View source for List of dukes and kings of Croatia

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
This is a complete '''list of dukes and kings of [[Croatia]]''' ({{langx|hr|knez, kralj}}) under domestic ethnic and elected [[Dynasty|dynasties]] during the Croatian Kingdom (925–1918). This article follows the monarch's title number according to Hungarian succession for convenience. For example, the Hungarian monarch Béla IV is according to Croatian succession correctly titled Béla III. This is because Hungarians had a king named Béla prior to the incorporation of Croatia under the Hungarian Crown but the Croats did not.
==Early history==
{{see also|Origin hypotheses of the Croats}}
The details of the arrival of the [[Croats]] in the [[Balkans]] are sparsely documented by more or less reliable historical sources. Around late 6th and early 7th century, Croats migrated from [[White Croatia]] (around present-day [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]). According to a legend recorded in the 10th-century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'', the Croats came to their present region under the leadership of five brothers (called Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, and Chrobatos) and of two sisters (called Touga and Bouga), and successfully fought and expelled the [[Pannonian Avars]] influence in the Roman province of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].
It is theorized that one of the brothers, Chrobatos ({{langx |hr| Hrvat}}) gave his name to the Croats ({{langx |hr| Hrvati}}) as a whole, although mainstream historians dismiss this notion as not verifiable. The Croats started gradually converting to [[Christianity]] under the rule of [[Porga of Croatia|Porga]] in the 7th century.
===Early archons of Croats (7th century)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"  width=100%
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign
! width=25% | Notes
|-
|'''Father of Porga'''|| first part of the 7th century || Archon when the Croats fought and expelled the [[Pannonian Avars]] and received approval by [[Heraclius]] (610–641) to settle in Dalmatia.
|-
|'''[[Porga of Croatia|Porga]]'''|| first part of the 7th century || Archon when the Croats started to be baptized into [[Christianity]] during the time of Heraclius (610–641), or [[Constans II]] (641–668).
|-
|}
== Dukes of Lower Pannonia (8th century–896) ==
{{see also|Slavs in Lower Pannonia}}
The areas of modern-day Croatia located in the Pannonian plain had also been settled by Slavic tribes in the early Middle Ages, and history recorded some of their rulers.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"  width=100%
! width=5%  | Portrait
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign start
! width=10% | Reign end
! width=25% | Notes
|-
|  ||'''[[Vojnomir]]'''|| c. 790 || c. 810 ||
|-
| [[File:Ljudevit Posavski.jpg|100px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|<small>Non-contemporary</small>
|}
|'''[[Ljudevit (Lower Pannonia)|Ljudevit]]'''||{{Circa|810}}|| c. 823 ||align="left"|
|-
|  ||'''[[Ratimir, Duke of Lower Pannonia|Ratimir]]'''|| c. 829 || c. 838 ||
|-
|  ||'''[[Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia|Braslav]]'''|| c. 882 || c. 896 || align="left" | Had for spouse Ventescela.<ref name="Matica">{{cite journal|last=Jakus|first=Zrinka Nikolić|url=https://www.matica.hr/hr/547/kneginja-marusa-zene-supruge-vladarice-u-ranom-srednjem-vijeku-28059/|title=Kneginja Maruša. Žene, supruge, vladarice u ranom srednjem vijeku|date=2018|language=hr|journal=[[Hrvatska revija]]|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|location=Zagreb|issue=2|access-date=25 January 2023|quote=Uvjetno njima možemo možda pridružiti i Ventescelu, suprugu panonskoga kneza Braslava, koji je kao franački vazal vladao i između Drave i Save prije dolaska Mađara... Čuva se u Cividaleu (Čedadu), zbog toga i ime, a danas prevladava mišljenje da se u 9. i 10. stoljeću nalazila u samostanu San Canzio d'Isonzo... spomenutoga panonskoga kneza Braslava, njegove supruge Ventescele i njihove pratnje}}</ref>
|-
|}
== Dukes of Croatia (8th century–925) ==
{{see also|Duchy of Croatia}}
Slavic tribes known as the Croats settled to areas of present-day Croatia around the beginning of the 7th century, and their rulers started to be recorded in historical records in the late 8th century.
[[File:Krstionica Viseslav.PNG|100px|thumb|right|[[Baptismal font of Prince Višeslav]]]]
[[Višeslav of Croatia|Višeslav]] left behind a [[baptismal font]], surviving to this day, which mentioned him being a duke. Višeslav used to be considered by Croatian historiography as a duke of the Croats, but the evidence for most of the claims regarding him is too scarce.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! width=5%  | Portrait
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign start
! width=10% | Reign end
! width=25% | Notes
|-
|[[File:Knez Borna (Croatia).JPG|100px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|<small>Non-contemporary</small>
|}
|'''[[Borna of Croatia|Borna]]'''|| c. 810 || 821 ||align="left"| Vassal of [[Frankish Empire|Frankish Emperor]] [[Charlemagne]]. His titles were Duke of the Guduscani, Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia. Since Croats inhabited those areas at the time, he is considered a Croatian duke.
|-
|  ||'''[[Vladislav of Croatia|Vladislav]]'''|| 821 || c. 823 || align="left" | Nephew of Borna.
|-
|
|'''[[Ljudemisl]]'''
|c. 823
|c. 835
|align="left" | Some sources claim he may have killed Ljudevit, the Pannonian duke.
|-
|  ||'''[[Mislav of Croatia|Mislav]]'''|| c. 835 || c. 845 ||
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Trpimirović
|-
| [[File:Fragment grede s natpisom kneza Trpimira 9 st.jpg|100px]] ||'''[[Trpimir I of Croatia|Trpimir]]'''|| c. 845 || 864 ||align="left"| Founder of the [[Trpimirović dynasty]]
|-
|  ||'''[[Zdeslav of Croatia|Zdeslav]]'''|| 864 || 864 ||align="left"| Son of Trpimir
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Domagojević
|-
|[[File:Domagoj.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Domagoj of Croatia|Domagoj]]'''|| 864 || 876 || align="left" | Overthrew Zdeslav.
|-
|  ||'''[[Iljko of Croatia|Iljko]]''' || 876 || 878 || align="left" |Later killed during a civil war.
