View source for Lorraine

{{Short description|Cultural and historical region in France}}
{{redirect|Lothringen|other uses|Lorraine (disambiguation)|and|Lauren (disambiguation)|and|Lothringen (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name             = Lorraine
| native_name      =
{{nobold|''Louréne''}} {{small|([[Lorrain language|Lorrain]])}}<br>{{nobold|''Lottringe''}} {{small|([[Lorraine Franconian]])}}
| image_map        = Carte Lorraine 2018.png
| image_flag       = Lorraine.svg
| image_shield     = Arms of Lorraine.svg
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Administrative region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Grand Est]]
| seat_type        = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat             = [[Metz]]
| area_total_km2   = 23547
| area_footnotes   =
| population_total = 2349816
| population_as_of = 1 January 2012
| population_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Lorrainer, Lorrainian
| demographics_type1       = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|demographics1_title1     = Total
|demographics1_info1      = €65.828 billion (2022)
| demographics1_title2     = Per capita
|demographics1_info2      = €28,300 (2022)
| parts_type       = [[Departments of France|Departments]]
| parts_style      = list
| parts            = 4
| p1               = [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] (54)
| p2               = [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]] (55)
| p3               = [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] (57)
| p4               = [[Vosges (French department)|Vosges]] (88)
| blank_name_sec2  = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#France|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2  = FR4
| iso_code         = FR-M
}}
{{Lorraine sidebar}}
'''Lorraine'''<ref group="Note">{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n}}, also {{IPAc-en|UK|l|ɒ|ˈ|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|l|ɔː|ˈ|-|,_|l|oʊ|ˈ|-}}; {{IPA|fr|lɔʁɛn|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Lorraine.wav}}; [[Lorrain language|Lorrain]]: ''Louréne''; [[Lorraine Franconian]]: ''Lottringe''; {{langx|de|Lothringen}} {{IPA|de|ˈloːtʁɪŋən||Lothringen.ogg}}; {{langx|lb|Loutrengen}}; {{langx|nl|Lotharingen}}</ref> is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern [[France]], now located in the [[Regions of France|administrative region]] of [[Grand Est]]. Its name stems from the medieval kingdom of [[Lotharingia]] (855–959 AD), which in turn was named after either Emperor [[Lothair I]] or King [[Lothair II]]. Lorraine, originally the southern or "upper" part of this kingdom, came to be ruled by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] before the [[Kingdom of France]] annexed it in 1766.
From 1982 until January 2016, Lorraine was an administrative region of France. In 2016, under a reorganisation, it became part of the new region Grand Est.<ref name="reform law">{{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2015-29|date in French=16 janvier 2015|full name=relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral|language=French|lower case=|URL=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101}}</ref> As a region in modern France, Lorraine consisted of the four [[Departments of France|departments]] [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]], [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] and [[Vosges (department)|Vosges]] (from a historical point of view the [[Haute-Marne]] department is also located in the region), containing 2,337 communes. [[Metz]] is the regional [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]]. The largest metropolitan area of Lorraine is [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], which was the seat of the duchy for centuries.
To the north, Lorraine borders [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], and [[Luxembourg]]. In French, its male inhabitants are called ''Lorrains'' and its female inhabitants are called ''Lorraines''. The population of Lorraine is about 2,356,000.
== History ==
[[File:Cathedrale metz 2003.jpg|thumb|left|[[Metz Cathedral|Cathedral of Saint Stephen]] in [[Metz]], capital of Lorraine]]
[[File:Nancy Porte Here BW 2015-07-18 13-45-28.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nancy, France|Nancy]]: the [[Arc Héré]] seen from [[Place Stanislas]]]]
Lorraine's borders have changed often in its long history. The location of Lorraine led to it being a paramount strategic asset as the crossroads of four nations. This, along with its political alliances, marriage alliances, and the ability of rulers over the centuries to choose sides between East and West, gave it a tremendously powerful and important role in transforming all of European history. Its rulers intermarried with royal families over all of Europe, played kingmaker, and seated rulers on the thrones of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], and others.
