View source for Lu Kun

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 盧坤
| s = 卢坤
| p =  Lú Kūn
| altname = Courtesy Name
| s2 = 静之
| p2 = Jìngzhī
}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Lu (surname 卢)|Lu]]|lang=Chinese}}
'''Lu Kun''' (1772{{ndash}}1835; [[courtesy name]] '''Jingzhi''', [[art name|''hao'']] '''Houshan''' 厚山), was a Chinese politician of the Qing dynasty. He was a student of politician and scholar [[Ruan Yuan]].{{sfn|Peh-T'i Wei|2006|p=275}} He was born in Zhuozhou [[Zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]] (涿州 modern day [[Zhuozhou]] City, [[Hebei]] province), Shuntian [[Fu (administrative division)|Fu]] ({{lang|zh|顺天府}}).
== Career ==
=== Early career ===
In 1799 he became a ''[[jinshi]]'' (進士, lit. "advanced scholar") following the [[Imperial Examinations]], ranking 140th in the third grade that year before joining the staff of the [[Hanlin Academy]]. A succession of official posts followed, including spells at the Ministry of War and the bureaus responsible for managing the affairs of [[Guangdong]] and [[Shandong]] respectively. In August 1822 he became [[Viceroy (China)|Governor-general]] of [[Guangxi]] then in November Governor-general of [[Shaanxi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&K=a&A=15&rec=4&run=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014120404/http://www.gxdqw.com/bin/mse.exe?seachword=&K=a&A=15&rec=4&run=13|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2013|title=Guangxi Provincial Records (广西通志)|accessdate=21 February 2014}}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}}</ref>
=== Rebellion of Jahanghir Khoja ===
After a rebellion broke out in [[Xinjiang]] under the leadership of [[East Turkestan]]i warlord [[Jahangir Khoja]] in 1826,{{sfn|Millward|1998|p=34}} the [[Daoguang Emperor]] sent Lu Kun to Shaanxi and [[Gansu]] where he was to raise troops to retake the four western cities captured by the rebels. He was also to stockpile materiel for the coming attack and arrange the logistics to transport supplies to Xinjiang. Subsequently, a large Qing army recaptured the lost territory and transported Jhoja to Beijing for execution. Lu Kun gained the admiration of Daoguang for his successful accomplishment of this mission and received promotion to first grade [[scholar-official]] (''Yīpǐn dǐngdài'', 一品顶戴).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://he.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-06/15/content_25399887.htm|title = Zhuozhou Celebrity - Lu Kun (涿州名人-卢坤)|publisher = [[Xinhua]]|date = 15 June 2012|accessdate = 21 February 2014|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130121150339/http://he.xinhuanet.com/zfwq/2012-06/15/content_25399887.htm|archivedate = 21 January 2013|df = dmy-all}}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}}</ref>
=== Further promotion ===
Following on from his success in Xinjiang, Lu received the appointment of [[Viceroy of Huguang|Governor-general of Huguang]] then on  14{{nbsp}}September 1832 he became [[Viceroy of Liangguang|Governor-general of Liangguang]] with responsibility for Guangdong and Guangxi. Canton (now [[Guangzhou]]), the capital of Guangdong, had long been the epicentre of foreign trade with China. Lu now became responsible for the [[Canton System]] operated in the southern port by a group of Chinese merchants known as the [[Cohong]] from the [[Thirteen Factories]] on the banks of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]].
=== Lord Napier's visit to Canton ===
In 1834 [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|Lord Napier]] arrived in China aboard HMS ''Andromache'' on a mission to open further ports for trade besides Canton. Instead of remaining in [[Macau]] and awaiting official clearance as advised, he made straight for Canton where he tried to deliver a letter to Lu Kun. This was a serious breach of normal protocol - the Cohong had been established explicitly to manage all dealings with foreigners. On the orders of the emperor, Lu rebuffed the Englishman's approach: "The Barbarian Eye (a reference to Napier), if he wishes to come to Canton, must inform the Hong merchants so that they may petition me."{{sfn|Hanes|Sanello|2004|p=27}} Local Mandarins rejected a further letter from Napier and a stand-off ensued, which Lu considered a significant diplomatic victory. Lu then issued an edict ordering the British emissary to return to Macao and decreed a temporary halt on trade with Great Britain to back up his words. Many of the British traders believed that forceful intervention by the British government was now inevitable. Napier next tried to circumvent the Governor-general through a direct appeal to the people of Canton. This only made matters worse, leading Lu to announce publicly: "The Barbarian Eye is indeed stupid, blinded, ignorant ... there can be no quiet while he remains here. I therefore formally close the trade until he goes."{{sfn|Hanes|Sanello|2004|p=30}} Lu then ordered all British residents to leave Canton and take up residence in Macao. He irked the British further by allowing French, Dutch and American traders to continue as before. In response, Napier gave orders to three British frigates at anchor in the Canton River, which then sailed upstream to [[Whampoa anchorage|Whampoa]]. An exchange of fire followed between the British warships and shore batteries during which two British sailors died and all 60 Chinese cannon were knocked out. This incident would form part of ''casus belli'' for the [[First Opium War]] five years later. Lu Kun agreed to let Napier leave Canton for Macao on the advice of his doctor, where the Englishman died a few days later, probably of Malaria.
A year after Napier's visit, on 25{{nbsp}}February 1835, Lu sent a memorial to Daoguang listing "Eight regulations for dealing with foreigners" (''Fángfàn yírén zhāngchéng bā tiáo'', 防範夷人章程八條{{nbsp}}/{{nbsp}}防范夷人章程八条) that brought in further restrictions on the activities of foreign traders in Canton.
== Death ==
Lu Kun died in office in Guangzhou in 1835 at the age of 64. He was given two honorific titles and the posthumous name of Minsu ({{lang|zh|敏肃}}).
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{Cite book
| title = Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
| last1 = Hanes
| first1 = W.Travis
| last2 = Sanello
| first2  = Frank
| isbn = 9781402229695
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j_NeegcOBWUC
| year = 2004
| publisher = Sourcebooks}}
* {{ Cite book
| title = Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
| last = Millward
| first = James A.
| isbn = 9780804729338
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ
| year = 1998
| publisher = Stanford University Press}}
* {{Cite book
| first = Betty
| last = Peh-T'i Wei
| author-link = Betty Wei
| title = Ruan Yuan, 1764–1849: The Life And Work of a Major Scholar-Official in Nineteenth-Century China Before the Opium War
| year= 2006
| publisher=Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
| isbn = 962-209-785-5
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lxUMoR5TXcC}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Li Hongbin]] (李鴻賓)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Viceroy of Liangguang|Governor-general of Liangguang]]|years=14 September 1832 {{spaced ndash}}15 October 1835}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Deng Tingzhen]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Kun}}
[[Category:1772 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty government officials]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Guangdong]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Gansu]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Shaanxi]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Shandong]]
[[Category:Politicians from Baoding]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Huguang]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangguang]]