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Trpimirović
|-
|  ||'''[[Zdeslav of Croatia|Zdeslav]]'''|| 878 || 879 || align="left"|Restored ruler, overthrew the unnamed son of Domagoj. Killed by [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]] in May 879.
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Domagojević
|-
|[[File:Dux Branimir of Croatia front.JPG|100px]]||'''[[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]]'''|| 879 || c. 892 ||align="left"|Had for spouse earliest known Croatian female ruler Maruša (Mariosa).<ref name="BudakQueen11">{{cite journal |last1=Budak |first1=Neven |author-link=Neven Budak |date=2011 |title=O novopronađenom natpisu s imenom kraljice Domaslave iz crkve sv. Vida na Klisu |trans-title=About a Newly Discovered Inscription With the Name of Queen Domaslava From the Church of St Vitus on Klis |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/176749 |journal=Historijski zbornik |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=317–320 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Trpimirović
|-
|  ||'''[[Muncimir of Croatia|Muncimir]]'''|| 892 || 910 ||align="left"| Son of Trpimir. Also called Mutimir.
|-
|||'''[[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav I]]'''|| 910 || 925 ||
|-
|}
== Kings of Croatia (925–1102) ==
{{see also|Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)}}
In his letter from 925, [[Pope John X]] refers to [[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav I]] of [[Trpimirović dynasty]] as ''Rex Chroatorum'' (King of the Croats). All Croatian rulers after Tomislav I held the title of King of Croatia. This is confirmed by epigraphic inscription mentioning the earliest known Croatian queen (''regina'') [[Domaslava]] dated to first half of 10th century.<ref name="BudakQueen11" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Domaslava |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=69339 |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopaedia]] |year=2021 |language=sh}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! width=5%  | Portrait
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign start
! width=10% | Reign end
! width=25% | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Trpimirović
|-
||| [[Tomislav of Croatia|'''Tomislav I''']] || 925 || 928 ||align="left"| Possibly the son of [[Muncimir of Croatia|Muncimir]]. After his death, civil wars weakened the state and some territory, including Bosnia, was lost. His title as ''rex'' (king) is based on two contemporary documents:
* a correspondence dated 925 where the [[Pope John X]] addresses him with the title ''Rex Croatorum'' (King of the Croats)
* a transcript from the First Church Council of Split where he is also referred to as ''rex''
He was also addressed as ''princeps'' (prince) and ''dux'' (duke) on other occasions. Nevertheless, in modern Croatia he is traditionally considered the first (and arguably the most famous) Croatian king.
|-
|  || '''[[Trpimir II of Croatia|Trpimir II]]''' ||928||935|| align="left"|Younger brother or son of Tomislav
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Krešimir I of Croatia|Krešimir I]]'''  || 935||945|| align="left"|Son of Trpimir II
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Miroslav of Croatia|Miroslav]]''' || 945||949|| align="left"|Son of Krešimir I
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || [[Michael Krešimir II of Croatia|'''Michael Krešimir II''']] || 949||969||align="left"| Younger brother of Miroslav. [[Michael Krešimir II of Croatia|Michael Krešimir]] ruled jointly with his wife Queen [[Helen I of Croatia|Helen of Zadar]].<ref name="BudakQueen11"/> During their reign, the Croatian Kingdom regained previously lost territories, including Bosnia. Upon Michael Krešimir's death in 969, his wife ruled as regent for their underage son Stephen Držislav.
|-
| [[File:Kraljica Jelena 200807.jpg|100px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|<small>Non-contemporary</small>
|}
|'''[[Helen of Zadar]]'''|| 969||976|| align="left" |Ruled as regent for her son Stephen Držislav from 969 until her death 8 October 976.
|-
| || [[Stephen Držislav of Croatia|'''Stephen Držislav''']]|| 969||997||align="left"| Son of Michael Krešimir and Queen Helen of Zadar. He received royal insigia as an act of recognition from the [[Byzantine Emperor]] and was crowned by the [[Archbishop of Split]] in [[Biograd]] in 988. [[Thomas the Archdeacon]]'s ''[[Historia Salonitana]]'' names him as the first King of Croatia (''rex''), regardless, he is considered the first [[Coronation|crowned]] Croatian king.<ref>[[Thomas the Archdeacon]]: [[Historia Salonitana]], caput 13.</ref>
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Svetoslav Suronja]]''' || 997||1000||align="left"| He was the oldest son of king [[Stjepan Držislav|Stephen Držislav]], from whom he received the title of [[duke]], and was designated as his successor. Dethroned by his brothers Krešimir III and Gojslav.
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] ||[[Gojslav of Croatia|'''Gojslav''']]|| 1000||1020||align="left"|Younger brother of Svetoslav Suronja. Co-ruled with Krešimir III.
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Krešimir III of Croatia|Krešimir III]]'''|| 1000||1030||align="left"| Younger brother of Svetoslav Suronja. Ruled alone after the death of Gojslav in 1020
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Stephen I of Croatia|Stephen I]]'''|| 1030||1058||align="left"| Son of Krešimir III.
|-
| [[File:Kresimir's seal.jpg|100x100px]]|| '''[[Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia|Peter Krešimir IV the Great]]'''  || 1058||1074||align="left"| Son of Stephen I. During his reign the Croatian Kingdom reached its peak. Near the end of his reign, having no sons, Peter Krešimir designated Demetrius Zvonimir as his heir.