In 840, [[Charlemagne]]'s son [[Louis the Pious]] died. The [[Carolingian Empire]] was divided among Louis' three sons by the [[Treaty of Verdun]] of 843. The middle realm, known as [[Middle Francia]], went to [[Lothair I]], reaching from [[Frisia]] in [[Northern Germany]] through the [[Low Countries]], Eastern France, [[Burgundy]], [[Provence]], Northern Italy, and down to [[Rome]]. On the death of Lothair I, Middle Francia was divided in three by the [[Treaty of Prüm]] in 855, with the northern third called [[Lotharingia]] and going to [[Lothair II]]. Due to Lotharingia being sandwiched between [[East Francia|East]] and [[West Francia]], the rulers identified as a duchy from 870 onward, enabling the duchy to ally and align itself nominally with either eastern or western Carolingian kingdoms in order to survive and maintain its independence. Thus, it was a duchy in name but operated as an independent kingdom.
In 870, Lorraine allied with [[East Francia]] while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]], restored the Empire (''restauratio imperii''), Lorraine was designated as the autonomous [[Duchy of Lorraine]] within the Holy Roman Empire. It maintained this status until 1766, after which it was annexed under succession law by the [[Kingdom of France]], via derivative aristocratic house alliances.
The succession within these houses, in tandem with other historical events, would have later restored Lorraine's status as its own duchy, but a vacuum in leadership occurred. Its duke Francois Stephen de Lorraine took the throne of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], and his brother [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine]] became governor of the [[Austrian Netherlands]]. For political reasons, he decided to hide those heirs who were not born by his first wife, [[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)|Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria]], who was deceased when he took office.
The vacuum in leadership, the [[French Revolution]], and the political results and changes issuing from the many nationalistic wars that followed in the next 130 years, ultimately resulted in Lorraine becoming a permanent part of the modern Republic of [[France]]. Because of wars, it came under control of Germany several times as the border between the nations shifted. While Lorrainian separatists do exist in the 21st century, their political power and influence is negligible. Lorraine separatism today consists more of preserving its cultural identity rather than seeking genuine political independence.
With enlightened leadership and at a crossroads between French and German cultures, Lotharingia experienced tremendous economic, artistic, and cultural prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under the [[Hohenstaufen]] emperors. Along with the rest of Europe, this prosperity was terminated in Lorraine in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the [[Black Death]]. During the [[Renaissance]], a flourishing prosperity returned to Lotharingia until the [[Thirty Years' War]].
France [[Stanisław Leszczyński#Duke of Lorraine|inherited]] Lorraine in 1766. The region's location has caused the population to be mixed. The [[German Lorraine|north largely speaks German]], [[Lorraine Franconian]] and other [[German dialects]]. A strong centralised nationalism had only just begun to replace the [[feudalism|feudalist]] system which had formed the multilingual borders, and an insurrection against the French occupation influenced much of the area's early identity. In 1871, the [[German Empire]] regained a part of Lorraine ([[Bezirk Lothringen]], corresponding to the current department of [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]). The department formed part of the new [[German Empire]]'s [[Alsace–Lorraine|Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine]]. In the [[French Third Republic]], the [[revanchism|revanchist movement]] developed to recover this territory.
