulgence & humanity, but I confess it impressed me with the idea of decorating the ox for the sacrifice. In several of the rooms I found very handsome mulatto women, of fine persons and easy genteel manners, sitting at their needle work awaiting a purchaser. The proprietor made them get up & turn round to show to advantage their finely developed & graceful forms{{mdash}}and slaves as they were this I confess rather shocked my gallantry. I enquired the price of one girl which was $1,600{{efn|$1,600 in 1854 is equivalent to {{USD|1600|year=1854}}.}}<ref name="browning-1925" />}}
[[File:Lewis C. Robards house.jpg|thumb|Lewis C. Robards' house of rape, from ''Lincoln and the Bluegrass: Slavery and Civil War in Kentucky'' by William H. Townsend (1955)]]
According to ''Black Life on the Mississippi: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Western Steamboat World'', "Robards' business transporting slaves downriver was so large that he found it profitable to sell some of his slaves to smaller dealers rather than manage the shipment of all his purchases himself. His Negro jail was a converted old theater where [[octoroon]]s and [[mulatto]]s in the 'fancy girl' trade were stripped and displayed for buyers in the lavish upper chambers. Less valuable slaves were confined in the basement, or 'dungeon,' where they waited in darkness for the voyage away from home."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Thomas C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmXAiOXvQxMC&pg=PA85 |title=Black Life on the Mississippi: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Western Steamboat World |date=2006-03-08 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7656-5 |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> Robards also had a [[Slave markets and slave jails in the United States|slave pen]] behind his house on North Broadway, with "tiny brick cells eight feet square, furnished with straw and ventilated with a small iron-grated window high on the heavy wooden door."<ref name=":2">{{cite book|title=Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan | last= Ramage | first= James A. |year=2014 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington |isbn=9780813146331 |id={{Project MUSE|28768|type=book}} |pages=33, 263 }}</ref> The women were kept on the upper story of Robards' West Short Street building.<ref name=":2" /> This building apparently had a bar and after drinks, Robards would take his customers upstairs "encouraging them to conduct intimate examinations of the women's bodies."<ref name=":2" /> According to [[J. Winston Coleman]] in ''Slavery Times in Kentucky'' (1940), "Robards' 'choice stock' of beautiful [[quadroon]] and octoroon girls...was indeed the talk and toast of steamboat barrooms, tippling houses and taverns, even as far away as old New Orleans. Over the [[mint julep]], [[planters' punch]], and other potent beverages which make men reminiscent, many short-necked, beady-eyed Frenchmen and gangling hawk-faced Kentuckians and Tennesseans swapped vivid stories of the 'inspections' in Robards' jail, where the 'choice stock,' stripped to the skin, dumbly submitted to the leering gaze and intimate examination of traders ostensibly interested only in the physical soundness of prospective purchases."<ref name=":0" />
Robards' business was funded, in part, by [[John Hunt Morgan|John H. Morgan]] (later of the Confederate States cavalry), who lent him {{USD|6100|1855}}.<ref name=":0" /> The Morgan family shared a trading agent with Robards, [[Rodes Woods]], who sometimes represented their business interests outside of Lexington.<ref name=":2" /> Morgan was said to be Kentucky's first millionaire and according to his biographer this was likely true: "His estate was valued at $886,989.28; his two executors were bonded for $1,300,000 each."<ref name=":2" /> Some of this wealth was used to trade in slaves.<ref name=":2" /> This loan was "used in the business I was carrying on and was loaned and advanced me by the said Morgan for my accommodations," testified Robards.<ref name=":0" /> Morgan won a lawsuit against Robards for non-repayment, and in 1855 the county sheriff sold Robards' jail to the multi-state trading firm [[Bolton, Dickens & Co.]] to satisfy the obligation.<ref name=":0" /> Morgan also [[Attachment (law)|attached]] an enslaved woman named Rebecca; she, too, was sold to pay the debt.<ref name=":2" /> In 1855, fellow slave trader [[Calvin M. Rutherford]] sued Robards over the dispensation of a 36-year-old enslaved woman named Emily, who was said to be worth $500. Rutherford alleged that "[Emily] had been sent to Robards' jail to be sold at a fixed price, but no sale had been made and the defendant refused to return her to the plaintiff. Rutherford asked for the delivery of Emily plus a fee of $50 for damage and detention. The court ordered Emily to be delivered to Rutherford, and each party was to pay his own court costs."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Wallace B. |date=1960 |title=Kentucky Slavery in the Last Ante Bellum Decade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23374678 |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=291–307 |jstor=23374678 |issn=0023-0243}}</ref>{{rp|295}}
[[R. C. Thompson]] may have also had possession of Robards' slave-prison real estate at some point before the building burned down in 1864.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young-Brown |first=Fiona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKx_CQAAQBAJ&dq=%22lewis+c.+robards%22&pg=PT71 |title=Wicked Lexington, Kentucky |date=2011-02-08 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-62584-108-7 |language=en}}</ref>
Robards was sued several times during the course of his career, for selling sick or dying people while warranting them "sound."<ref name=":1" /> Robards was also named in a lawsuit by a woman named [[Henrietta Wood]] as one of the conspirators who kidnapped her, a free woman of color from Ohio, by inveiglement, and sold her into slavery in the Deep South.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP0ickoJHTAC&dq=%22lewis+c.+robards%22&pg=RA3-PP3 |title=Weekly Cincinnati Law Bulletin |date=1888 |publisher=Carl G. Jahn |pages=43–49 |language=en}}</ref> The case of Henrietta Wood was neither the first nor the last time he was accused of selling people who had been kidnapped people into slavery.<ref name=":0" />
At the time of the 1860 census, L. C. Robards, trader, and his seven-year-old son Thomas, lived in the same household in Lexington as R. W. Lucas, trader.<ref>{{citation|work=United States Census, 1860 |via=FamilySearch | url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MZBJ-4VK |title=Entry for R W Lucas and L C Robards, 1860}}</ref> At the time of the 1870 census, 55-year-old "Louis C. Roberds" lived in the household of a 74-year-old farmer named George C. Roberds in [[Smith Mills, Kentucky|Smith Mills]], [[Henderson County, Kentucky]], near the [[Mount Vernon, Kentucky|Mount Vernon]] post office.<ref>Source Citation: Year: ''1870''; Census Place: ''Smith Mills, Henderson, Kentucky''; Roll: ''M593_469''; Page: ''191A'' Source Information: Ancestry.com. ''1870 United States Federal Census''  Ancestry.com & FamilySearch.</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of American slave traders]]
* [[Slave trade in the United States]]
* [[History of slavery in Kentucky]]
* {{anl|William A. Pullum}}
* {{anl|Abijah Hunt}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Bancroft |first=Frederic |title=[[Slave-Trading in the Old South|Slave Trading in the Old South]] |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |others=Introduction by Michael Tadman |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-64336-427-8 |edition=Reprint |series=Southern Classics Series |location=Columbia, S.C. |pages=132 |language=en-us |type=Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore |lccn=95020493 |oclc=1153619151 |author-link=Frederic Bancroft |orig-date=1931, 1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robards |first=James Harvey |url=http://archive.org/details/historygenealogy00roba |title=History and genealogy of the Robards family |date=1910 |location=Whiteland, Indiana |via=Allen County Public Library, Internet Archive}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robards, Lewis C.}}
[[Category:19th-century American slave traders]]
[[Category:People from Lexington, Kentucky]]
[[Category:History of slavery in Kentucky]]