|-
|[[File:SplitBaptistryKing.jpg|100px|SplitBaptistryKing]]
|'''[[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Demetrius Zvonimir]]'''|| 1075||1089||align="left"| Cousin of Peter Krešimir IV. He received royal insigia as an act of recognition from the Holy See and was crowned at the [[Hollow Church|Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses]] at [[Salona]] in 1075 or 1076. Married Princess [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen]], daughter of King [[Béla I of Hungary]] (c. 1063).<ref name="BudakQueen11"/>
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|]] || '''[[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]]'''|| 1089|| 1090/91||align="left"| Son of Gojslav II who was younger brother of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great. He was due to succeed Peter Krešimir IV but was sidelined by the people and clergy in 1075 who instead bestowed the title of king on Demetrius Zvonimir. He was the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty and last native king of Croatia to rule the entire medieval Croatian Kingdom.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Árpád
|-
| [[File:Ladislaus I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px|]] || '''[[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus I]]'''  || 1091||1095|| align="left" | After the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir in 1089, King Ladislaus I of Hungary (1077–1095) ruled in Slavonia. After the death of Stephen II, he conquered big part of Croatia and adopted the title King of Croatia in 1091. He set his nephew [[Prince Álmos|Álmos]] to rule as his proxy with the title of duke (1091–1095), but he was recognized only by the Hungarian nobility. He was a claimant to the throne due to the fact that his sister was married to the late Croatian king [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Zvonimir]] who died without an heir (son Radovan predeceased Zvonimir), however, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until the reign of his successor [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]].
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Snačić
|-
| [[File:Spomenik_Petru_Svačiću-25.jpg|frameless|100px]]||'''[[Petar Snačić]]''' || 1093/1095||1097||align="left"|Petar Snačić, a Ban of Croatia, was elected to rule by the Croatian nobles, likewise before him his uncle Slavac who briefly appropriated the royal title. He assumed the throne amid deep tension throughout the Kingdom. He fought with [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman of Hungary]] for control of Croatia and was killed at the [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain]] in 1097. Petar was the last native king of Croatia. From 1102 onwards, the Kings of Hungary were also Kings of Croatia, because of the political union of the two crowns.
|-
|}
== Under the Hungarian Crown (1102–1527) ==
{{see also|Lands of the Hungarian Crown|Croatia in personal union with Hungary}}
From 1102, the reigning King of Hungary was also the ruler of the Kingdom of Croatia in agreement with the Croatian nobles.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Croatia|Catholic Encyclopedia]]</ref> Croatia was governed on his behalf by a viceroy (''[[Ban of Croatia|ban]]'') and a parliament (''[[Croatian Parliament|sabor]]''). In 1409 [[Ladislaus of Naples]] sold his rights to [[Dalmatia]] to [[Republic of Venice]] for 100,000 [[Ducat|ducats]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! width=5%  | Portrait
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign
! width=10% | Consort(s)
! width=25% | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Árpád
|-
| [[File:Coloman (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Coloman of Hungary|Koloman]]'''  || 1102 - 3 February 1116 (14 years)||[[Euphemia of Kiev]] ||align="left"| King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1102 until his death in 1116. Koloman, supported by Pannonian Croats, defeated an army of Croatian and Dalmatian nobles allied to Petar Snačić at the [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain]]. Recognized by a council (''sabor'') of Croatian nobles and crowned as King of Croatia in 1102.
|-
| [[File:Thuróczy krónika - II. István király.jpg|117x117px]]|| '''[[Stephen II of Hungary|Stjepan II]]''' || 3 February 1116 - 3 April 1131 (15 years)|| A daughter of [[Robert I of Capua]] ||align="left"| Son of Koloman.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 114.oldal - II. (Vak) Béla uralkodói díszben.jpg|111x111px]]|| '''[[Béla II of Hungary|Bela II]]''' ''the Blind''|| 3 April 1131 - 13 February 1141 (9 years)||[[Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary|Helena of Serbia]]||align="left"| Uncle of Stjepan II and Brother of Koloman.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 117.oldal - II. Géza uralkodói díszben.jpg|100x100px]]|| '''[[Géza II of Hungary|Gejza II]]'''|| 13 February 1141 - 31 May 1162 (21 years) ||[[Euphrosyne of Kiev]] (m.1146)||align="left"| Son of Bela II the Blind.
|-
| [[File:III István.jpg|100x100px]]|| '''[[Stephen III of Hungary|Stjepan III]]'''  || 31 May 1162 - 4 March 1172 (9 years)||[[Agnes of Austria (1150s-1182)|Agnes of Austria]] (m.1168)||align="left"| Son of Gejza II. Rule contested from 1162 to 1163.
|-
| [[File:Chronicon Pictum P121 A korona elrablása.JPG|100px]] || '''[[Ladislaus II of Hungary|''Ladislav II'']]''' ||''31 May 1162 - 14 January 1163 (7 months)''||None||align="left"| Rebel anti-king, younger brother of Gejza II. Son of Bela II.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 122.oldal - A trónbitorló István herceg (IV. István).jpg|131x131px]]|| '''[[Stephen IV of Hungary|''Stjepan IV'']]'''  || ''14 January 1163 - June 1163 (5 months)''||[[Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary|Maria Komnene]]||align="left"| Rebel anti-king, younger brother of Gejza II. Son of Bela II.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 122.oldal - III. Béla király.jpg|130x130px]]|| '''[[Béla III of Hungary|Bela III]]''' || 4 March 1172 - 13 April 1196 (24 years)||[[Agnes of Antioch]] (m.1172-d.1184) [[Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary|Margaret of France]] (m.1186)||align="left"| Brother of Stjepan III. Son of Gejza II.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 123.oldal - Imre király.jpg|128x128px]]|| '''[[Emeric of Hungary|Emerik]]'''  || 13 April 1196 - 30 November 1204 (8 years)||[[Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress|Constance of Aragon]] (m.1198)||align="left"| Son of Bela III.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 123.oldal - III. László király.jpg|147x147px]]|| '''[[Ladislaus III of Hungary|Ladislav III]]'''|| 30 November 1204 - 7 May 1205 (6 months)||None||align="left"| Son of Emerik. Crowned at age 4-5 and died six months later.