The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the [[French language]] and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache.<ref>cf. "Gesetz, betreffend die amtliche Geschäftssprache" (Law concerning the official transaction language) of 31 March 1872, ''Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen'' (Legal gazette for Alsace-Lorraine), p. 159.</ref>) It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as [[German language|German-speaking]], an often arbitrary categorisation. French was allowed to remain in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as [[Château-Salins]] and the surrounding arrondissements,<ref>The imperial [[Statthalter]] was entitled to allow French as language of instruction in elementary and secondary schools in areas that were predominately Francophone, cf. §4 of the "Gesetz, betreffend das Unterrichtswesen" (Law concerning the educational system) of 12 February 1873, ''Gesetzblatt für Elsaß-Lothringen'', p. 37.</ref> as well and in their local administration.<ref>The 'Law concerning the official transaction language' provided for exceptions from the German language in areas with Francophone majorities.</ref>
After 1877, higher education, including state-run colleges, universities and teacher seminaries, was conducted exclusively in German.<ref>Otto Pflanze, ''Bismarck: Der Reichskanzler'' [Bismarck and the development of Germany), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990; German], Munich: Beck, 2008, p. 484. {{ISBN|978 3 406 54823 9}}.</ref> The predominance of German and the partial usage of French, though restricted, were both guaranteed by the 1911 constitution of Alsace-Lorraine.<ref>Cf. § 26 of the [http://www.verfassungen.de/de/x/elsass-lothringen/verfassung1911-i.htm "Gesetz über die Verfassung Elsaß-Lothringens"] (Law on the Constitution of Alsace-Lorraine), retrieved on 24 April 2013.</ref> While many [[toponymy|toponyms]] of German etymology in Lorraine were adapted to the High German standard (i.e. Germanised<ref>Such as replacing French pronunciation spellings of the local dialects to standard High German orthography, e.g. …bourg to …burg, …house to …hausen, …troff to …dorf, …ange to …ingen etc.</ref>) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched. During the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, however, its government imposed German translations to replace French names. For instance, Château-Salins was called Salzburg in Lothringen.
During the [[Battle of the Frontiers]] at the beginning of [[World War I]], the [[1st Army (France)|French First Army]] invaded Lorraine and briefly occupied [[Mulhouse]]. However, the [[6th Army (German Empire)|German Sixth Army]] under [[Crown Prince Rupprecht]] of Bavaria counterattacked and forced the French forces into retreat at the [[Battle of Sarrebourg|Battles of Sarrebourg and Morhange]]. Lorraine remained under [[martial law]], close to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in northeastern France, and suffering from refugee crises for the rest of the war. The population effectively revolted against German rule by participating in the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]], and welcomed French troops into the region several days later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robson |first=Stuart |url=http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1 |title=The First World War |publisher=Pearson Longman |others=Internet Archive |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2471-2 |edition=1 |location=Harrow, England |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alsace-Lorraine {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/alsace-lorraine |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}}</ref>
In the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]], the [[Weimar Republic]] suffered severe territorial losses following [[World War I]], including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its state of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto annexation by [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the [[Gau Westmark]] during [[World War II]], that area has since remained a part of France. During that war, the [[Cross of Lorraine]] was a symbol of [[Free France]].
[[File:Lorraine et anciennes provinces.svg|thumb]]
== Development of the borders in modern history ==
[[File:Lorraine1870.jpg|thumb|right|Lorraine in 1870: Colours show the original departments' territories.]]
The administrative region of Lorraine is larger than the 18th century [[duchy of Lorraine]], which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. The modern region includes [[provinces of France|provinces]] and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine proper. These are:
* [[Barrois]]
* [[Three Bishoprics]]: non-contiguous territories around [[Metz]], [[Verdun]], and [[Toul]], which were detached from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the 16th century and came under French sovereignty.
* Several small principalities, which were still part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] at the time of the [[French Revolution]].
Some historians consider the traditional province of Lorraine as limited to the duchy of Lorraine proper, while others consider that it includes Barrois and the Three Bishoprics. The duchy of Lorraine was originally the duchy of ''upper'' Lorraine, and did not include the entire area since called ''Lorraine''.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
The case of Barrois is the most complicated: the western part of Barrois (west of the Meuse), known as ''Barrois mouvant'', was detached from the rest of Barrois in the early 14th century and taken over by French sovereignty. The largest part of Barrois (east of the Meuse River) was the [[Duchy of Bar]], part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In the 15th century, it was united with the Duchy of Lorraine by the marriage of the Duke of Bar, [[René of Anjou]], with [[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine|Isabella]], daughter of the Duke of Lorraine. Thus the duchies of Bar and Lorraine were united in [[personal union]] under the same duke, although formally they were officially separate until being annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of France in 1766.
During the [[French Revolution]], four departments were created from the main parts of the territories of Barrois, Three Bishoprics and the Duchy of Lorraine:
*''[[Meuse (department)|Meuse]]'',
*''[[Meurthe (department)|Meurthe]]'',
*''[[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]'' and
*''[[Vosges (department)|Vosges]]''.