|-
| [[File:Ondrej.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrija II]]'''|| 7 May 1205 - 21 September 1235 (30 years)||[[Gertrude of Merania]] (d.1213) [[Yolanda of Courtenay]] (m.1215-d.1233) [[Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary|Beatrice of Este]] (m.1234)||align="left"| Uncle of Ladislav III and son of Bela III. In 1222, he issued a [[Golden Bull of 1222|Golden Bull]], which established the rights of noblemen, including the right to disobey the king when he acted contrary to law.
|-
| [[File:Béla IV (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Béla IV of Hungary|Bela IV]]''' || 21 September 1235 - 3 May 1270 (34 years)||[[Maria Laskarina]]||align="left"| Son of Andrija II. Ruled during First Mongol invasion (1241–1242). In 1242, he issued a [[Golden Bull of 1242|Golden Bull]] which proclaimed [[Zagreb]] and [[Samobor]] a free royal city.
|-
| [[File:Stephan V (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Stephen V of Hungary|Stjepan V]]'''  || 3 May 1270 - 6 August 1272 (2 years)||[[Elizabeth the Cuman]]||align="left"| Son of Bela IV. Also Prince of Slavonia from 1246 to 1257.
|-
| [[File:Chronicon Pictum P128 IV. László kun viseletben.JPG|100px]] || '''[[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislav IV]]''' ''the Cuman''  || 6 August 1272 - 10 July 1290 (17 years)||[[Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary|Elizabeth of Sicily]]||align="left"| Son of Stjepan V. He lived with the nomad [[Cuman]] tribes contrary to the wishes of the Catholic clergy and was thus excommunicated.
|-
| [[File:AndrewIIIHungary.jpg|100px]] || '''''[[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrija III]]''''' ''the Venetian''|| 4 August 1290 - 14 January 1301 (10 years) ||[[Fenenna of Kuyavia]] (d.1295)  [[Agnes of Austria (1281-1364)|Agnes of Austria]] (m.1296)||align="left"| First cousin once removed of Ladislav IV. Grandson of Andrija II. Rule contested by Carlo Martel and Carlo I.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Přemyslid
|-
|[[File:Wenceslaus III of Bohemia statue.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|''Vjenceslav'']]''' (Anti-king)|| 27 August 1301 - 9 October 1305 (4 years)||[[Viola of Teschen]] (m.1305)|| align="left" |Great-great-grandson of Bela IV. King of Bohemia. Rule contested by [[Charles I of Hungary|Carlo I]]. Reign was declared invalid by the Holy See.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Wittelsbach
|-
|[[File:Otto_(Chronica_Hungarorum).jpg|100px]]||'''[[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria|''Otto'']]''' (Anti-king)|| 9 October 1305 - May 1307 (1 year)||None|| align="left" |Grandson of Bela IV. Duke of Lower Bavaria. Rule contested by [[Charles I of Hungary|Carlo I]].
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Anjou
|-
| [[File:Martell károly.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Charles Martel of Anjou|Karlo Martel]]'''  || 1290 - 12 August 1295 (5 years)||[[Clemence of Austria]] (d.1293/1295)||align="left"| Set up by [[Pope Nicholas IV]] and the ecclesiastical party as successor of his maternal uncle, the childless Ladislav IV the Cuman. His title as king was recognized by the [[Šubić]] and [[Kőszegi family|Kőszegi]] noble families. He was crowned in Croatia. Rule contested by Andrija III.
|-
| [[File:Képes krónika - 138.oldal - Károly Róbert király.jpg|113x113px]]|| '''[[Charles I of Hungary|Karlo I]]'''  || 14 January 1301 - 16 July 1342 (41 years)||Maria of Galicia ''(disputed)'' [[Maria of Bytom]] (m.1306-d.1317) [[Beatrice of Luxembourg]] (m.1318-d.1319) [[Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Elizabeth of Poland]] (m.1320)||align="left"| Son of Carlo Martel. Also called Carlo Robert. Rule contested by Vjenceslav and Otto from 1301 until 1307.
|-
| [[File:Ludwik Węgierski by Bacciarelli.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Louis I of Hungary|Ludovik I]]''' ''the Great''  || 16 July 1342 - 11 September 1382 (40 years)||[[Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary|Margaret of Bohemia]] (d.1349) [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]] (m.1353)||align="left"| Also King of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] from 1370 to 1382.
|-
| [[File:Mary (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Mary of Hungary|Marija]]'''|| 11 September 1382 - December 1385 (3 years, first reign) and 24 February 1386 - 17 May 1395 (9 years, second reign)||[[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Žigmund''']] (m.1385) ||align="left"| Married Žigmund (Sigismund) of Luxembourg, son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV; after he invaded [[Upper Hungary]] in 1385.  After the assassination of Carlo II in 1386, Marija began her second reign as co-'king' with her husband Žigmund.
|-
| [[File:Charles III of Naples (head).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Charles II of Hungary|Karlo II]]'''  || 31 December 1385 - 24 February 1386 (1 month)||[[Margaret of Durazzo]]||align="left"| Also King of Naples. After Marija renounced the throne, Carlo II of Naples was crowned as King on 31 December 1385. He was wounded in an assassination attempt at the instigation of Mary's mother on 7 February 1386 and died on 24 February that same year.
|-
| [[File:Ladislaus, King of Naples.JPG|100px]] || '''[[Ladislaus of Naples|''Ladislav V'']]'''  || 1390-1414 (24 years) ||[[Costanza Chiaramonte]] (ann.1392) [[Marie of Lusignan, Queen of Naples|Mary of Lusignan]] (m.1403-d.1404) [[Mary of Enghien]] (m.1406) || align="left" | Son of Carlo II. He claimed the Crown of Hungary and Croatia since 1390 in opposition to Marija and Žigmund. Was crowned but only had control over [[Zadar]].
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" |House of Kotromanić
|-
|[[File:Pecat kralja Tvrtka I.jpg|106x106px]]
|'''[[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Stjepan Tvrtko]]'''
|1390-1391 (1 year)
|[[Dorothea of Bulgaria|Doroteja Bugarska]] (m.1374)
| align="left" | Tvrtko succeeded in conquering large parts of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia proper. In May 1390, the cities and the Dalmatian islands finally surrendered to Tvrtko, who then started calling himself "by the grace of God king of Rascia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Pomorje". His realm now encompassed much of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia south of [[Velebit]]. Tvrtko's sudden death in 1391 prevented him from solidifying the [[Kotromanić dynasty|Kotromanić]] hold on Croatian lands.
|-
|[[File:Seal of King Dabiša.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Dabiša of Bosnia|'''Stjepan Dabiša''']]
|1391-1394 (4 years)
|[[Helen of Bosnia|Jelena Gruba]] (m.1391)
| align="left" | In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of Tvrtko's [[Kingdom of Bosnia]], which included not only [[Bosnia proper]], but also [[Croatia proper]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Zachlumia]], and [[Raška (region)|Rascia]]. Dabiša submitted to Sigismund. He resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognized him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Luxembourg
|-
| [[File:Pisanello 024b.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Žigmund]]'''  || 31 March 1387 - 9 December 1437 (50 years)||'''[[Mary of Hungary|Marija]]''' (d.1395) [[Barbara of Celje]] (m.1305)||align="left"| Son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]. Ruled ''[[jure uxoris]]'' until his wife Marija died in 1395. Was crowned King of [[Bohemia]] in 1419, and elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1433.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Habsburg
|-
|[[File:Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Albert II of Germany|Albert I]]'''
| 18 December 1437 - 27 October 1439 (1 year) ||[[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]]|| align="left" | Son-in-law of Žigmund. He was also King of Bohemia and Germany from 1438 until his death in 1439. First Habsburg king.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Jagiellon
|-
| [[File:Wladyslaw III Warnenczyk (76841058) (cropped).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislav I]]'''  || 15 May 1440 - 10 November 1444 (4 years)||None|| align="left"|Also King of Poland from 1434 until his alleged death at the [[Battle of Varna]]. Rule contested by [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislav V]], the posthumous son of Albert I.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Habsburg
|-
|[[File:Anonymous - Ladislaus the Postumous.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislav V]]''' ''the Posthumous''
|10 November 1444 - 23 November 1457 (13 years)||None
| align="left" | Son of Albert I. Born in 1440 after his father's death, spent most of his life in captivity. Rule contested by [[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislav I]] between 1440 and 1444. He had no children and was the last of the [[Albertinian Line|Albertinian line]] of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]].
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Hunyadi
|-
| [[File:Andrea Mantegna - King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matija I]]'''   || 24 January 1458 - 6 April 1490 (32 years)||[[Catherine of Poděbrady]] (m.1463-d.1464) [[Beatrice of Naples]] (m.1475)||align="left"| Elected by the nobles. He was son of [[John Hunyadi]]. Also King of Bohemia from 1469 until his death in 1490, a title he contested with [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislav II]].
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Jagiellon
|-
| [[File:VladislavII.JPG|100px]] || '''[[Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislav II]]'''  || 15 July 1490 - 13 May 1516 (25 years)||[[Beatrice of Naples]] (m.1490-ann.1500) [[Anne of Foix-Candale]] (m.1502-d.1506)||align="left"| Also King of Bohemia from 1471 (contested with Matija I until 1490). The Hungarian nobles elected him king after his supporters defeated the son of Matija I who relinquished his claim to the Hungarian throne prior to that. Died in 1516.
|-
| [[File:Hans Krell 001.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Louis II of Hungary|Ludovik II]]'''   || 13 May 1516 - 29 August 1526 (10 years)||[[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Austria]]||align="left"| Also King of Bohemia from 1516 until his death in 1526 at the [[Battle of Mohács]]. Last king not from the Habsburg dynasty.
|-
! colspan="5" width="5%" | House of Zápolya
|-
|[[File:Szapolyai János fametszet.jpg|100px]]||'''''[[John Zápolya|Ivan I]]''''' (Anti-king)|| 10 November 1526 - 22 July 1540 (13 years)||[[Isabella Jagiellon]] (m.1539)|| align="left" | Claimed the throne with the support of Hungarian nobles, and later [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. Rule contested with Ferdinand I. Ivan I made an agreement with Ferdinand I to recognize his right to reunite Hungary after Ivan I's death, but shortly after  the birth of his son Ivan, and on his deathbed, Ivan I bequeathed his realm to his son.
|-
|[[File:János ZsigmondVU.jpg|109x109px]]
|'''''[[John Sigismund Zápolya|Ivan II]]''''' (Anti-king)
|13 September 1540 - 16 August 1570 (29 years)||None
|align="left" | Son of Ivan I. Elected by supporters of Ivan I as King of Hungary. Claim contested by Ferdinand I and Maximilian. Never crowned.
|-
|}
== Under the Habsburg monarchy (1527–1918) ==
{{see also|Habsburg monarchy|Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia}}
On 1 January 1527, the Croatian Parliament [[1527 election in Cetin|met in Cetin]] to elect [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] as the new King of Croatia. The Habsburg monarchy had annexed the lands of [[Dalmatia]] after the Napoleonic [[War of the First Coalition]]. The [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] was a [[crown land]] of the [[Austrian Empire]] (1815–1867) and the [[Cisleithania|Cisleithanian]] half of [[Austria-Hungary]] (1867–1918).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! width=5%  | Portrait
! width=15% | Name
! width=10% | Reign
! width=10% | Consort(s)
! width=25% | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Habsburg
|-
| [[File:Hans Bocksberger (I) - Emperor Ferdinand I - WGA02326.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]'''|| 1 January 1527 - 25 July 1564 (37 years)||[[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary|Anne of Hungary]] (d.1547)||align="left"|Brother-in-law of [[Louis II, King of Hungary|Ludovik II]]. Claimed the throne according to the agreement between the House of Jagiellon and the House of Habsburg. [[1527 election in Cetin|Elected by the Sabor]] as King in January 1527.