After 1870 some parts of ''Moselle'' and ''Meurthe'' became German. Of the remaining parts, France formed the new department named [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]]. After 1918 and the Great War, France took over control again of ''Moselle''.
When France created its administrative regions in the middle of the 20th century, it decided to gather ''Meurthe et Moselle'', ''Meuse'', ''Moselle'' and ''Vosges'' into a single region, known as Lorraine.
== Geography ==
[[File:Vallee-chajoux.jpg|thumb|left|Chajoux Valley]]
Lorraine is the only French region to have borders with three other countries: [[Belgium]] ([[Wallonia]]), [[Luxembourg]], and Germany ([[Saarland]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]). It also borders the French regions of [[Franche-Comté]], [[Champagne-Ardenne]], which were at times part of historical Lorraine [[Lotharingia]], and [[Alsace]], which, while still part of Lorraine's identity, is now a separate administrative region.
Most of the region forms part of the [[Paris Basin]], with a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting [[cuesta]]s in the north–south direction. The eastern part is sharper with the Vosges. Many rivers run through Lorraine, including [[Moselle]], [[Meurthe (river)|Meurthe]], and [[Meuse]]. Most of them are on the [[Rhine]] [[drainage basin]].
Lorraine has an [[oceanic climate]] with [[Continental climate|continental]] influences.
== Paleontology ==
''[[Lorrainosaurus]]'', a [[pliosaurid]] from the [[Middle Jurassic]] ([[Bajocian]]) deposits, was discovered in Lorraine and named after this region in 2023.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sachs, S.|author2=Madzia, D.|author3=Thuy, B.|author4=Kear, B.P.|date=October 16, 2023|title=The rise of macropredatory pliosaurids near the Early-Middle Jurassic transition|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=17558|page=17558 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-43015-y|doi-access=free|pmid=37845269 |pmc=10579310|bibcode=2023NatSR..1317558S }}</ref>
== Language and culture ==
[[File:Metz Theatre 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Opéra-Théâtre de Metz]]]]
[[File:Longwy.jpg|thumb|Fortifications in [[Longwy]], inscribed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO as part of the [[Fortifications of Vauban]]]]
Most of Lorraine has a clear French identity, with the exception of the northeastern part of the region, today known as [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], which historically has had a German-speaking population.
In 1871, [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the new federation of the [[German Empire]] following a decisive victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. This disputed third has a culture not easily classifiable as either [[French people|French]] or [[German people|German]], since both [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[German dialects]] are spoken here. Like many border regions, Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects not mutually intelligible with either standard French or German (see [[linguistic boundary of Moselle]]).
Traditionally, two languages are native to Lorraine. The first is [[Lorrain language|Lorrain]], which is a [[Endangered language|moribund]] minority [[Romance languages|Romance language]] that is spoken in southeastern Lorraine. The second is the German dialect of [[Lorraine Franconian]], a group of three [[Franconian languages|Franconian]] dialects independently surviving in northern and western Lorraine. They are referred to collectively as ''Plàtt'' in Franconian or ''francique'' or ''platt (lorrain)'' in French (not to be confused with ''[[Lorrain language|Lorrain]]'', the Romance language). Now mainly rural and isolated, these dialects gradually differ in the region, though they are mutually intelligible. [[Lorraine Franconian]] is distinct from neighbouring [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]], to the south, although the two are often confused. Neither of them has official status where they are spoken, but Alsatian is far more widely used.
Technically, Lorraine Franconian is a catch-all term for what were historically three dialects: [[Luxembourgish]], [[Moselle Franconian|Mosel Franconian]], and [[Rhenish Franconian|Rhine Franconian]]. Each is identical to the same dialects spoken in the neighboring [[Rhineland]] of Germany.
Like most of [[Languages of France|France's regional languages]] (e.g. [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[West Flemish]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Occitan language|Provençal]], and [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]] which is close to dialects of its neighboring Lorraine), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian have largely been replaced in use by French. For more than a century, nationalistic policies of the central government required public schooling to be conducted only in French. Now, however, there are efforts being made to revive [[Lorraine Franconian]], whose linguistic vitality is still relatively high. Recent efforts include the use of bilingual signs in Franconian areas, and Franconian-language classes for young children whose parents can no longer speak their ancestral language.
=== Cross of Lorraine ===
{{main article|Cross of Lorraine}}
[[File:Croix de Lorraine 3.svg|thumb|120px|[[Cross of Lorraine]]]]
[[File:Quiche lorraine.jpg|thumb|250 px|A [[Quiche|quiche Lorraine]]]]
During World War II, the cross was adopted as the official symbol of the Free French Forces (French: ''Forces Françaises Libres'', or FFL) under [[Charles de Gaulle]]. [[Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu]] suggested the adoption of the [[Cross of Lorraine]] as the symbol of the Free French.
In his General Order No. 2 of 3 July 1940, Vice-Admiral [[Émile Muselier]], chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French for two days, created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a [[cockade]] also featuring the Cross of Lorraine.
De Gaulle is memorialised at his home village of [[Colombey-les-Deux-Églises]] by a gigantic 44.3-meter (145 feet) high Cross of Lorraine.
=== Cuisine ===
The use of the [[potato]] in Lorraine can be traced back to 1665<!-- how? -->. It was imported to Europe from South America. It is used in what developed as various traditional dishes of the region, such as the ''potée lorraine''. The Breux potato, which takes its name from the village of [[Breux, Meuse|Breux]] in the north of the Meuse, is considered to be excellent because of the perfect conditions of the area for its cultivation.
Smoked bacon is also a traditional ingredient of the cuisine of Lorraine. It is used in various traditional dishes of the region, including the famous [[quiche Lorraine]]. The [[mirabelle plum]] of Lorraine is the emblematic fruit of Lorraine. It is used in pies and other desserts, as well as in [[alcoholic beverage]]s.
Traditional dishes in the region include:
* [[Quiche Lorraine]]
* Pâté lorrain (chopped pork and veal flavoured with white wine and baked in puff pastry)
* Potée lorraine (a stew of smoked meats and sausages, with cabbage, potatoes and other root vegetables)
* [[Andouille]] ([[tripe]] sausage)
Traditional cheeses of Lorraine include: [[Carré de l'Est]], [[Brouère]], [[Munster (cheese)|Munster-géromé]], [[Tourrée de l'Aubier]].
Desserts from the region include: [[Madeleine (cake)|madeleine]], [[macaron]], [[rum baba]], [[Plombières (dessert)|plombières ice-cream]], various pie recipes (''brimbelles'' bilberry, ''mirabelle'' plum, rhubarb, [[quark (cheese)|quark]]...). The [[Christstollen]] is also popular in Lorraine during the Christmas season.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Le Républicain lorrain|year=2012|title=Stollen et brioche de Noël : Mamie fait de la résistance|url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/moselle/2012/12/24/stollen-et-brioche-de-noel-mamie-fait-de-la-resistance}}</ref>
=== Beverages ===
* '''Wine''': The most well-known wine of the region is the [[Côtes de Toul]]. There are vineyards in the valley of the Moselle, the valley of [[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]], the valley of Metz, and the valley of [[Sierck]].
* '''Beer''': Historically, Lorraine was the location of many breweries. The [[Champigneulles]] brewery, founded on June 20, 1897, is the last remaining large-scale brewery. In 2016, it was the second largest brewer in France, after [[Kronenbourg Brewery|Kronenbourg]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Champigneulles brasse très fort|url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/edition-de-nancy-agglomeration/2016/02/13/champigneulles-brasse-tres-fort|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.estrepublicain.fr|language=FR-fr}}</ref>
=== Traditions ===
Lorraine has a [[Catholic Church in France|Roman Catholic]] heritage. Almost every village has a church, often centuries old, although many do not have a dedicated priest anymore. Church bells are traditionally rung to announce [[Angelus]] time (and often toll the hours). By tradition, they do not toll during [[Holy Week]] preceding Easter. Instead, the children of the villages play [[Ratchet (instrument)|ratchet]]s and announce, ''C'est l'Angélus!'' (It's the Angelus). After [[Easter]], the children go from house to house and receive small presents for their service.