|-
| [[File:AT-20113 Details aus dem Ahnensaal - Schweizertrakt Hofburg 08.JPG|100px]]|| '''[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]]'''  || 8 September 1563 - 12 October 1576 (13 years)||[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Spain]]|| align="left"|Son of Ferdinand I. Ruled during [[Siege of Szigetvár|Battle of Szigetvár]] and [[Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt|Croatian-Slovene Peasant Revolt]].
|-
| [[File:Kaiser Rudolf II Portrait posthum 18Jh.jpg|100px]]|| '''[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf]]'''  || 25 September 1572 - 26 June 1608 (35 years)||None|| align="left"|Son of Maximilian. Ruled during [[Battle of Sisak]]. Abdicated in favor of his younger brother Matthias II.
|-
| [[File:Matthias, keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk (1557-1619). Rijksmuseum SK-A-1412.jpeg|100px]] || '''[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matija II]]'''|| 26 June 1608 - 20 March 1619 (10 years)||[[Anna of Tyrol]] (d.1618)||align="left"|Brother of Rudolf and son of Maximilian.
|-
| [[File:Ferdinand II King of Bohemia Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]]''' || 1 July 1618 - 15 February 1637 (18 years)||[[Eleonora Gonzaga (1598-1655)|Eleonora of Mantua]] (m.1622)|| align="left"|First cousin of Matija II, and Grandson of Ferdinand I. In 1630, he issued ''[[Statuta Valachorum]]'' that placed [[Vlachs]] (mainly Orthodox Serbs) in the [[Military Frontier]] under the direct rule by Vienna, removing the Sabor's jurisdiction over them.
|-
| [[File:Jan van den Hoecke - Ferdinand III (cropped).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]''' || 8 December 1625 - 2 April 1657 (31 years)||[[Maria Anna of Spain]] (m.1631-d.1646) [[Maria Leopoldine of Austria]] (m.1648-d.1649) [[Eleonora Gonzaga (1630-1686)|Eleonora of Mantua]] (m.1651)
| align="left" | Son of Ferdinand II. Ended the Thirty Years War.
|-
| [[File:Frans Luyckx - Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (2).jpg|100px]] || '''[[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]]''' || 16 June 1647 - 9 July 1654 (7 years)||None|| align="left"| Son of Ferdinand IV and co-king.
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Emperor Leopold I as a young man, wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece (by Benjamin Block).jpg|100px]]|| '''[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]]''' || 27 June 1657 - 5 May 1705 (47 years)||[[Margaret Theresa of Spain]] (m.1666-d.1673) [[Claudia Felicitas of Austria]] (m.1673-d.1676) [[Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg]] (m.1676)|| align="left"|Son of Ferdinand III. Crushed the [[Magnate conspiracy|Zrinski–Frankopan Conspiracy]] and abolished the right of the [[Sabor]] to elect a king. In 1669, he founded the [[University of Zagreb]].
|-
| [[File:JosephI.1705.JPG|100px]] || '''[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Josip I]]'''  || 5 May 1705 - 17 April 1711 (10 years)||[[Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick|Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick]]|| align="left" | Son of Leopold I.
|-
| [[File:Johann Gottfried Auerbach 004.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Karlo III]]'''  || 11 April 1711 - 20 October 1740 (29 years)||[[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick|Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick]]||align="left"|Brother of Josip I and son of Leopold I. Issued and edict called the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] where he acknowledged female inheritance of the Austrian crown after extinction of the male line and thus enabling his daughter Marija Terezija to become sovereign.
|-
| [[File:Empress Maria Theresa - Town Museum in Subotica.png|100px]] || '''[[Maria Theresa|Marija Terezija]]'''|| 20 October 1740 - 29 November 1780 (40 years)||'''[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]''' (d.1765)||align="left"| Daughter of Karlo III. Divided Croatia into counties (''županije''). In 1767, she formed a Croatian Royal Council (''Consilium Regium'') until 1779 when she abolished it. She conducted military and economy reforms, especially concerning serfdom and schooling.
|-
| [[File:JosephusImperatorRex.png|100px]] || '''[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Josip II]]'''|| 29 November 1780 - 20 February 1790 (9 years)||None|| align="left"|Son of Marija Terezija. Abolished serfdom and conducted a partial [[Germanisation|Germanization]] of Croatian lands.
|-
| [[File:Ritratto dell'Imperatore Leopoldo II d'Asburgo Lorena.png|100px]] || '''[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]]''' || 20 February 1790 - 1 March 1792 (2 years)||[[Maria Luisa of Spain|Maria Louisa of Spain]]|| align="left" | Brother of Josip II and son of Marija Terezija.
|-
| [[File:Kupelwieser - Francis II in plain grey uniform.jpg|100px]]|| '''[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Franjo]]'''|| 1 March 1792 - 2 March 1835 (43 years)||[[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily|Maria Theresa of Sicily]] (d.1807)
[[Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este|Maria Ludovica of Modena]] (m.1808-d.1816) [[Caroline Augusta of Bavaria]] (m.1816)
|Son of Leopold II. Consolidated the Habsburg Monarchy into the [[Austrian Empire]] in response to the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire. Nominally the last [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
|-
|[[File:Kaiser Ferdinand I von Österreich in ungarischer Adjustierung mit Ordensschmuck c1830.jpg|100px]]|| '''[[Ferdinand V of Hungary|Ferdinand V]]''' || 28 September 1830 - 2 December 1848 (18 years)||[[Maria Anna of Savoy|Maria Anna of Sardinia]] (m.1831)|| align="left"|Son of Franjo. Being epileptic, he abdicated in favour of his nephew Franjo Josip due to the [[Revolutions of 1848]]. Ferdinand V died in 1875.
|-
| [[File:Franz Russ dÄ (attr) Franz Joseph I c1855.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Franz Joseph|Franjo Josip]]'''|| 2 December 1848 - 21 November 1916 (67 years)||[[Elizabeth of Bavaria]] (m. 1854-d.1898)||align="left"| Nephew of Ferdinand V and Grandson of Franjo. Longest reigning Croatian monarch. During his reign, Croatian lands (Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia) were unified by Ban Josip Jelačič in 1848. In 1867, he reorganized the monarchy into a dual Austrian and Hungarian part. From 1868, the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] was an autonomous kingdom within the Kingdom of Hungary.
|-
| [[File:Erzherzog Thronfolger Karl Franz Josef.jpg|100px]]|| Blessed '''[[Charles I of Austria|Karlo IV]]'''  || 21 November 1916 - 1 April 1922 (5 years)||[[Zita of Parma]]||align="left"| Grand-nephew of Franjo Josip and Great-great-grandson of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Franjo]]. In his coronation oath to the [[Sabor]] (Croatian Parliament), he acknowledged the unity of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with [[Rijeka]].<ref name="Karlova zavjernica">(Hrvatska) Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. hrvatskom Saboru 28. prosinca 1916. (sa grbom Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slavonije i Rijeke iznad teksta), str. 1.-4. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv./ENG. (Croatian) Coronation oath of Karl IV to Croatian Sabor (parliament), 28th December 1916. (with coat of arms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka above the text), p.1-4 Croatian State Archives</ref> During the last days of the monarchy he accepted the [[Trialism in Austria-Hungary|trialist]] manifest on creating a so-called "Zvonimir's Kingdom".<ref name="A. PAVELIĆ">A. Pavelić (lawyer) ''Doživljaji'', p.432.</ref><ref name="Dr. Aleksandar Horvat">Dr. Aleksandar Horvat ''Povodom njegove pedesetgodišnjice rodjenja'', Hrvatsko pravo, Zagreb, 17/1925., no. 5031</ref><ref name="Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau">Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau,Die Katastrophe. Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Zürich – Leipzig – Wien 1929, p.302-303.</ref><ref name="Budisavljević">Same page 132.-133.</ref><ref name="F. Milobar">F. Milobar ''Slava dr. Aleksandru Horvatu!'', Hrvatsko pravo, 20/1928., no. 5160</ref> He reigned until 1918, when he renounced participation in state affairs, but did not abdicate. The [[Sabor]] ended the union of Croatia with Hungary and Austria on 29 October 1918 but never dethroned King Karlo IV.<ref name="Hrvatska Država">Hrvatska Država, newspaper ''Public proclamation of the Sabor 29.10.1918.'' Issued 29.10.1918. no. 299. p.1.</ref> He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922. Beatified by the [[Catholic Church]].
|-
|}
== Kings of Yugoslavia (1918–1945) ==
{{see also|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Banovina of Croatia}}
After the [[World War I]] and the breakup of [[Austria-Hungary]], Croatia joined a newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]. Following a brief period of self-rule, that state became part of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] under the [[House of Karađorđević|Karađorđević dynasty]]. The name of the kingdom was changed in 1929, amid unitarianist reforms, to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. After the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] in 1920 [[Istria]] and parts of [[Dalmatia]] were annexed to [[Kingdom of Italy]]. On the basis of the [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]], and the Decree on the Banate of Croatia dated 24 August 1939, the [[Banovina of Croatia|Banate of Croatia]] was created. Under the Agreement elected [[Sabor]] and a crown-appointed [[Ban (title)|ban]] would decide internal matters in Croatia.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%
! width="5%" | Portrait
! width="15%" | Name
! width="10%" | Reign
! width="10%" | Consort(s)
! width="25%" | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Karađorđević
|-
|[[File:PetarI-Karadjordjevic.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Peter I of Serbia|Petar I]]'''
| 1 December 1918 - 16 August 1921 (2 years)||[[Zorka of Montenegro]] (m. 1883)|| align="left" | Son of [[Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia|Aleksandar, Prince of Serbia]]. After King [[Alexander I Obrenović]] was murdered during the [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]] of 1903, Peter Karađorđević became the new king of Serbia. Later he became [[King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].
|-
|[[File:Kralj aleksandar1.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Aleksandar]]'''
| 16 August 1921 - 9 October 1934 (13 years)||[[Maria of Yugoslavia|Maria of Romania]] (m.1922)|| align="left" |Son of Petar I. He changed the name of the country to Kingdom of Yugoslavia and established a [[6 January Dictatorship|royal dictatorship]]. Assassinated by the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|VMRO]] with [[Ustaše]] support in 1934 in [[Marseille]].
|-
|[[File:Пётр II Карагеоргиевич, Король Югославии.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Petar II]]'''
| 9 October 1934 - 29 November 1945 ||[[Alexandra of Yugoslavia|Alexandra of Greece]] (m.1944)|| align="left" |Son of Aleksandar. His uncle [[Paul of Yugoslavia|Pavle]] served as Regent until 1941. Part of the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] after the Axis [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941. Monarchy was formally abolished in the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] on 29 November 1945.