[[Sinterklaas]] is celebrated in Lorraine, where he is called "Saint Nicolas". Each year, more than 150,000 people gather in the streets of [[Nancy, France|Nancy]] to celebrate [[Sinterklaas]]. A total of that number gather in other areas across the region.<ref>[http://www.lorraineaucoeur.com/evt-14186/saint-nicolas-a-nancy-feu-d-artifice-defile-st-nicolas/meurthe-et-moselle-nancy/marche-de-noel-fetes-saint-nicolas-2014 "Marche de Noel Fêtes: Saint Nicolas"]</ref>
===Housing===
Except for dispersed settlement in the Vosges mountains, traditional farms display linked houses, forming [[linear village]]s. They are built quite far from the road. The area between the house and the road is called ''{{Interlanguage link|l'usoir|fr|3=usoir}}''. Until the 1970s, the usoir was used to store farming tools, firewood, or manure. Today this area is generally used as a garden or for car parking.
Furniture developed a specific identity after the [[Thirty Years' War]]: the "Lorrain style".
== Economy ==
At €44 billion (in 2000), Lorraine generates 3.4% of France's GDP. Despite ranking 11th in population, it ranks 8th in GDP out of the 22 regions of France, making it per capita among the top economic producing regions in the country, along with Alsace and Île-de-France (Paris). The [[logistics]] and service sectors have experienced the strongest growth in recent years. The traditional industries ([[textiles]], [[mining]], [[metallurgy]]) have undergone a decline due to restructuring and the move of some jobs offshore. Consequently, the region has struggled with rising unemployment, although its rate is still below the national average. In 1997 the last [[iron ore]] mine in Lorraine was closed; it had once produced more than 50 million tonnes of iron.<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/340497.pdf Iron Ore in 1997], ''Minerals'', United States Geological Survey, Dept. of Interior<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Lorraine
!France
|-
![[GDP]] in 2000
|€44.3 billion
|€1.816 trillion
|-
!Agriculture
|2.5%
|2.8%
|-
!Industry
|30.7%
|25.6%
|-
!Service
|66.8%
|71.6%
|-
!Unemployment in June 2002
|8.4%
|9%
|}
== Major communities ==
* [[Épinal]]
* [[Forbach]]
* [[Lunéville]]
* [[Metz]]
* [[Montigny-lès-Metz]]
* [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]
* [[Saint-Dié-des-Vosges]]
* [[Sarreguemines]]
* [[Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy]]
* [[Thionville]]
== Fauna and flora ==
=== Fauna ===
* [[Fox]]
*[[European wolf]]
=== Flora ===
* [[Ash tree]]
* [[Beech]]
* [[Buxus]] boxwood
* [[Fern]]
* [[Geranium]]
* [[Hornbeam]]
* [[Lily of the Valley]]
* [[Maple]]
* [[Mirabelle]]
* [[Salvia officinalis|Sage]]
* [[Spruce]]
* [[Thistle]]
== Notable people ==
=== Art and literature ===
[[File:Emile Durkheim.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Émile Durkheim]]]]
* [[Jacques Callot]] (1592–1635)
* [[Claude Lorrain]] (1600–1682)
* [[Émile Erckmann]] (1822–1899)
* [[Alexandre Chatrian]] (1826–1890)
* [[Paul Verlaine]] (1844–1896)
* [[Émile Gallé|Émile Jules Gallé]] (1846–1904)
* [[Jules Bastien-Lepage]] (1848–1884)
* [[Eugène Vallin]] (1856–1922)
* [[Émile Durkheim]] (1858–1917) (pictured)
* [[Victor Prouvé]] (1858–1943)
* [[Louis Majorelle]] (1859–1926)
* [[Lucien Weissenburger]] (1860–1929)
* [[Émile Friant]] (1863–1932)
* {{ill|Paul Charbonnier|fr|Paul Charbonnier}} (1865–1953)
* [[Henri Bergé]] (1870–1937)
* [[Jacques Grüber]] (1870–1936)
* [[Émile André]] (1871–1933)
* [[Jean-Marie Straub]] (1933–)
* [[Bernard-Marie Koltès]] (1948–1989)
* [[Philippe Claudel]] (1962–)
* [[Georges de La Tour]] (1593–1652)
=== Economy and industry ===
* {{ill|Albert Bergeret|fr|Albert Bergeret}} (1859–1932)
* [[Auguste Daum|Auguste]] (1853–1909) and {{ill|Antonin Daum|fr|Antonin Daum}} (1864–1930)
=== Military ===
* [[Godfrey de Bouillon]] (1060–1100)
* [[Georges Mouton]] (1770–1838)
* [[Jean Baptiste Eblé]] (1758–1812)
* [[Nicolas Oudinot]] (1767–1848)
* [[Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo]] (1774–1828)
* [[Louis-Hubert Lyautey]] (1854–1934)
* [[Charles Mangin]] (1866–1925)
=== Musicians and actors ===
* [[Florent Schmitt]] (1870–1958)
* [[Darry Cowl]] (1925–2006)
* [[Charlélie Couture]] (1956–)
* [[Tom Novembre]] (1959–)
* [[Patricia Kaas]] (1966–)
=== Politicians ===
[[File:Poincare larger.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Raymond Poincaré]]]]
* [[Pierre-Louis Roederer]] (1754–1835)
* [[Jules Ferry]] (1832–1893)
* [[Raymond Poincaré]] (1860–1934) (pictured to the right)
* [[Maurice Barrès]] (1862–1923)
* [[Albert Lebrun]] (1871–1950)
* [[Robert Schuman]] (1886–1963)
* [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]] (1939–)
* [[Christian Poncelet]] (1928–) (French politician, President of the Senate 1998–2008)
* [[Aurélie Filippetti]] (1973–)
=== Religion ===
* Bruno d'Eguisheim-Dagsbourg, also known as [[Pope Leo IX]] (1002–1054)
* [[Henri Grégoire]] (1750–1831)
* [[Joan of Arc]] (1412–1431)
=== Sciences ===
* [[Benoit de Maillet]] (1656–1738)
* [[Charles Messier]] (1730–1817)
* [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] (1757–1785)
* [[Jean Poncelet|Jean-Victor Poncelet]] (1788–1867)
* [[Charles Hermite]] (1822–1901)
* [[Edmond Laguerre]] (1834–1886)
* [[Henri Poincaré]] (1854–1912)
* [[Marie Marvingt]] (1875–1963)
* [[Louis Camille Maillard]] (1878–1936)
* [[Hubert Curien]] (1924–2005)
=== Sport ===
* [[Michel Platini]] (1955–)
* [[Patrick Battiston]] (1957–)
* [[Morgan Parra]] (1988–)
=== Miscellaneous ===
* {{ill|Antoine de Ville|fr|Antoine de Ville (capitaine)}} (1450–1523)
* [[Raymond Schwartz]] (1894–1973)
* [[Brother Athanase-Emile|Brother Athanese-Emile]] (1880–1952)
* [[Nicolas Chopin]] (1771–1844)
* [[Pierre Gaxotte]] (1895–1982)
== See also ==
* [[Belgian Lorraine]]
* [[Côtes de Toul]]
* [[List of rulers of Lorraine]]
* [[Lorraine (duchy)]]
* [[Lotharingia]]
* [[Saar-Warndt coal mining basin]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Putnam, Ruth. ''Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.-1871 A.D.'' New York: 1915.
* Bontemps, Daniel and Martine Bontemps-Litique, with Nelly Benoit, Virginie Legrand and [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]], ''Les noms de famille en Lorraine'', Archives et Culture, Paris, 1999
== External links ==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127193715/http://www.lorraine.eu/accueil.html |date=November 27, 2015 |title=Official homepage of the Regional Council }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230212332/http://www.lorraine.pref.gouv.fr |date=December 30, 2015 |title=Regional Prefecture }}
* [http://us.france.fr/en/discover/lorraine Lorraine : Between war and art: memories Lorraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181416/http://us.france.fr/en/discover/lorraine |date=2018-02-03 }} - Official French website (in English)
* [http://about-france.com/regions/lorraine.htm A short guide to the Lorraine region and its main attractions]
* [http://www.mylorraine.fr MyLorraine.fr - Share your Lorraine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124193014/http://en.business-in-lorraine.com/ Business in Lorraine]
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[[Category:Lorraine| ]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]