|}
== King of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943) ==
{{see also|World War II in Yugoslavia}}
In 1941, Croatia was occupied by the [[Axis powers]] along with the rest of Yugoslavia. The [[Independent State of Croatia]] was set as a [[puppet state]] of [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]. Soon after its creation, the state government passed three laws on the creation of the Crown of Zvonimir, which made the country ''de jure'' a kingdom.<ref name="Hrvatski Narod 2">Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1.,Public proclamation of the''Zakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj'' (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.</ref><ref name="Montashefte">Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6(1941)p.434.</ref> Three days later the [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|Treaties of Rome]] were signed. The Italian [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta]] was designated King of Croatia. Numerous Adriatic islands and a portion of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, which all combined to become the Italian [[Governorate of Dalmatia|Governonate of Dalmatia]]. On September 10, 1943 Independent State of Croatia declared that the Treaties of Rome were [[null and void]] and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-8047-3615-4}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! width="5%" | Portrait
! width="15%" | Name
! width="10%" | Reign
! width="10%" | Consort(s)
! width="25%" | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |House of Savoy
|-
| [[File:Prince Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg|100px]] || '''[[Tomislav II of Croatia|Tomislav II]]''' (King-designate)|| 18 May 1941 - 31 July 1943 ||[[Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta|Irene of Greece]]|| align="left" |[[Tomislav II of Croatia|Tomislav II]] established a Croatian royal office (''kraljevski'' ''stol'') in Florence and later in Rome.<ref name="Hrvoje Matković">Hrvoje Matković, Designirani hrvatski kralj Tomislav II. vojvoda od Spoleta. Povijest hrvatskotalijanskih odnosa u prvoj polovici XX.st. (Designated Croatian king Tomislav II. Duke of Spoleto. History of Croatian-Italian relationships in first half of the 20th century), Zagreb 2007.</ref><ref name="Avramov">{{cite book | last = Avramov | first = Smilja | title = Genocide in Yugoslavia | year = 1995 | page = 238 }}</ref> He had at first refused to assume the kingship in opposition to the Italian annexation of the [[Dalmatia]] region,<ref>Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84515-7}}<br />"''Devoid of political experience and ignorant of the Italian government's exact intentions, he ''[the Duke Aimone] ''refused to leave for Croatia, saying so in letters to Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini, in which he told them that the question of Dalmatia, 'a land that could never be Italianized', was an obstacle against any reconciliation with the Croats. Never, he declared, would he agree to be a king of a nation amputated from Italy.''" [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC&dq=rodogno+aimone&pg=PT150].</ref> and is therefore referred to in some sources as king designate.<ref>Pavlowitch, Stevan K.; ''Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia''; p.289; Columbia University Press, 2008 0-231-70050-4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&dq=aimone+croatia+king-designate&pg=PA289]</ref><ref>Massock, Richard G.; ''Italy from Within''; p.306; READ BOOKS, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4067-2097-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxqHSvEfd_QC&dq=aimone+croatia+king-designate&pg=RA1-PA308]</ref><ref>Burgwyn, H. James; ''Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's conquest of Yugoslavia 1941–1943''; p.39; Enigma, 2005 {{ISBN|1-929631-35-9}}</ref><ref>Royal Institute of International Affairs; ''Enemy Countries, Axis-Controlled Europe''; Kraus International Publications, 1945 {{ISBN|3-601-00016-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=FTIrAAAAMAAJ&q=aimone+croatia+king-designate]</ref> He abdicated on 31 July 1943 after the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|dismissal]] of [[Benito Mussolini]] on the orders of [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]].<ref name="STPT">{{cite news |title = Duke gives up puppet throne|newspaper = [[St. Petersburg Times]]|date = 21 August 1943|page = 10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Lemkin |first1= Raphael |last2=Power |first2= Samantha |title= Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals For Redress |year=2005  |publisher=Lawbook Exchange |isbn=1584775769 |page=253 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign News: Hotel Balkania |newspaper=[[Time Magazine]] |date=9 August 1943 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766956,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308122825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766956,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2008 |access-date=4 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="B. Krizman1">B. Krizman, NDH između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Independent State of Croatia between Hitler and Mussolini,)p.102</ref>
|-
|}
== After WWII ==
* [[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia]] (1945–1991)
* [[List of presidents of Croatia]] (1991–present)
* [[List of prime ministers of Croatia]] (1991–present)
== Gallery ==
<div align="left"><gallery perrow="9">
File:Croatian Coat of Arms 1495.JPG|First known example of Croatian chequy as depicted in [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] (1495)
File:Wappen Königreich Croatien.jpg|Coat of arms of Croatian [[Crown land]] (until 1868)
File:Coa Croatia Country History (with crown) (1868-1918).svg|[[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] (1868–1918). The official version had [[Holy Crown of Hungary|St. Stephen's crown]].
File:Coat of Arms of the Banate of Croatia.svg|Coat of arms of [[Banovina of Croatia]] (1939–1941)
</gallery>
</div>
=="Duke of Croatia"==
The title Duke of Croatia has been used widely:
*The [[Doges of Venice]] used it, with Byzantine approval, from c. 1100, when Hungary was in the process of absorbing the Kingdom of Croatia, until the [[Treaty of Zadar]] with Hungary in 1358.
*The [[Dukes of Merania]], whose territory bordered Croatia, were sometimes called Dukes of Croatia in contemporary chronicles.
*Various Hungarian noblemen granted authority in the South Slav lands added Croatia to their title of [[Duke of Slavonia]] in the 13th and 14th centuries.
==See also==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
*[[History of Croatia]]
* [[Timeline of Croatian history]]
*[[Croatian nobility]]
*[[Croatian Parliament]]
*[[Ban of Croatia]]
*[[Ban of Slavonia]]
*[[List of Hungarian monarchs]] (1102-1526)
* [[List of rulers of Austria]] (1527-1918)
* [[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia]] (1918-1991)
* [[List of presidents of Croatia]] (1991–present)
* [[List of prime ministers of Croatia]] (1991–present)
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.everything2.com/?node=Monarchs+of+Croatia Monarchs of Croatia from Everything2]
* The History Files: [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternCroatia.htm Kingdoms of Eastern Europe: Croatia]
* [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/xcroatia.html WHKMLA History of Croatia, ToC]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~imladjov/CroatianRulers.htm Rulers of Croatia and Slavonia]
* [http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/croatian_rulers.pdf List of Croatian rulers]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} PDF, University of Michigan
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Croatia.html]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120723181559/http://hupi.hr/povijest/index_en.html List of Croatian Heads of State]
{{Croatian kings}}
{{Lists of historical monarchs of modern countries}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of dukes and kings of Croatia}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Croatia]]
[[Category:Croatian monarchs]]
[[Category:Bans of Croatia]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Europe|Croatia]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Croatia|Dukes and kings]]
[[Category:Croatia history-related lists|Dukes and kings]]